MARVT ANT^ ^? T? A^E BOOK ROOM
UNIV UPLAND LIBRAIOC
COLLEGE FAlUi, MD* . *m
DO HOT mmim
V
»o^^o«ii»a«
Thirtieth Annual Report
-OF THE-
Maryland State Board of Labor
and Statistics
192 1
COMMISSIONERS
CHARLES J. FOX, Chairman
A. T. ROBINSON LOUIS SETLEN
MACK HERZOG, Assistant
N. W. Cor. St. Paul and Saratoga Streets
Baltimore, Md.
20TH CENTURY PRINTING CO.
BALTIMORE. MD.
* » » \
■.^
OT ^s^n(
Thirtieth Annual Report
-OF THE-
Maryland State Board of Labor
and Statistics
192 1
COMiMISSIONERS
CHARLES J. FOX, Chairman
A. T. ROBINSON LOUIS SETLEN
MACK HERZOG, Assistant
N. W, Cor. St. Paul and Saratoga Streets
Baltimore, Md.
. Af3ft23
J
PRESS OF
«OTH CENTURY PRINTING CO.
BALTIMORE. MO.
STAFF OF THE STATE BOARD OF LABOR AND
STATISTICS FOR YEAR 1921
NAME TITLE
Charles J. Fox, Orangeville, Baltimore, Md.,
Chairman Commission
Aquila T. Robinson, Brandywine, Md.,
Advisory Member Commission
Louis Setlen, 419 S. Hanover St., Baltimore, Md.,
Advisory Member Commission
Dr. Samuel A. Keene, 914 N. Fulton Ave.,
Medical Examiner
Dr. Anna S. Abercrombie, 1316 N. Charles St.,
Medical Examiner
Dr. Francis L. Dunham, 1111 N. Eutaw St Psychiatrist
Mary M. Wootten, 1511 Linden Ave. Inspector
Mack Herzog, 2772 Tivoli Ave Assistant Officer
Monica McCarthy, 2017 Maryland Ave Permit Officer
Kathryne Phelan, The Albany Apartments Filing Clerk
Harry A. LeBrun, Towson, Md., .
Inspector of Street Trades
William D. Bloom, Catonsville, Md Inspector
August W. Miller, Mt. Winans, Md Inspector
Mary A. Richardson, 1322 W. Lexington St.... Inspector
James E. Magill, 2111 Boone St Inspector
Benjamin C. Green, Towson, Md. Inspector
William H. Hohn, Port Deposit, Md.,
Inspector for Eastern Shore
..X
111
NAME TITLE
Margaret R. Welsh, 6V2 S. Liberty St., Cumberland, Md.,
Inspector for Western Maryland
Ruth Smith, Cumberland, Md.,
Assistant to Inspector, Western Maryland
Catherine Hughes, 1002 Central Ave., Baltimore, Md.,
Ten Hour Law Clerk
Selma B. Cone, 914 N. Fulton Ave. Stenographer
Bessie R. Fallon, 1138 Homewood Ave Stenographer
William A. McSweeney, 723 East 21st St. Boiler Inspector
Henry Helmrich, 2625 Woodbrook Ave Boiler Inspector
Frank T. Powers, Frostburg, Md. Mine Inspector
IV
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
To His Excellency,
Albert C. Ritchie,
Governor of Maryland.
Baltimore, May 1st, 1922.
Sir:
Pursuant to the requirements of the statutes creating
this Bureau, we have the honor to submit herewith the
Thirtieth Annual Report of the State Board of Labor and
Statistics, for the year 1921.
Most respectfully,
CHARLES J. FOX, Chairman :
Commission { AQUILA T. ROBINSON,
LOUIS SETLEN.
In Labor Circles ^^'
Forty-first Annual Convention A. F. L 157
Labors' Conference, February, 1921 - 158
Important Decisions 1'^^
Injunction's Other Edge 181
Earnings of Railroads — 184
Daily Wage Levels 187
Seventeenth, Annual Convention Maryland
State and District of Columbia, Federation
of Labor 188
Baltimore Locals - 189
Baltimore City - IQ'^
Origin and Growth of 197
Geographical Advantages of the Port 199
Historical Scenes Within Easy Reach 201
Rise as a Great Overseas Port 204
Business of Port Growing Rapidly 207
Some Facts About Baltimore 211
Freight Rates, Compared with Other Atlantic
Seaboard Cities _ 214
Baltimore Leads in Smooth Streets 215
Baltimore Plans Twenty Years Ahead 216
Baltimore Wins Seventh Place in Construction
Activity 218
Bankers and Realtors to Act on Committee to
Promote Home Building 218
Vast Construction Program Projected 219
Facilities for Recreation and Amusement 220
Comparative Statement of Tax Collections,
1921 and 1911 223
Appropriations and Estimated Receipts, 1922 226
Baltimore's Government Per Capita Cost 227
Building Operations During 1921 Breaks All
Records 227
Free Public Bath Commission Report _.. 228
Baltimore's Savings Bank's Deposits 230
VI
Baltimore Clearings Show Decline 232
National Banks Increase in Number - 233
Deaths in 1921 by Wards 233
Suicides During 1921 - 235
Number of Persons Missing 236
Marriages and Divorces 235
Public Amusements Increase 237
Decline in Receipts of United Railways and
Electric Company 238
Deeds, Mortgages and Other Land Papers 239
New Plants and Expansions in 1921 240
Half the Population Work for Profit 241
Number 10 Years and Over Employed in United
States _ - 241
Housing Conditions in Baltimore - 243
Baltimore Is Second in Home Owners List 247
Alliance Budget 248
Circle of Consuls - -- 250
Extracts from Police Commissioner's Report 251
Exports and Imports at Port of Baltimore _ 255
Current Prices of Grain 263
Receipts and Shipments of Live Stock 264
Immigration and Emigration. 265
Maryland _ 1 _ 269
The Governor's Message _ 269
State Roads Commissioner's Report 271
Distribution of Roads Funds, by Counties and 275
County Road Mileage _ 276
Report of Commissioner of Motor Vehicles 277
State Board of Prison Control _ , 282
State Industrial Accident Commission Repoi't... 283
Male Workers in State Compared with Female 285
Male and Female Population of Maryland 285
Males and Females of Voting Age 285
Foreign-born Population of State 285
Naturalized Foreign-born 286
vn
Immigrant Birth Rate Compared with Ameri-
can Mothers 286
State Illiteracy - 287
Population of Maryland by Counties and Balti-
more City 287
Comparative Population from 1790 to 1920 288
Taxable Basis of Counties with Tax Rates 288
Internal Revenue Receipts — 288
Total of Race Bets in Maryland 290
Receipts from Baltimore County Court Clerk 291
Baltimore County Tax Rate Before and After
Annexation 291
Census of Manufacturers for Baltimore City 293
Census of State Manufacturers 295
Manufacturers in Cities of Maryland 296
Wild Fowl Season 298
Agriculture * 299
The President and the Farmer 299
The Farm Conference — 300
Reward of Average Agriculturist _ 306
Purchasing Power of the American Dollar 307
War Finance Body Approves Big Loan for
Agriculture - 309
Gross Wealth Produced by Farmers 309
Our Big Com Crop 310
Value of Farm Products and Number of Farms
by States ■ 312
Maryland Resources Discussed by County
Agents _ 313
Grain Exports at Port of Baltimore 314
Farm Values in Maryland and United States... 315
Women Farmers in Maryland, United States... 316
Famis Operated by Negroes _ 317
Baltimore County Wool-growers to Make Own
Blankets 317
Farm Labor Total Reduced 317
vm
Various Occupations of Marylanders 319
Value of State Crops Decline _ 320
County Home Demonstration Agents 321
Local Agents 322
Maryland Agricultural Society 322
Crops: Acreage, Yield, Value 323
Orchard Fruits _ ...- - 324
Livestock _ ^ 324
Canning Industry •. _ 325
Oyster Yield 326
Incomes and Cost of Living 330
Nations Record for Prosperity Scored in 1919. . 331
Rise and Fall of the Dollar's Value and Wages 332
Rail Workers' Average Daily Pay. 335
Wage Level of 1913, Compared with Other
Years 339
High Retail Prices Holding Back Prosperity 339
Cost of Retailing Meat 340
The Future of Prices and Wages _ 342
Cost of Living _ 344
Family Budget „ 345
Retail Prices of Food in the United States 347
Changes in Cost of Living 349
Statistics 353
Losses by Fire 353
Present Generation Has Paid for War _ 355
Figures on Cost of War 358
Reduction in United States Pay Roll 358
The New Victory Hall 359
Number Who Served in World W^ar by States... 360
Compensation of Ex-Soldiers of World War and
Civil War 363
Accomplishments of the Armament Conference 363
Billion Spent on Movies 364
Features in Realms of Sport, 1921 _ 364
Usefulness of Panama Canal 366
IX
Facts about the Bell Telephone System. 368
Electric Railway Industry _ 368
Negro Migration — 368
Our Huge Gold Supply :. 369
Population of United States 369
American Home Owners — 370
Business Done by Department Stores 371
Lives Lost on Roads During: Year _.. 372
Tourists Killed in Alps 372
Death Rate from Alcoholism _ - 373
Cancer's Growth _ 373
American Birth Rate Advanced — .. 374
Deaths from Automobiles in United States 375
Deaths from Automobiles in Baltimore _.... 375
Distribution of World's Population _ 376
Changes in Federal Taxes 377
Banks Closed During Year _ 380
The Healthiest Year 380
A Longer Live _ 382
Financial Statement _ _ 383
INTRODUCTION
This, the Thirtieth Annual Report of the State Board
of Labor and Statistics, contains the results of the
enforcement of the several laws coming under its jurisdic-
tion, besides other interesting information which it is
required to furnish by the Act creating the Bureau.
CHILD LABOR LAW
That the number of children seeking employment regis-
ters the industrial depression and the condition of adult
employment, is bom out by this chapter. One of the first
results of the lack of employment was the withdrawal of
children from industry and in many cases their retura to
school. On the other hand some of those who left school
to enter industry may not have done so had it not been for
the fact that older members of the family were idle. The
total number of children that applied at the Baltimore
office during the year 1921 was 10,210 of all classes, com-
pared with 17,894 in 1920, being a decrease of 7,684, or
43 per cent. The number of inspections made under the
Act in Baltimore City during the year 1921 was 573, com-
pared with 599 in 1920, and the number found employed
in 1921 was 3,082, compared with 3,621 in 1920. This
decrease in number of inspections and number found em-
ployed was due to the fact that an inspection is only
recorded when a child under 16 0ears is found at work,
and it was easy to secure children over 16 last year, be-
cause of the scarcity of jobs, they were substituted for
those under 16, who came under the Child Labor Inspec-
tion and are restricted to an eight-hour day.
In the counties there were 1,589 permits, badges and
over 16 statements issued, compared with 1881 in 1920.
This chapter is preceded by reports of two Medical Ex-
aminers, who show the number of children examined by
them that were found defective, and have tabulated them
according to their defects, viz. : those that received treat-
ment; were operated upon; those that received no treat-
ment either because they refused to be treated or could
not be benefited and were kept under obsei'vation. A
2 Report of Maryland State Board
table is also prepared showing the age of maturity of
males and females applying for pennits.
The report of the Psychiatrist who examines the re-
tarded children that are referred to the bureau by the
superintendent of schools, as children who are unable to
complete the fifth grade, is most interesting. These chil-
dren, after being examined mentally, are placed in indus-
try under observation and the results reported.
These reports are followed by tables compiled from the
permits issued and also show the results of investigations
made by the School Attendance Department of children
who were refused pemiits or whose pennits were returned
to this bureau, their names having been sent to that
department for investigation. The number of children
previously registered at the bureau who reached the age
of 16 years during the year and the number receiving
statements of age are also shown; the number applying
for permits and the kind issued; the number applying
without results; the number refused and the reasons for
refusal ; the months in which the applications were made ;
their nationality, sex, color, place of birth, grade finished
at school, proof of age upon which the pemiits of the
applicants were issued; family status and reasons given
for going to work ; the average weekly wage expected ; the
average height and ^v•eight; the number of subsequent
permits issued and length of time the pennits were held ;
occupation of parents and whether father was unem-
ployed. The work in the counties is treated in a like man-
ner, giving the number of physicians authorized to issue
pennits, the number of canneries inspected, number em-
ploying children, numl^^r of children found employed,
number found \\'orking in violation of the law, number of
canneries not in operation and number that had gone out
of business.
This chapter is concluded with the number of violations
found, the industries in which they were found, the num-
ber of prosecutions against the firms and parents and the
results. Violations by Newsboys and Street Traders are
shown, the source from which the violations w^ere reported
and what action was taken.
HOURS OF LABOR FOR FEMALES
Preceding this chapter is a summary of the findings of
the Woman's Bureau of the United States Department of
* OF Labor and Statistics 3
Labor, which made an Industrial Sui'\'ey of a number of
industries in the City of Baltimore and fourteen other
cities and towns within the State. As the conditions re-
ported are so unfavorable to Maryland, reference is made
to the several laws required to be enforced by this bureau
and the limited authority given for preventing the condi-
tions which were reported as existing at the time the
survey was made.
The chapter devoted to the enforcement of the "Ten
Hour Law" shows that the number of inspections made
during the year 1921, in the counties and Baltimore City
was 2,448, compared with 2,003 in 1920, and the number
found employed was 42,218 in 1921, and 43,265 in 1920.
As the law applies to females employed in manufacturing,
mechanical, mercantile, printing and laundering establish-
ments, separate tables have been prepared for the differ-
ent industries. The time of beginning and ending work,
hours worked per day and Saturdays, and time allowed
for lunch are shown. Violations of this law were found
in two cases, where the firais were working women more
than ten hours a daJ^ Thirty-two women were involved
and both firms were prosecuted and convicted.
FACTORY INSPECTION
There were 1,566 inspections made under this law in
Baltimore City during the year 1921, involving 24,923 per-
sons, compared with 1,426 in 1920, in which 27,002 were
found employed. This shows an increase of 240 in the
number of inspections made, but a decrease of 2,079 in the
number employed. Of the 24,923 persons found employed
only 536 were under 16 years of age. There were 52 estab-
lishments inspected in the counties during the j^ear, in
which 1,861 persons were employed, compared ^\ith 28
inspections in 1920, where 877 persons were employed.
One license was revoked during the year because of
unsanitary conditions, which were later remedied and a
new license was issued. No other violations were found
under this law during the year.
STEAM BOILER AND BOARD OF BOILER RULES
INSPECTION
' The results of the enforcements of the Steam Boiler
Inspection Law, which only applies to Baltimore City,
4 Report of Maryland State Board
show that 92 old boilers that were not insured were
inspected.
Under the Board of Boiler Rules, 74 inspections were
made of new boilers that were installed in Baltimore City
and 92 that were installed in the counties. The accom-
panying tables show the date of inspection, number of the
ooiler, number of certificate, location, condition of boiler
at time of inspection, pressure allowed, amount paid for
inspection and the name of the owner.
The amount collected under both laws for inspections,
as shown by Table No. 1, was $1,617.00, and the amount
paid the State by the Boiler Insurance Companies on
boilers carrying insurance was $1,303.00, making the total
receipts for the year ending September 30th, 1921, under
both laws, $2,920.00.
There was one violation under the Boiler Inspection
Law and on being prosecuted the firm was convicted upon
the payment of costs.
STATE MINING INSPECTION LAW.
The Forty-fifth Annual Report of the State Mining
Inspector, which is for the year ending May 1st, 1921,
shows that the total amount of coal produced in Allegany
and Garrett counties was 3,434,434 tons, and the amount
of fire clay produced in Allegany county was 54,719 tons,
making the total tonnage of coal and clay mined in the
State 3,479,153 in 1921, compared with 2,965,358 in 1920,
being an increase of 513,579 tons, or 17 1/3 per cent. The
total tonnage of 1919 was 3,716,559.
The report shows the number employed,' the average
production for each miner, the number of tons produced
for each fatal accident, the number of fatal and non-fatal
accidents with a detail report of each, the location of the
different mines, date of inspection, name of general man-
ager, superintendent and mine foreman, the principal
office and name and address of the president and secre-
taiy.
The report further shows a list of improvements made
by the different mines, with a description of the same
and other reliable information.
STRIKES
The table under this heading gives the number of
OF Labor and Statistics 5
strikes that occurred throughout the State during the
year 1921, name of the company and location of the plant
in which the strike occurred, date of beginning and end-
ing, duration, number involved, working days lost, loss in
wages and to the fiiTns, cause given and the result.
There were 11 strikes in 1921, 21 in 1920, 22 in 1919
and 37 in 1918.
A summary of the strikes shows that of the 11 strikes,
one was successful, 4 partly successful, 4 unsuccessful,
and 2 were still pending at the close of the year. The
total number involved was 2,443; working days lost
146,276, loss in wages $490,050, and loss to the firms
$291,600. Following the table is a detailed account of
each strike.
IN LABOR CICRLES
This chapter contains infoiTnation of interest to the
Laboring Classes, such as reports of the National and
State Conventions of the' Federation of Labor, Laboi''s
conference, important decisions and acts affecting labor
organizations, the injunction's other edge, earning of the
American railroads, past and future wage levels, and con-
cludes with a list of Baltimore Locals, with the name and
address of their secretary.
BALTIMORE CITY
Considerable space is given to this chapter in showing
the advantages offered by Baltimore as a city in which
to live or engage in business, its origin and growth, geo-
graphical advantages of its port, historical scenes within
easy reach, its rise as a great overseas port, growth of
the business of the port, some important facts, freight
rates compared with other Atlantic Seaboard cities, its
smooth streets, its plans for the future, its place in con-
structive activity, bankers and realtors as a committee
to promote home buildings, vast construction program
projected, facilities for recreation and amusement, com-
parative statement of tax collections, 1911 to 1921, ap-
propriations and estimated receipts for 1922, its govern-
mental per capita cost, building operations during 1921,
^'ree public bath commissions' report, its savings banks'
deposits, bank clearings, increase in number of National
banks, death by wards, persons missing, marriages and
6 REroRT OK Maryland State Board
United Railways and Electric Company, deeds, mortgages
and other land papers, new plants and expansions, number
employed, housing conditions, second city in home own-
er's list, alliance budget, circle of Consuls,, extracts from
the Police Commissioner's report, exports and imports at
port of Baltimore, current prices of grain, receipts and
shipment of live stock and immigration and emigration.
MARYLAND
Under this chapter reference is made to the report of
the State Roads Commission, the distribution of road
funds by counties, and county road mileage; report of
Commissioner of. Motor Vehicles ; State Industrial Acci-
dent Commissioner's report; State Board of Prison Con-
trol; male workers in State compared with female; male
and female population ; males and females of voting age ;
foreign-born population; naturalized foreign-born; imrni-
grant birth rate, compared with American mothers ; State
illiteracy; population by counties and Baltimore City;
comparative population from 1790 to 1920; taxable basis
of counties and tax rates ; internal revenue receipts , total
of race bets ; receipts from Baltimore County Court Clerk ;
Baltimore County tax rate before and after annexation;
census of manufacturers in State, also in cities within
the State and the wild fowl season.
AGRICULTURE
This chapter contains a reference to the National Farm
Conference, reward of the average agriculturist; pur-
chasing power of the American dollar ; War Finance Body
approves big loan for agriculture ; gross wealth produced
by farmers; our big corn crop; value of farm products
and number of farms by States; State's resources dis-
cussed by county agents; grain exports at port of Balti-
more ; farm values in Maryland and United States ; farms
operated by negroes; farmers make own blankets; farm
labor total reduced; various occupations; value of state
crops; county home demonstration agents; local agents;
Maryland Agriculture Society; crops, acreage yield and
value; orchard fruits, live stock, canning industrj^ and
oyster yield.
INCOME AND COST OF LIVING
Under this chapter the year 1919 is referred to as the
OF Labor and Statistics 7
year when the Nation's record for prosperity was broken
by higher wages, greater profits and heavier taxes col-
lected. The rise and fall of the dollar's value and wages
are analyzed, the railworkers' average pay is given, the
advance in wages, compared with cost of living, fig-ures
showing increase in wages since 1840, high prices holding
back prosperity, cost of retailing meat and future prices
and wages. Under Cost of Living is included family
budget; retail prices of food in the United States and
changes, in cost of living since 1914.
The average cost of living as compiled by the National
Industrial Conference Board is given for 92 sepai'ate
localities.
STATISTICS
This chapter contains considerable infoiTnation taken
from leading publications on important topics, such as
losses by fire, figures on cost of World's War, reduction
in United States pay roll, the new Victory Hall, number
who seized in war, by States, compensation of ex-soldiers
of World War and Civil War compared, accomplishments
of the American Conference, billion spent on movies, feat-
ures in realms of sport, usefulness of Panama Canal, facts
about the Bell Telephone System, electric railway indus-
•try, negro migration, our huge gold supply, population
of the United States, American home owners, business
done by department stores, lives lost on roads during
year, tourists killed in Alps, death r^te from alcoholism,
cancer's growth, American birth rate advanced, deaths
from automobiles in the United States and in Baltimore,
distribution of world's population, changes in Federal
taxes, banks closed during the year, the healthiest year
and a longer life.
FINANCIAL STATEMENT
The report closes with a financial statement showing
the total amounts appropriated for salaries and expenses,
the unexpended balance whidi reverted to the State, the
total collections made by the bureau and paid to the State
Treasurer, and the net cost of operating the bureau.
In conclusion the Commission wishes to acknowledge
and express its thanks and appreciation for the valuable
assistance rendered by the entire office force, the several
8 Report of Maryland State Board
charitable organizations, the Police Department, the
Juvenile Court, the School Attendance Department and
those connected with the Attorney General's office and
other State Departments who have cheerfully given their
valuable assistance on numerous occasions.
OP Labor and Statistics 9
CHILD LABOR LAW
The Bureau of Labor and Statistics receives the child
with its first aspirations for work; longing to quit the
monotony of school life and engaged in some of the more
entertaining and profitable industrial ventures.
It realizes that too often the child comes unequipped
for the contest; he lacks the necessary educational foun-
dation; he has not learned to yield to discipline and au-
thorization; has very little appreciation of what he is to
encounter in this new era of indsutrial activity ; he does
not realize that a good physical build without at least a
co-ordinating mental foundation will not lead him to a
successful goal. But he does know that the State law
peiTnits him when he has become 14 years of age and has
passed the 5th grade at school to receive an employment
certificate and he seeks it. It is for the Bureau to de-
teiTnine and certify to his qualifications before he is
placed on the roll of workmen.
Of those refeiTed to me for examination, I did not find
very many radical or serious defects.
Eye deficiencies constituted the gi'eater number and
were sent to specialists for connection. Ear troubles were
comparatively infrequent, very few causing serious deaf-
ness. Nasal obstruction and enlarged tonsils prevailed,
as is usual in childhood, a few to such an extent that re-
moval by operation was neces§ary, to the great relief of
the patient. There were not as many cases of heart
troubles as might be expected. They were mostly of the
non-compensating variety which would improve with
physical development, but are kept under observation. My
records show six cases of organic heart lesion that may
cause serious trouble. Such cases were given temporary
permits for continuous obsei-vation and warned and urged
to have their family physician keep them under special
treatment; all such cases were denied strenuous work.
Hernial developments were met with in varying de-
grees. All were advised and urged to submit to surgical
treatment rather than to mechanical support. Three
yielded to an operation with gratifying results. I found
two hernias of congenital origin that were strained by
adhesions which gave adequate support. Some defomi-
ities of congenital or traumatic origin were noted and
restricted to suitable occupations. One deafmute came
10 Rei'ort of Maryland State Board
under observation, but was sufficiently trained in mute
language and physically able to engage in his work. Skin
diseases were often met with and sent for special treat-
ment. One case of scabies was sent for special treatment
and refused employment until cured.
I have been greatly gratified by the cordial and willing
co-operation of parent and child in my endeavor to correct
every physical defect possible, and have the assurance of
their appreciation. It may not be amiss to tell of one
instance. It was in January, 1921, that a girl aged 14
years and 5 months came for examination. She was
poorly nourished, anaemic, underdeveloped, poor chest ex-
pansion, indolent heart action. Her tonsils were enlarged,
almost meeting, filled with infected crypts, surrounding
tissues of pharynx and nasal cavities likewise infected.
She measured 4 feet 10 inches, weighed 80 pounds. I
plead with her to have her tonsils removed. She dreaded
the operation. I called her mother in conference and
urged her co-operation. She yielded to my plea, the child
took courage and with a promise they left. The follow-
ing May they returned with outstretched hands and joy-
ful heart throbs; well they might. The infected tonsils
were gone, the surrounding tissues were normal, the
height was the same, but weight had increased to 100
pounds, complexion radiant with animation, her whole
economy stirred with new energy; a transformed girl.
My urgent plea counselled the deed, surgeon's skill did the
work.
We have very few children who are 14 years old and
have passed the 5th grade, so physically impaired as to
be refused permits to work. Some are not qualified for
the work sought, but are given permits for such as they
can do and are kept under observation. If they do not
improve, the rule is to send them with the consent of
parents to reputable dispensaries to be treated by skilled
and experienced clinicians. When any child is absolutely
refused the parents are notified of the cause and sug-
gestions are made for special treatment. This is all we
can do. We have no authority to assume the responsi-
bility of the parent, but can and do advise.
The Bureau's purpose and interest is always for the
upbuild of the child and to prepare it to take its part in
life's warfare.
S. A. KEENE, M. D.,
Medical Examiner.
OF Labor and Statistics 11
The number of examinations made during* the year
were fewer than during any previous year. This falling
off was due to lack of employment and the closing down
of several industries employing juvenile workers. In
many instances the girl could get employment when the
boy would not. Wages, too, showed a downward trend.
Many of the applicants for pei-mits showed lack of care,
many are dirty. These conditions were so apparent, for
the applicants of the last few years were so well kept.
The history of lack of Employment on part of the
father was almost constant, and the depression accom-
panying this was characteristic. The emloyment of the
father with steady wages gives the family an air of self-
respect, which is lost when the work and wag^es are un-
certain.
Why this condition should effect the personal cleanli-
ness of the family is difficult to tell, perhaps the feeling
of utter helplessness and despair gives the feeling as one
girl expressed it, "as if nobody cares."
Correction of over 90 per cent of physical defects was
made, but time had to be extended in many cases.
There was practically no condition found that could be
laid to industry, no industrial disease other than accident.
This brings forcibly to our attention the need of careful
consideration of home as well as industry before a condi-
tion is actually laid to industry. Restricting the indus-
tries to juvenile workers has done away with many con-
ditions found in previous years; anaemia exhaustion are
now rarely seen in those who come for subsequent per-
mits. But these girls do show a lack of muscular develop-
ment, a staleness that should not be present so early in
life. This brings to one's attention the need of physical
education and sports. The girl, unlike the boy, leaves
her work and goes back into the home to help; often
starting the day by doing housework. This gives her a
treadmill existence. The after industry hours and Satur-
day afteraoons should be given to play and out-of-door
sports. Soon the extreme resei-ve, the self-consciousness
and burden of responsibility would be replaced by spon-
taneousness, strength and poise. The playing of com-
petitive games would soon teach her how to meet com-
petition of any kind. She would soon value fresh air and
sunshine. She would make a better worker, for she 'ivo'ild
greately increase her earning capacity. As the CMltivation
12 Keport of Maryland State Board
of one talent leads to the development of another, so the
intelligent development of the body leads to its intlli-
gent care, through personal hygiene and proper feeding.
It is our hope that the Bureau will soon be in close
contact with the home conditions of juvenile workers.
The privilege of the examining physicians to visit indus-
tries and personally acquaint themselves with the occu-
pations in these industries gives them intelligent idea of
placing the worker. This is an extremely important part
of the work. •
Each year more and more of the former applicants re-
turn to the Bureau for medical and surgical advice. This
shows us the need for an Industrial Clinic which is now
under consideration. The need of investigating places of
domestic services for juveniles is important.
No child should be allowed to enter domestic service
unless the place is known to be fit. Time and time again
girls return to the Bureau with tales that need investiga-
tion.
Before closing I want to thank the pliysician surgeons
and dispensaries who have gratuitously corrected the
physical defects found.
ANNA S. ABERCROMBIE, M. D.,
Medical Examiner.
The accompanying table of defects shows the need of
more constructive work, A need of a more careful follow
up system. The best that we can do at the present time
is to refer the child to a welfare agency and depend upon
it for treatment and help, relying ui>on the child itself 'to
report back to us. The term malnutrition is used as a
condition found in children, who according to their race,
age, height and weight, do not show a normal develop-
ment. We have neither the force nor the time for the
proper scientific investigations in this direction. Our aim
is to do the grosser work, hoping to blaze the trail for
something finer in the future.
No mention is made of defective teeth; fully 75 per
cent have defective teeth. The time for treatment is pro-
longed, the expense and discomfort make it necessary.
As will be seen from this table, the defects that were
found in the 483 children that were examined by the
medical examiners of the bureau were as follow^s: Fifty-
OF Labor and Statistics 13
eight per cent had defective visions ; about 12 per cent had
affections of the nose and throat; about 6 per cent were
deaf or partially so ; nearly 4 per cent had diseases of the
chest; 8 per cent had defects of the glands; 1 per cent
had deformities ; 3 per cent had skin diseases ; 4 per cent
were suffering from malnutrition and 5 per cent included
all other defects.
Of th^e 483 children who were found defective, 45 un-
derwent operations to correct their trouble, 356 received
treatment, 54 were placed under observation, and 28
either refused to be treated or nothing could be done.
14
KEroRT OF Maryland State Board
PHYSICAL DEFECTS FOUND IN CHILDREN
Defects
s
4-^
c
Hi
4-1
a
Eh
c
o
O
73
o
72
c
_o
4-i
t
0)
in
O
4->
c
£
4-»
O
Results
byeo—
Defective vision _....
Faulty refraction _.
251
18
■ 6
4
7
1
1
1
11
12
.23
2
4
2
1
2
3
6
9
1
1
1
2
36
2
2
3
1
2
1
2
4
6
1
1
2
5
10
2
2
3
2
21
10
6
3
7
4
2
2
1
1
2
2
3
2
2
4
6
1
3
10
3
2
21
11
10
17
2
3
•
2
241
18
6
9
1
36
2
4
4
1
1
2
6
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
Lenses
Lenses
Diseases
Loss of eye
Artificial eyes
Ears —
Partial deafness
Wax removed
Total deafness
Diseases
Deaf-mute
Improved
Mose and Throat —
Adenoids
Removed
Adenoids and Tonsils
Improved
Hypi. & Cryptic Tonsils
Fibroid Tonsils
Post-nasal Catan-h
(< •
Chr. Laryngitis
<(
Cleft Palate
Tonsilitis
Cured
Infected Tonsils
:hest—
Organic Heart Disease
Functional Heart Disease
T. B. arrested
Good compensation
Improved
T. B. active _
Deformed-Pleural Abcess
To special agency
Jlands —
Adenitis
Improved
No bad results noted
No bad results noted
Simple Goitre..
Exopthalmic Goitre
)eformities —
Lateral Curvature
Improved
T. B. Hip
No change
Atrophy leg muscles
>kin —
Dematitis „
Cured
Pediculosis Capitis _
Eczema
Corrected
Cured
Ringworm
a
Scubies _
Jerve —
Facial tick.
It
lemia — •
Congenital Inguinal
Destrained by adhesions
Improved
Susnensories
Acquired Inguinal
Varicocele
Undescended Testicles
Jnclassified —
Cong. Lues
VafrinatpH
Anaemia _
Malnutrition.
Cured
Improved
Total
483
97
45
259
54
28
1
*
OP Labor and Statistics
15
STAGE OF MATURITY OF MALE APPLICANTS FOR GEN-
ERAL EMPLOYMENT CERTIFICATES AT THE BAL-
TIMORE OFFICE OF THE BUREAU IN 1921
14 Years
of Age
White
Colored
Total
Per Cent
Pubescent -....
867
79
96
14
i
881
79
97
83.4
Prepubescent
7.5
Postpubescent
9.2
Total
1042
15
1057
100.0
15 Years
of Age
Pubescent
311
13
24
7
1
318
14
24
89 3
Prepubescent -
3 9
Postpubescent
6.8
Total
348
1390
8
23
356
1413
100
Grand Total _
100.0
16
Report of Maryland State Board
AGE OF MATURITY OF FEMALE APPLICANTS FOR GEN-
ERAL EMPLOYMENT CERTIFICATES AT THE BAL-
TIMORE OFFICE OF THE BUREAU IN 1921
Age of Maturity
Matured
Not Matured
Total
White
Colored
White
Colored
Per Cent
11 years
21
71
16
300
82
222
18
18
2
1
4
"2
231
•64
21
6
' i
21
71.
17
304
82
456
82
49
8
2.
12 years
6.5
12 years 6 months
1j years
1.6
27.9
13 years 6 months
14 years
7.5
41.9
14 years 6 months
15 years
7.5
4.4
15 years 6 months
.7
Total
760
7
322
1
1090
100.0
OF Labor and Statistics 17
SUMMARY OF WORK WITH BACKWARD CHILDREN
For the third year the Bureau of Labor and Statistics
has undeitaken the placement and supei*vision of young
persons whose school retardation appeared to call for
their adjustment in industiy. The legal and social scheme
under which vocational probation is carried out in Mary-
land was outlined and explained in the last two annual
reports of this Bureau. Under this provision individuals
between 14 and 16 years of age who have not been able to
finish the 5th grade in the Baltimore Department of Edu-
cation and higher grades in various county schools are
given standardized mental and physical tests. On the
basis of this examination, in addition to a consideration
of conduct, their interests, capacity and needs are ana-
lyzed and placement in industry is undertaken.
The number of boys applying under this act for work
pennits in 1921 was only about one-half the number ap-
plying in 1920 with the proportion of girls slightly higher.
Return to peace conditions was not only the cause of this
numerical decrease; industrial depression played its part
in discouraging individuals to apply for pennits since the
rule of the Bureau required employment prospects before
release from school could be considered.
Recognizing that the individual's vocational adjustment
generally is merely an element in the more complex wel-
fare situation of the family, the Department of Special
PeiTnits during the past year has concerned itself in no
small degi'ee with home investigations. Following the
policy that each specialized community agency should
assume control of its owti problems, this department has
refrained from making family contacts where other agen-
cies already were active. Such cases have been referred
to their appropriate agencies with offers of assistance if
desired. In a number of emergency cases, however, tem-
poraiy relief was furnished through voluntary contribu-
tors. Opportunities for the Bureau to function as a clear-
ing house for other agencies are worthy of further devel-
opment.
Since 50 per cent of this group of backward individuals
represent pre-delinquent and delinquent youth, their in-
dustrial inclinations often have been so erratic that those
in charge have needed legal assistance in the enforcement
of their bi-monthly reporting. Heretofore such cases
18 Report of Maryland State Board
were taken before the Juvenile Court. During tlie past
year, however, nearly all such cases have been summoned
to the Court but have been adjusted^ without being re-
ferred to the Judge. Thus as a last resort police assis-
tance generally has proved an adequate disciplinary
measure. With the small number of cases requiring com-
mitment to corrective schools the Department has kept
closely in touch and as soon as conduct has appeared to
be stabilized each individual has been returned to the
community under renewed vocational probation. Most of
these cases were detained at St. Mary's Industrial School
and the good results achieved were in no small measure
due to the insight and co-operation of the Superintendent,
Brother Paul.
As a recreative and educational innovation a number
of industrial moving pictures were shown at intervals dur-
ing the winter. These were given during the evening and
were free. Since the Bureau is not equipped to produce
"movies" and has no funds available for such purposes it
was necessary to rely upon agencies better supplied with
apparatus. To all such who kindly gave assistance thanks
are herewith extended. It is hoped to renew this feature
of industrial education during the coming year.
An attempt has been made to extend the work of voca-
tional probation to the Maryland counties and for this
purpose a number of visits were made during the winter,
children being examined at each visit. In view of the
findings of Miss Stern, Statistician to the State Depart-
ment of Education, indicating that an average of over 32
per cent white and 65 per cent colored children in the first
seven grades in the county schools are distinctly over age
for their grades, the advisability of utilizing iudustrial
opportunities in such a situation appears sound. Al-
though Mr. Albert S. Cook, State Superintendent of Edu-
cation, has urged county superintendents to avail them-
selves of the special work permit law, few have done so.
This failure appears to be due to: — unfamiliarity with
local conditions, and inappreciation of the labor laws re-
lating to backward children. During the coming year it
is hoped to extend this work more generally throughout
the State.
A legislative enactment just passed extends the Bu-
reau's period of probation in special cases from 16 to 18
years. The importance of this measure is better realized
OF Labor and Statistics 19
in its relation to statistics showing the large number of
dependent and delinquent individuals among the group
which the Bureau is trying to stabilize in industry. This
law should offer an eli'ective social force when fortified
by a well organized continuation school program.
An important adjunct to the welfare work of the de-
partment is the recently established nutritional clinic
conducted by a committee of the Women's Alliance of the
Unitarian Church of Baltimore. This expression of vol-
untary service shows how community social groups can
aid civic agencies whose function does not include inten-
sive supervision leading to improved physical vigor.
Based on our earlier observations children whose intelli-
gence co-efficient was less than .91 were considered voca-
tional cases, since generally they were repeaters and often
only in the 4th grade. Judged by age-grade standards
the usual 15 year old person should be in the high school,
having finished the 4th grade at about 9 or 10 years. Our
later results, however, tend to show that if an interest
can be established many of these cases, returned to school
for various reasons, are able to complete the fifth grade
and show, on re-examination, an improvement in mental
development. Consequently it appears advisable to re-
quire, as a formal educational minimum a completion of
the fifth grade in all cases having an intelligence co-effi-
cient above .80 or .85. A number of individuals whose
mental capacity correspond to that of the usual 5 year
old child, yet with well developed control of character,
have shown themselves to be self supporting. These
cases strengthen the belief that the majority of distinctly
feebleminded persons of stable character may become
community assets instead of liabilities if they can have
suitable probationary supei-vision.
A complete statistical analysis of the 1400 cases ob-
sei'ved by the department of special permits is now in
course of preparation.
F. L. DUNHAM,
Consulting Psychiatrist.
20 Rkport of Maryland State Board
PERMIT DEPARTMENT AND INSPECTIONS
The report of the School Attendance Department of
children whose names were sent to them for investigation
by this Bureau, as having been refused employment cer-
tificate, is shown by Table No. 1, and is as follows: Of
the 45 children reported, 29 went back to school ; 7 helped
at home; 6 after completing required grade, worked on
permits; 1 was referred to charitable organization and
two could not be located.
In Table No. 2 is shown the report of the School Attend-
ance officers in reference to children in Baltimore City
whose permits were returned to the Bureau. There were
735 children referred to the School Attendance Depart-
ment of which 433 were males and 302 females. Of this
number 132 or 17.9 per cent were found working without
permits; 44 or 5.9 per cent could not be located; 136 or
18.5 per cent were working at home or in domestic service ;
218 or about 29.7 per cent were returned to school ; no in-
formation could be obtained about 24; in 97 cases subse-
quent permits were obtained before officer called; 46
moved from the city; 12 were ill; 10 were committed to
corrective institutions; 4 enlisted; 10 were married and
2 died.
According to Table No. 3 there were 143 children who
were 16 years of age and were given statements of age
to that effect. These statements are issued to firms de-
siring them in order to relieve their responsibility in case
of inspection and to prevent the child from misrepresent-
ing its age, as some are tempted to do to get jobs with
firms who do not employ children under 16 years.
Table No. 4 shows that 6803 children who had pre-
viously registered at the Bureau reached their 16th birth-
day during 1921.
As shown by Table No. 5, 10,210 children made applica-
tion for all kinds of permits during 1921. Of this number
4,808 or about 47.9 per cent were general permits ; 747 or
7.3 per cent vacation; 2,028 or 19.8 per cent were news-
boys' and street traders' permits ; 683 or 6.7 per cent were
temporary general permits issued to children where
physical defects were to be corrected; 1,521 or about 14.9
per cent were vocational permits issued to children who
were mentally retarded and could not pass the 5th grade
at school; 25 applications were made without results; 179
OF Labor and Statistics 21
permits and 76 badges were refused, making a total of
255 refused; 143 over 16 year statements were issued.
October was the month in which the largest number of
cases, 1,086 were handled ; the smallest number, 686 being
in December. In 1921, 7,684 fewer applications were
made than in 1920, due to a great extent to the lack of
employment.
Of the 5,125 children receiving general, vacation or
newsboys' peraiits, as shown by Table 6; 3,678 or about
71.8 per cent were bom in Baltimore City; 721 or 14.7
per cent in Maiyland exclusive of Baltimore City; 510 in
the United States, exclusive of Maryland and 216 were
foreign-born.
Table No. 7 shows that of these 5,125 children 2,942
or 57.4 per cent were American white ; 522 or 10.2 per cent
were colored; 434 or 8.4 per cent were Hebrews; 355 or
6.9 per cent were Polish. The nationality of the other
874 was divided between Germans, Italians, Bohemians,
Irish, Lithuanians, English, Hungarian and others.
Seven hundred and eighty-seven or 31.4 per cent of the
2,503 children receiving original general permits, as shown
by Table 8, had completed the 5th grade at school; 708 or
31.3 per cent the sixth; 456 or 18.2 per cent the seventh;
421 or 16.8 the eighth and 57 or 2.3 per cent were in the
High School.
Table 9 shows that of the 5,125 children holding gen-
eral, vacation and newsboys' permits, 5,083 resided in
Baltimore City ; 38 in Baltimore County ; 3 in Anne Arun-
del County and one in Howard County.
The proof of age upon which these 5,125 permits
were issued, as shown by Table 10, was 4,225 or 82 per
cent on documentary evidence and 900 or 17.6 per cent
on parent's or guardian's affidavit with other evidence.
Table 11 shows family status of children.
In 3,631 or 80.1 per cent of the 4,531 original, general
and newsboys' permits issued, as shown by Table 12, the
reason for going to work was given as economical pressure.
As shown by Table 13, the average weekly wage of
children securing original general permits in 1921 in 46
different industries was $7.20 as compared with $8.63 in
1920 being a decrease of $1.43 or 16.6 per cent. One of
these industries averaged $10.00 a week; two between
$9.00 and $9.63 ; 6 between $8.00 and $8.80 ; 18 between
22 Report of Maryland State Board
$7.00 and $7.83; 14 between $6.00 and $6.99 and 5 be-
tween $5.00 and $5.60.
The averag-e height and weight of the 1,413 males se-
curing original general pennits as shown by Table 14 was,
height 62.1 inches, weight 105.6 lbs. and of the 1,090
females, height 62 inches and weight 105.3.
Table 15 shows the number of children securing sub-
sequent peiTuits at the Baltimore office in 1921 and num-
ber and length of time during which these permits were
held.
In Table 16 is given the occupation of parents of the
2,503 children securing original general permits in 1921,
of this number 137 or 5.47 per cent of the fathers were
unemployed, compared with 56 or 1.28 per cent of 4,373
found unemployed in 1920.
Table 17 shows that 5,556 permits were issued by the
Baltimore office in 1921 compared with 11,514 in 1920 or
a decrease of 51.7 per cent in 1921. Of the 5,555 pemiits
issued, 3,097 were original, general and vacation pennits
and 2,458 were subsequent, general and vacation permits.
Of the number issued 3,285 were for males and 2,270 for
females.
Table 18 shows that 3,082 children were found at work
in 48 industries and 2,458 pennits were returned of child-
ren who had left their jobs.
REFUSED CASES
Two hundred and fifty-five children were refused per-
mits during 1921 ; 154 of which were for general permits ;
25 for vacation and 76 newsboys' badges.
Of this number 252 or 98.8 per cent lived in Baltimore
City ; 2 in Baltimore County ; and one in Howard County,
as shown by Table No. 19.
The reasons for refusing pennits are given in Table
No. 20. Below legal age 109 or 42.7 per cent ; below phy-
iscal standard 51 or 20 per cent; below required school
grade 40 or 15.7 per cent; cannot pass educational test
13 or 5.1 per cent; working at forbidden occupations 29
or 11.4 per cent and working during forbidden hours 13
or 5.1 per cent.
The color and sex of children refused permits, as shown
by Table 21, were, 150 white males ; 72 white females and
33 colored males.
OF Labor and Statistics 23
The age of children refused is shown in Table 22.
In Table 23 are given the different forbidden occupa-
tions for which children were refused permits. About
one third wanted to work on machinery ; two in shipbuild-
ing ; 13 during forbidden hours and the rest in such indus-
tries as cigar manufacture, navigation, painting, etc.
Five permits were revoked in 1921 because parents had
sworn falsely to their childrens' ages.
24
Report op Maryland State Board
TABLE 1.
REPORT OF SCHOOL ATTENDANCE DEPARTMENT ON
CHILDREN REFUSED GENERAL EMPLOYMENT
CERTIFICATES IN 1921.
Number of children in school _
Number of children helping at home
Number working with permits
Number referred to society (St. Vincent de Paul)
IN umber not located -
Total
29
7
6
1
2
45
TABLE 2.
SUMMARY OF SCHOOL ATTENDANCE OFFICERS' REPORT
CONCERNING CHILDREN IN BALTIMORE CITY
WHOSE PERMITS WERE RETURNED TO
THE BUREAU IN 1921.
Specific Report Concerning Child.
Working without permit
Could not be located
Working at home or in domestic service
Returned to school
No information obtainable ....-
Subsequent permit secured before officer
called
Moved away from city
Ill -
Enlisted ^
Committed to corrective institutions
Married - -
Deceased
Total.
Male
100
28
21
149
16
71
29
5
4
8
1
1
433
Female
32
16
115
69
8
26
17
7
2.
»9
1
302
Total
132
44
136
218
24
97
46
12
4
10
10
2
735
OF Labor and Statistics
25
CO
W
pq
<
as
P4
Q
>
o
<
W
>^
CO
T-l
Q
1— <
K
o
o
Q
W
P
I— I
w
o
w
Eh
<
Eh
O
O
W
•J
m
Eh
Grand
1 Total
OOOLOC^ItMCOt-OCiOCSi-l
1— ii— li— li— li— 1 tHi— (i— 1 1— (
CO
Total
W| C
co;:::::;co:th:
t-
Lrr o lO cv] (M CO t~ o ^ c- X -H
1— ii— ii— l^^rH 1— 11— tiM tH
•
CO
tH
1 Total
W C IFemale
(N^CiCO«Ot~^C<ICi-i'*iH
CO
-2
c
5
tH
1 1 1 i i 1 i : i 1 j :
■ ; : ! : 1 : ; iH : : :
1— 1
00
1 W| C W C 1 W| c
1-1
1—1
:i— ICO :iH iiH
CO
iH:;::i:;iH;^H:
CO
i-IC0<£'C0sD«O^(Mt~— l(Mi-(
Total
Male
^ -H .
00
0)0
o
; : i i : : : tH ; ; 1-1 :
C<]
o
I
1—1
■
; : ; ; T-l : ; , ; ; ; ;
1-1
00
l-(
1 W| C 1 W|C
;i— 1 ;^Hi— 1 :tHi— li— 1
CO
:!;:::;: 1—1 ;: i ~
T-l
TH;^c<i;co'THC<iieo oo
T-l
1— (
^;i;::i:^;i;
CO
oo«om<riu.o!MiM;£iou:)Oot£)
»
o
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
1
13
c
Eh
26
KicPoiiT OF Maryland State Board
X
m
I— I
W
W
Q
W
w
O
u
o
w
^^
hhC-i
^^
Q
o
o
;^
o
M
in.
w
So Si
Plh S S =i
ffi
w
a>
o
ft
a
'-+3
o
>
O
o
+->
o
>
O
CD
O
-3
o
8[T3LU9^>T
^I^K
9[^UI8j[
Ql^M
a^Buiajj
^I^H
ajBuia^iT
ai^IM
ai^uia^
9I^H
saapBJjj
9{13UiajJ
9FM
a[Bat9jj
8113 p^
i^ooO'-HLO'^aii-ic^ccoi
(M^OCCOOO'jLOO-i'ClC^
t-( -^ ,H Oi t- CC-O 00 CC 1-1 t- OJ
OOOJ,-t-^CDLCiOiCO<NOOO
C<I(M<M0O000OC^CO<MCOCO(M
iHCO(M'Hrti:c>C>J0000'-lT}<
^•^0500«r>(NC^O00'^OuQ
«Dojot>ooo":>0(NO'X)ai
tH (M ,H T-H r-t iH rH T-t i-H (M tH
<MiHt}<<M<M(M'-i<NCO(M'*tJ<
-^OOiM'^'^LO'-'t^fO^'^CO
■*oo-^'*Louri'-icDoc£iiooo
T-l(MCOQOlOCO«2'rrO^C<IO
l-tOaOl i-Hi— It-I<Mi— It-HOJi— I
t>OiCOOOOOOt~T-IOOC£)000
t^ 00 <j5 1- 00 00 Cj th oi CO c- t'-
0]C<!T)<-!tTf^DiO00C0OO00
coo(Ni«MOt~Oit-i-ioocoLn
OOt^Ot-CDi-HCOLOOOOOr-lLC
0(Mooc^ooocoiooacooco
OiOrHC~Oi-lOOCOOiI>-0
rHOq(Mi-HC<IC<lC<|(M(Ni-l.-li-l
>H CS ^
3 C F. -7^
w c <u £ c
C'gcaa.rtg35g'-SoS
<u
00
o
CO
LO
CO
CO
o
CO
OS
00
00
^
o
o
in
CO
o
<3i
to
Oi
lO
CO
00
CO
o
OF Labor and Statistics
27
o
I— I
H
hJ
PQ
W
X
H
H
<J
W
H
HH •
§2
pqt-i
"§
«w
w
^^
^<
«o
PQg
<;
H
o
o
)-H
o
K
w
PQ
<;
-
CO "^ rf (M O
1-H
O OOCOCO OCO
o
\T3-\o^ [JUTjay
ot— otr--^c~Lot-a3ooooo
T— t
00 l>- 05 t--- t- Oi 00 t~ O O L~ CO
(M
1-1 1-1
o
1—1
OOO .OC-5c<ICOt-0 JiC-Oli-l
CO
s^U8uj9:}b;s 9X -^3^0
rHT-(T-l^,-( r-^ r-t tH t-(
1—1
iOOt-OSCO^'— •C5C-OL"-'rH
lO
i-( <N C^ ^H ,-1 CO !-< C<J •>* -H c^
uO
Badges
d
lis^^'X
(N
lOOSi— llOcOOr-lrHiHliS'^i— 1
CO
sAoqsAV8|^
1-1 1-1 • 1-1 1-1
tr-
C 3
1— 1
T-t 00 lO
io
CS«M
iH
CJ
UOI^BD'BA
0iTH'X'"^O'L0(M00'iDiOC0O
■^
^
TH,-(i-li-(n-l (NC<It-(^
lo
<1>
^Bjaue^
tH
1
1-1 1-1 tM iH LO CO
o CO
lO
•s:;insa^ ^noi{:)i^ suopBoiiddy
:
:
•apBaf) t[^g passed :^ou p^q
iO(MC~Tf^C000^<MC0t:-O
LCCOt>i-li*C<IOO^^'-lCOOC^
l-(
eg
oi{M U8apnq3 oq. panssT s^^iuijaj
lO
1—1
AaBaoduiajL {BaausQ j-buo]:^booa
■)!•
C~C5LO'J3oOt~C~'^COLOOCO
CO
•panssi
s:jiuijaj uoi:^
(MiH(M"^iOLOOOiOt~OiC~C~
00
CO
-■BOBA pi's I'Baauaf) 'y^j'eaoduiajL
osTfc^cooac^jtiOsOoc^oo
00
•saSp^a
ooaicotOLCX'Coo^<MTtc^]c-
(M
,sAoqsAV8^ puB
sjapBJX ;a9-iQS
(Mi-KMi-ItHtHtH i-1(M^^H
o
'!}'c~ooo«C)05oot:~LOi-ico'^
c-
,-1 00 c~ o 1-f 1-1 1-1
Tf"
,tion Permit
issued
I'B^ojL
iH C<J(M
t-
i-l(M(MiHC5(MeO'X)i-((M'r-l
CO
juanbasqng
■^ "^ "^
•^cctoooioOi— ithciOi— tec
■^
IBUlSUQ
•^. CO CO 1-H i-(
1-1 <M tH
05
>
LCiCJ'*00T}<iO-«tOO(M00<X
00
looii-icoiooo'^ooco'^cjt-
o
-4J
lt3;0X
COCO'^-<3'COCO«MOat-LOCO(N
00
00C0(MCiiOC0C^t-00T-it-C
lO
juanbasqng
OC^lC^OjC-COCOOt-icOCC
o
(NC^C<IC<It-Ii-Ii-Ii-iO^<N'-<'^
CO
t>a5(M01Ci(M(MeO(N^tH«0
CO
0)
IButSuq
Tj<cocC>00ut>i-l(M'r^C<lCO?0'^
o
,-|^rHl-li-l(Mi-li-llOCOCai-
LO
o
A
»
■n
o
r
■4-
71
I o
Eh
•X
1 a
il
;l
.fcj
<
u
Ic
\i
>
1
3
S
*
28
Report of Maryland State Board
TABLE 6.
TABLE SHOWING BIRTRHPLACE OF CHILDREN GRANTED
GENERAL AND VACATION PERMITS AND OF CHIL-
DREN GRANTED STREET TRADERS' AND
NEWSBOYS' PERMITS BY THE BAL-
TIMORE OFFICE OF THE BU-
REAU IN 1921
Birthplace
'c3
0)
O
a
>
o
Total
Baltimore Citv
1858
386
173
86
409
91
59
35
1411
244
278
95
3678
Mar>'land exclusive of Balti-
more
721
United States, exclusive
Maryland
Outside of United States
of
510
216
Total
2503
594
2028
5125
OF Labor and Statistics
29
TABLE 7.
TABLE SHOWING NATIONALITY OF CHILDREN GRANTED
ORIGINAL GENERAL AND VACATION PERMITS AND
OF CHILDREN GRANTED NEWSBOYS-' AND
STREET TRADERS' BADGES BY THE
BALTIMORE OFFICE OF THE
BURe'aU in 1921.
. Total
Nationality
•
o
CO
o
Si
4^
^
S
Vc
a>
nj
<v
3
<u
U
>
"Z,
^
eu
American, white ...-
1627
349
966
2942
57.4
Hebrew
168
48
218
434
g.4
German —
203
42
61
306
6.
Polish
204
69
80
353
6.9
American, colored
35
76
37
^ 24
14
12
463
129
10
522
219
89
10.2
Italian
4.3
Bohemian _ :
1.7
Irish -
21
7
18
46
.9
Lithuanian
23
7
26
56
1.1
English -..-.
16
4
16
36
.7
Hungarian
16
1
9
26
.5
All others -
46
16
32
94
.5
Unkno-ft-n
1
1
2
.1
Total
2503
594
2028
5125
100.0
30
Report of MAiiyLAND Statk Board
TABLE 8
TABLE SHOWING SCHOOL GRADE COMPLETED BY CHIL-
DREN GRANTED ORIGINAL GENERAL PERMITS
BY- THE BALTIMORE OFFICE OF THE
BUREAU IN 1921
Grade Completed
1 Number
Per Cent
Fifth
787
782
456
421
57
31.4
Sixth
31.3
Seventh
18.2
iiiierhtn ...
16.8
Over Eisrhth
2.3
Tctal -
2503
100.0
TABLE 9.
TABLE SHOWING RESIDENCE OF CHILDREN GRANTED
ORIGINAL GENERAL AND VACATION PERMITS, ANO
OF CHILDREN GRANTED STREET TRADERS'
AND NEWSBOYS' BADGES AT THE
BALTIMORE OFFICE IN 1921
Residence
General
Vacation
Newsboys
Total
Baltimore City
Anne Arundel County
Baltimore County
Howard County
2472
3
27
1
583
2028
5083
3
38
1
Tctal
2503
594
2028
5125
OF Labor and Statistics
31
TABLE 10.
TABLE SHOWING NUMBER AND PER CEN-T OF CHILDREN
GRANTED ORIGINAL GENERAL AND VACATION PER-
MITS AND OF CHILDREN GRANTED STREET TRADERS'*
AND NEWSBOYS' BADGES BY THE BALTIMORE OFFICE
OF THE BUREAU IN 1921 WHOSE AGES WERE AT-
TESTED BY DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE AND THE
NUMBER AND PER CENT WHOSE AGES WERE AT-
TESTED BY AFFIDAVITS.
Proof of Age
in
c
>,
a
o
o
Si
u
+J
c
5J
^
<u
a
(U
a
>
12:
-t->
o
1. Official Public Birth Records:
Baltimore City Records
Maryland State Records
Other State Records ..,
Foreign Records
2. Religious Records:
Baptismal Records
Cradle Roll
3. Other Documentary EWdence:
Passports
807
105
40
14
1211
* 12
16
Total of Children presenting various
classes of documentary e\'idence:
Number '..
• Per Cent
4. Affidavits:
Number ..
Per Cent .
Grand Total:
Number ..
Per Cent .
2205
88.1
298
• 11.9
2503
100.0
178
581
26
92
7
33
9
19
277
738
5
6
4
15
506
85.2
88
14.8
594
100.0
1514
74.7
514
25.3
2028
100.0
1566
223
80
42
2256
23
35
4225
82.4
900
17.6
5125
100.0
v
32
Rkpokt of Makyland State Board
TABLE 11.
TABLE SHOWING FAMILY STATUS OF CHILDREN GRANTED
GENERAL PERMITS AND OF CHILDREN GRANTED
NEWSBOYS 'AND STREET TRADERS'
BADGES BY THE BALTIMORE
OFFICE IN 1921.
Family Status
r—4
O
Newsbovs and
Street Traders
O
1. Two Parents in Family:
Beth own parents
1738
106
' 40
75
4
314
123
5
5
48
10
27
3
2
3
1509
75
26
63
7
225
70
2
2
32
6
6
1
4
3247
181
66
138
11
539
193
7
7
80
• 16
33
4
2
7
71.6
Stepfather
4.
Stepmother
2. One Parent in Family:
Father away
1.4
3.
Mother away
.2
Father dead
11.9
Mother dead
4.3
Stepfather away . .
.2
Stepfather dead
2
3. Child lives with Relatives
or Friends:
Both Parents dead
Father dead
1.7
.4«<
Mother dead
.7
Both Parents living
Father away
.1
.1
Unknown *
.2
Total . . .
2503
2028
4531
100.0
OF Labor and Statistics
33
TABLE 12.
TABLE SHOWING REASONS FOR GOING TO WORK AS-
SIGNED BY CHILDREN GRANTED ORIGINAL GENERAL
PERMITS AND BY CHILDREN GRANTED STREET
TRADERS' AND NEWSBOYS BADGES BY THE
BALTIMORE OFFICE OF THE BUREAU
IN 1921.
Reasons for Children Going
to Work
C o
cS -3
„ "3
m i^
15
Si ^
W 0)
<u
Q) -
o
O
;2;m
^
o
O
Economic Pressure
Self-Support
Unsatisfactory school conditions
Graduated
To pay for further education.
Wants to go to work
To save money
For spending money
For War Stamps
Miscellaneous reasons
Total
1846
1785
3631
36
10
46
83
83
257
257
1
1
279
70
349
116
116
40
40
6
6
2^
2
2503
1
2028
4531
80.1
1.
1.8
5.7
.05
7.7
2.6
.9
.1
.05
100.00
34
Report of Maryland State Board
TABLE 13.
TABLE SHOWING AVERAGE WAGE EXPECTED BY CHILDREN
SECURING ORIGINAL GENERAL PERMITS IN 1921,
ARRANGED ACCORDING TO INDl!sTRIES.
Industry
rS "^ +J
TS (1)
>> s
c .
° O C
(1) 03
o.
o a
C!3 g
dl^ ^
:z;
2.S
Oh
o
c fac
X u
bt)
03
>
Department, 5 & 10s stores
Small retail stores
Wholesale establishments
Offices ,
Messenger service
Clothing -..
Artificial flowers & feathers-
Baskets, toys & willow ware...
Bakery products
Boots and shoes, cut stock
and findings
Bottle stoppers
Boxes & bags, paper & fancy
Brooms, brushes & hairwork
Buttons, buckles and badges..
Canning & oyster shucking.
Cigar boxes _
Confectionery
Copper, tin and sheet iron
products
Food preparation & packirfg...
Foundry and machine shop
products
Gas and electric machinery..
Glass (glass decorating) and
mirrors
Harness and leather goods
trunks, etc
Iron, steel works and rolling
mills
Jewelry, silver & plated ware
Lumber products & millwork
Manufacturing chemist
Mattresses and spring beds
Piano & musical instrument?
Picture frames, furniture etc
Pottery _.
223
308
110
114
115
653
1
19
32
23
3
30
50
13
33
3
103
257
9
17
1
16
1
13
5
21
2
6
173
205
93
95
8
368
1
14
24
19
1
18
31
8
1
2
72
47
4
7
1
1
11
2
18
2
6
5
5
50
$6.80
70
i
1
31
7.04
16
1
6.99
16
2
1
7.36
21
86
6.75
266
13
2
4
6.90
5.00
3
2
6.46
8
7.67
1
3
7.50
2
8.00
12
6.38
16
1
2
6.98
5
5.60
5
18
1
9
8.00
5.50
25
6
7.14
163
22
24
1
7.48
5
6.33
9
1
7.40
8.00
9
7.11
1
6.67
10.00
2
6.81
2
1
7.25
3
7.68
9.00
2
6.45
1
8.43
3
8.50
OF Labor and Statistics
35
TABLE 13— (Continued.)
Industry
c '
X! 0)
•C CO
o
o O C
12;
?> c
•^ p.
o cj
cS p
C
;->
So;
bjO
0)
1^
U3
0)
be
r5
0)
to
a
u
>
Printing, publishing, engrav-
ing, etc „..
Sign & advertising novelties
Straw hats ._
Umbrellas and canes ,
Textile - _
Wooden boxes
Places of amusement - _
Auto, motorcycle, repair shop
and garage
Barbershop ,._
Building, contracting, car-
penter
Cleaning, pressing & dyeing...
Electrical contracting
Laundry
Plumbing
Restaurant, tea and lunch
rooms
Transportation
Miscellaneous _
Total.
92
3
23
25
31
2
2
.15
8
15
2
10
9
9
15
12
29
2503
78
2
11
19
18
1
6
5
10
9
6
6
12
7
18
1460
12
11
4
13
1
1
8
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
3
10
790
159
44
50
7.03
7.50
7.83
6.65
7.74
8.80
7.33
5.00
7.25
"7.21
6.40
7.50
5.56
9.63
6.84
$7.20
36
Rkport of Maryland State Board
w
w
;2:
w
o
hj
<<^
oS
I— I
I— (
Q«
HP
aw
w
QO
5^
<^
■^^
x<
OCT
W
w
a
>
o
;?;
o
a
pq
<;
a
O)
fin
S
01
13
01
13
uaqtunjsj
•saqDuj
ui :|.qSi8H
•J8qiun|sj;
aS-BJ8AY
•saqouj
UI ::^qSi8H
•laqiun^
•;qS[aA\^
•saqouj
UI :^qSi8jj
eS-BjaAy
Maquin^
•;qSiaA\.
aS-B^eAy
•seqouj
ui :^q.§ieH
aS'BJaAy
•Jaquin^
c
o
OS
!2:
t-ooco-i<i-oot~i-ico^ooTH
IM^OOeOt-OWfMi-H.H'^
O CD t- 05 LO t-
LO 05
COC^lO^t-OT-lT-IC^JCOtOiMTl'
OOCsOi-tOOi-HOOi-I'MCO
lo c^ t-; Oi o c; o -^ CO 00 'to 00
OJOrHr-HCOOOJrHiMCOeOC^iu-i
(r'3'oq co^_c<iu-oooc-;co '^3t>:
^' o o GO CO c^ CO -r 00 ^ t-^ CO
00005 ClOOOOOiOO
oqcO'*oorH(MT#-^Loiot>a>
1-4 r-H C^j O O O O C^' rH CO T-H o
'^ t-; Ci CO ^ LO CO
ooLocgrMooit^Loococo
iHOOi-HOooai-^aiasTH
C<1 lO <N CO t> {>] r-H t> LO Cl C<i
co' (m' CO CO o o" c<i oi ■=!< oi th CO
T-l O -^ T-H ■
CO T}< 1— I tH •
eg
00
lOCO
CO t-
t> O.] t-; iH CO CO T-H tr-; tH C] OJ LO
coooi-JcJoociairHoot-^cDoo
o o o ci O-crj Oi o o as o ci
1-1 ^ ^' rH (M' O ^' tH OJ CO !M' iH
i-IOO(MLC<^(73U:)(MO<Mt>i-H
00 00 as 00 1-1 (M 1-1 i-H i-H iH CM
fH C 73
Oi O)
0)
o *-:
2 oj
— ( r-<
p5 ^
.2 S
03 -
o
be b C
CO
o
U3
Oi
o
oi
CD
LOCD(MO^OO'*<N,HrH(Ni-Ci-l
LO 1—1 1—1
1—1
I— 1
IM
0'*L.oc<i-^i-ieo"*i-iiM'!fco
COCgOOO (N -* tH iH
LO iH
lO
1-5
o
CO
CO
00
CO
oo'
o
CO
in
CO
CO
o
Oi
CO
00
CO
o
o
Eh
00
T-i
"3
o
Eh
OF Labor and Statistics
37
Months Under Observation.
Average
No. of
Months
Under
Observa-
tion.
•»tc--oiol^^'^^(^il-'il^cot^^t^^
^
(N
1
CO
— It— tT-H :f-H
1 "*
ii-HCOIMeOC^ :i-lrH
(N^C^C^{M'-I'H :i-H
1 L.0
1 1—1
O
<M(M(NuOCO^ i!M i^
1 S
05
^1
Tj<(?3lO :^-1iHCO :,-|^C<l
eg
CO
1-^
U^COCOCSC^'^lMOOrH li-Mi-l
1— t
1 ^
1-1
0O':n— i^-^hoothcoco
1— t 1— t T— '
1 s
1— 1
•nH rH tH
1 s
oc o cn '^ TT 03 (N (M ;iM :
1 <=>
1 L.-;
00
1—1
CO-ii-IOOrti-^l-OCvlr-ICO : T-t
1 «^
1 t-
il 12
coaii--;oC'r3>J'^i-i'-H
c^ — f eg — 1
1 "-"^
1 Ci
c^] oj eg — 1
1 00
1 o^
o
r-l
i-~ C~ as ^ Li CO i-H : 1-1
CO CO 1-1 --H
eg
T— 1
1— (
C^
t:~cocoooL-;-*!M :'-!
•M OJ eg
ao
cgxxTcocor-(
CO CO T— ( 1— 1
C5
o
1—1
c~
<MC~o^eg-^^ 1
CO eg eg -I
S^
o
rf CO T-i
o
o
--I
uo
cOr-iMOOi-~^r^ ; ;t-i
Lt "^ tH
eg
eg
1— i
'^
eg -^ Ci (M eg i ; th
'^CO 7-1
o
o
1— (
CO
05 C2 -^ O 1 1—1 i 1 1
lt; CO -H i i i i> i i i
00
1-H
1-1
c:i
eg cc 05 u- ^ ; ^ ■
oco
7— t : : : : : :
1—1
T-H
c; o Ci eg eg rf :
o eg
Less '
Than
One
Month
o
1—1
;::::•::
LO
No. of
Permits
Held.
eg
cgco'^uococ-coo^OT-icg'"'
V-i ,H tH ^
>
O
No. of Children Be-
tween 14 and IG Years.
a
-4J
o
Eh
cgooit-c-cgicegosco-^^
ucCTsO'^GOLoegcg i-i
i:~ ^ eg 1-1
00
1—1
£
to O OS 00 05 CO O CO tH
CO ci 00 •^ eg 1-1
CO r-l
LO
1-t
-2
CO O OOi
^ O OOOi
■^ COiH
00<3SOSO530CO'*^
lO 00 i-l T-H 1-1
T— 1
1-1
rt
OT
C3
-M
C3
cS
o
tC
•^H
G
br
'r-t
Ul
d)
i-l
a
>=
<u
^
-(-'
.,
•r)
(U
N
(1>
T3
tu
3
?H
60
r/I
-».>
3
fi
O
O
j:^
-i->
-4J
c«
^
3
o
-l->
a
A
-t->
(U
_
a
CJ
<u
u
o
OJ
(/J
o,
-l->
m
^^
■IJ
nJ
Ui
S
+J
o
c
-fj
rt
rt
•A
u
<u
o
C
>
ca
(i>
^
Ul
n>
<A
a
m
g
?n
o
Si
«=
-H
a>
bo
w
S
(1)
.^
r-"
-u
-M
3
tM
VI
O
0)
Si
a>
3
)^
o
c<3
fH
>
ts
-n
N
or
+->
rt
r-*
3
c
OT
• f-<
cS
w
<1>
^
(1>
•^-J
Si
r-
-tj
SlCSH
3
o
O
<-;
C
■<->
o
<
u
rH
■a
s
38
Report of Maryland State Board
;
TABLE 16
TABLE SHOWING OCCUPATION OF PARENTS OF CHILDREN
SECURING ORIGINAL GENERAL PERMITS AT THE
BALTIMORE OFFICE OF THE BUREAU
DURING 1921,
LaDorer
Mechanic
Father's
Occupation
755
747
Merchant
Professional - -
Unemployed - -
Unknown
269
14
137
115
Deceased
466
Total
2503
Housewife
T,aboring work
Mechanical
Mercantile
Professional
, Unknown _
Deceased .. _
Mother's
Occupation
1977
. 191
23
13
237
Tctal....^ _ _
2503
OF Labok and Statistics
39
Oi
s
"a
«
(3
o
w
■4->
.ti
03
a>
>
PL.
*>
si
c
O
c8
+->
O
S
0)
El,
C
O
cS
o
0)
fa
•5iaoA\. VS
JO jaquinx
0)
CO
1-1 T-H o5 o Oi .-H eo c^ i-H CO -^ -"a" i-t 00 OitH^c^ i-t y-t
(M (M rH tH rf
CO eo Lo -t CO o
1-H i-IC<l
CO-"* --I t-(N
■^tH cow
w
uO tH
CO I tH iH I U5 >1
lO iH CO iH
00 Wic-t CO t-
(M CO i-HOl
OJ
<N
C<J
10^C<|(Mt-C~i-l(NOO-^t-L.O(MOOeOC<lCO-HCDi*COaiCO;00
00050C-Ci C0»-(r-((MTtTti-l«O 05<J5<-((M »-( t-4
eg OJ 1— I T-H 00 CO
co-^co^o; OTHO-^ocooseot^-o^ ao't- ■^■^Lnt>cO'-t«ooo
lO 1-1 tH Cvl T^ ^ T-t CO
O CO -^ 00
c>:!THOooeoaiL,-3eooii-iiMOooc-->*,-iiM
>-( 1-i CO Tt 00 00
CO
lt:) o 00 •^ t~ -^
00 t- C^ 00 C^ 00
■«1<C<iT-iOOOOia5iM
CO tH 1-1 1-ICO w
«OC005 00Jtr-iM«>0
1-1 O W 1-1 y-\
CO
as q
lio
M
41 -4->
a; S
2
m
o u
in
>»
o
C
w
s
a
bo
O
w
P
C
e
u
o
53 Si
5 ?3 e3
3-a
cS
03 p
O I^H
— _ a
c3 "2
ra 03 o O
a/1 r;
5 rt M
C3 :«'
w^
(U m
OJ O tn
^ c
<!).=
■-c «
si 3
"^ .
M
4> O
3 C M
ja 03 ^
G C
±? 3 "S
a
■-B
3
r; e8
u: w OT te
>- 3 STJ
^j ? 5 a>
'3=3 O.
O *- S «3
.S c« C
3
3.
-3.ii
3
S 0)
G m
3
.^ 3 3 _
S'^ CJ (1> il'
<u
„ _ 3 P >
40
Report of Maryland State Board
a
o
o
00
1-1
CO
Eh
H
Ph
|i<
O
w
pq
Q
O
u
w
Ph
o
Eh
PQ
W
I— I
P^
H
w
ID
Q
>^
pq
Q
W
P3
2 fcd
2 O
<:
Q
o
iz;
w
p^
p
►J
a
o
fa
o
pq
:z;
o
iz;
o
W
hJ
pq
<
xn
Xfl
<
H- 1
P^
P
Q
Xfl
pq
O
1-5
W
Q
<^
o
a
o
w
p^
p
h-1
I— I
u
pq
P
W
:z;
Eh
«
Ph
bjO
o
-c —
PI «
So
6f-
rt
-(J
o
H
a
a>
o
•r-<
Oj
03
G
o
<u
oi
fe
>
— — — —
0)
IS
s
es
-<->
o
Is
H
(U
;i-^
rt
(U
G
G
0)
a>
o
fe
a)
03
S
punojj uajpiiqo
U2
pi
PI
oo'^'^O'iooo-^tcieocoLreoi-iCt'^toiNi-OTfi-iTf'Cio
CO 1
(M
Tt
CO ■
N
oo(M^oot-eo-^coo '^ «^
(M tH 00 (M CO 1-1
O LC lO !M L.O •^ iH Tf C: 00
Oi : iH (M (N rH ; t- CO 00
iHixi ;io
OOOO^OS-^lCfM-^Ot-OtC ;C5LOLn^LO'^00005>0
'SI
■TfOO^Tfi-lt-C^ItM^
T-i C4 O t~ LC CO tH
(M CO
(NCOCO '^CS
U3
o
0)
rt aj o)
a) g :3
- PI 3
•PI ^H '
1-1 C '-' , I
y !/3 re ^^
J-i Crt C2 -,
•C 3 r! O S
5 03 k; "S o
=^ be
^'^^
be
bo
c3
o
g^
(P
bet<3
05
be '«
PhAhWW
HP
p: o
o o
O Oj
u
pi 03 :3ii
'<mpqo
bJO
c
O
03
!h
c
o
£
o
o
05 S
nil
m
'V- °
^ s
o eS
P-p:
tc OJ
p; o
OS t£
OF Labor and Statistics
41
TABLE 19.
TABLE SHOWING RESIDENCE OF CHILDREN REFUSED
PERMITS AT THE BALTIMORE OFFICE OF
THE BUREAU DURING 1921.
Residence
o
>
>.
o
O
Baltimore Citv
151
2
1
25
76
252
2
1
98 8
Baltimore County
.8
Howard County
4
Total
154
25
76
255
100
TABLE 20.
TABLE SHOWING REASONS WHY CHILDREN WERE RE-
FUSED PERMITS AT THE BALTIMORE OFFICE
OF THE BUREAU IN 1921.
Reasons
w.
c
.^
c3
o
O
c
-1-3
a
OJ
a
(U
o
O
>
;2:
H
c
Oh
Below legal age
Below physical standard _..
Below required school g'rade..
Cannot pass educational test
Forbidden occupations
Forbidden hours _
Total
19
24
76
109
46
5
51
40
40
12
1
13
27
2
29
10
3
13
154
25.
76
255
42.7
20.
15.7
5.1
11.4
5.1
100.0
42
Report of Maryland State Board
TABLE 21.
TABLE SHOWING SEX AND COLOR OF CHILDREN REFUSED
PERMITS AT THE BALTIMORE OFFICE OF
THE BUREAU IN 1921
White
Colored
s
Kind of Permit
-2
£
13
o
0)
13
13
S
fa
13
-4-:>
O
Per Cent
88
13
49
60
12
148
25
49
6
6
154
25
76
60.4
9.8
Vacation -
Newsboys' and Street
Traders'
27
27
29.8
Total
150
72
222
33
33
255
100.0
TABLE 22.
TABLE SHOWING AGE OF CHILDREN REFUSED AT THE
BALTIMORE OFFICE OF THE BUREAU IN 1921.
Age
Under 12 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
Total
19
82
53
154
o
S3
o
>
1
13
10
1
25
o
76
76
o
76
1
32
92
54
255
o
29.8
.4
12.6
36.
21.2
100.0
OF Labor and Statistics
43
TABLE 23.
TABLE SHOWING NUMBER OF GENERAL AND VACATION
PERMITS REFUSED BECAUSE OF FORBIDDEN
OCCUPATIONS IN 1921.
Name of Industry
Number of Children
General ! Vacation
Total
Place of amusement
Copper and tin (machine)
Mill work (sand papering)
Clothing (machine)
Shipbuilding
Cigar manufacturing
Navigation •
Printing
Painting _
Textile (machine)
Building and contracting ..
Shoe making (machine)
Forbidden hours
Total _
6
1
1
8
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
10
37
6
1
1
9
2
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
13
42
44 Kki'ORT of Maryland State Board
PERMITS IN THE COUNTIES
Fifty-four physicians were authorized to issue permits
in the counties of Maryland during 1921, as shown by
Table 1-A. Of this number 27 issued permits; 2 reported
not issuing permits; 23 did not report and two resigned.
In 1921, as shown by Table 2-A, 1,589 penmits, badges
and over 16 statements were issued. Of this number 331
were general and 842 vacation permits; 229 newsboys'
badges and 187 statements of age. Allegany issued the
largest number, about 48.5 per cent of the whole; Wash-
ington about 23.7 per cent and Caroline about 10.9 per
cent.
As shown by Table 3-A, 38.7 per cent of the permits
were issued to children in canneries, the other 62.3 per
cent were divided between 23 different industries.
In August, as shown by Table 4-A, the greatest number
of permits were issued; this being 249 or 21.2 per cent of
the 1,173 issued; June's percentage was 14.4; July 13.6;
December 12.2 per cent and November 10.8 per ,cent of
the whole.
Documentary evidence of age was furnished by 808 or
87.6 per cent and affidavits by 12.4 per cent. This is
shown in Table 5-A.
Table 6-A shows that permits were issued to 101 white
boys; 60 colored boys; 197 white girls and 120 colored
girls. This table does not include Western Maryland.
The reasons for refusing permits to children is given
in Table 7-A. This shows that the principal reason for
refusal was that children were under legal age, 84.4 per
cent of the 260 were refused on that account; 15 per cent
because of being below legal grade at school.
The age and sex of children refused is given in Table
8-A.
Table 9-A shows that 18 permits were revoked in the
counties; 12 of which were for non-attendance at school
and 6 had misrepresented their ages.
Of the 285 children found at work by the inspectors, as
shown by Table IQ-A, 227 were in canneries; 23 in cloth-
ing and the other 35 were in 5 other industries.
It iis shown in Table 11-A that 9,315 pemiits, badges
and over 16 statements were issued in Maryland, including
Baltimore City during 1921; 642 , inspections were made
OF Labor and Statistics 45
in which 3,367 children were found at work. Of this num-
ber 126 were working in violation of the law; 57 firms
were found violating the law and 52 firms and parents
were prosecuted resulting in 34 convictions.
Out of the 298 inspections made in canneries, as shown
by Table 12-A, 77 employed 357 children of whom 37 were
working in violation of the law. In 51 canneries no child-
ren were employed ; 164 did not operate in 1921 and 6 had
gone out of business.
46
RisroKT OF Maryl^vnu Statk Board
TABLE NO. 1-A.
TABLE SHOWING THE RETURNS MADE BY PHYSICIANS
AUTHORIZED TO ISSUE PERMITS IN THE
COUNTIES OF MARYLAND DURING 1921
Counties
■^3
0)
3
be
s*^
fi
ti I— 1
■«J
o
a.
(3 be
T3
a)
.1^
mbe
port
1/3
o
lg
9 0)
(U
z
^:p:;
«
c3
■*->
o
Allegany
Anne Arundel
Baltimore County-
Caroline
Carroll
Cecil
Calvert
Dorchester
Harford
Howard
Kent
Queen Anne
Somerset
Talbot
Washington
Wicomico
Worcester
Total.
2
4
6
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
Z'
1
3
1
2
3
1
2
......
"2
"i
2
2
23
2
4
2
2
7
S
2
1
2
4
1
2
4
3
4
1
5
2
54
OF Labor and Statistics
47
TABLE 2-A.
TABLE SHOWING NUMBER AND KIND OF PERMITS ISSUED
IN EACH OF THE COUNTIES OF MARYLAND
DURING 1921.
Counties
Allegany
Baltimore County..
Calvert -
Caroline
Carroll
Cecil
Dorchester _.
Frederick
Garrett
Queen Anne
Somerset
Talbot
Washington _..
Wicomico
Total -
Generals
Vacation
■ij
-^
c
c
<u
<v
C
3
cr
be
O
Xi
a
3
o
^
119
1
4,
1
2
23
106
6
262
35
33
1
69
159
17
172
68
4.
51
2
14
46
111
16
660
117
1
11
CO
> So
229
52
182
229
Total
111
75
187
Xi
B
3
770
18
4
173
80
6
51
23
1
2
15
46
377
23
1589
0)
O
Oh
48.5
1.2
.3
10.9
5.
.4
3.2
1.4
.1
.1
.9
2.9
23.7
1.4
100.0
48
REroRT OF Maryland State Board
TABLE 3-A.
TABLE SHOWING NUMGER OF PERMITS ISSUED FOR THE
VARIOUS INDUSTRIES IN THE COUNTIES OF
MARYLAND DURING 1921.
Industry
General
Total
Vacation! Number
Per Cent
Canning
Silk
Bricks and cement
Hosiery
Glass
Mercantile
Office
Hotels and restaurant
Telegraph and telephone
Pottery .• -.
Lumter
Laundry
Building and contracting
Printing and publishing
Clothing
Furniture and musical instru
ments
Boots and shoes
Bakery
Copper and tin
Textile
Retail
Baskets and willowware -...
Paper bags and boxes
Miscellaneous
Total..
26
45
25
29
21
28
4
2
3
7
3
3
4
30
22
5
2
1
262
331
77
7
18
64
37
5
4
7
1
13
1
4
31
16
7
2
2
8
4
7
2
12
660
357
122
32
47
85
65
9
6
10
7
1
16
4
8
61
38
12
2
2
10
5
7
3
13
922
38.7
13.2
3.5
5.1
9.2
7.
1.
.7
1.1
.9
.1
1.7
.4
.9
3.6
4.1
1.3
.2
.2
1.1
.6
.7
.3
1.4
100.0
OF Lap.ou and Statistics
49
TABLE 4-A.
TABLE SHOWING NUMBER OF PERMITS ISSUED EACH
MONTH IN THE COUNTIES OF MARYLAND
DURING 1921.
Month
General
Vacj
+j
^
o
c3
• a
S
(1)
c
• 1—1
'OD
03
JO
be
%•*
S
7~i
O
zn
O
Total
3
^
C
January ....
February .
March -..
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
IN ovember
December
19
10
15
5
10
13
5
9
10
8
6
17
4
14
27
3
123
39
8
95
39
7
186
18
8
76
14
8
11
21
6
57
30
7
63
262
69
660
4
4
2
4
7
16
17
17
14
10
43
44
182
33
34
29
28
42
169
159
249
116
43
127
144
1173
2.8
2.9
2.5
2.4
3.6
14.4
13.6
21.2
9.9
3.7
10.8
12.2
100.0
50
Report of Maryland State Board
TABLE 5-A.
TABLE SHOWING EVIDENCE OF AGE ACCEPTED IN THE
ISSUANCE OF PERMITS IN THE COUNTIES
OF MARYLAND DURING 1921.
Proof of Age
i
1 General
1
Vacation
Total
Number Per Cfent
Official birth records
68
55
2
117
291
150
5
120
359
205
7
237
38.9
Baotismal records
22.2
Cradle Roll -..
Other documentary proof with
affidavit
•
.8
25.7
Total documentary proof
Affidavits with doctor's ex-
amination -
242
20
566
94
808
114
87.6
12.4
Grand total ,
262
660
922
100.0
OP LAf.oii AND Statistics
51
TABLE 6-A.
TABLE SHOWING AGE, SEX AND COLOR OF CHILDREN
SECURING ORIGINAL GENERAL AND VACATION
PERMITS IN THE COUNTIES DURING 1921.
General
Vacation
Total
Age and Sex
0)
o
o
T3
o
s
a>
Male:
14 years _
15 years
4
4
4
59
38
39
21
98
59
102
59
33.4
36.6
Total _
4
97
60
157
161
100.0
Female:
14 years _
15 years
9
4
9
4
83
60
143
9
147
5.9
94.1
Total
13
17
13
83
60
143
156
100
Grand total
17
180
120
300
317
100
Tnis does not include Western Maryland.
TABLE 7-A.
TABLE SHOWING REASON FOR REFUSING TO ISSUE PER-
MITS IN THE COUNTIES OF MARYLAND DURING 1921.
Reasons for Refusal
Per Cent
Below legal age _ „.
Below legal grade
iJelow physical requirements
Foribdden occupations
Forbidden hours
Total
80.4
15.4
.8
2.3
1.1
100.0
52
Report of Maryland State Board
TABLE 8-A;
TABLE SHOWING AGE AND SEX OF APPLICANTS REFUSED
PERMITS IN THE COUNTIES OF MARYLAND
DURING 1921.
Age
Male
Total
Female
Number
Per Cent
11 years
12 years
0.3 years
14 years
15 years
Total..
1
4
150
22
16
193
1
54
5
7
67
1
5
204
27
23
260
.4
1.9
78.5
10.4
8.8
100.0
TABLE 9-A.
TABLE SHOWING NUMBER 01 PERMITS REVOKED IN THE
COUNTIES OF MARYLAND AND REASONS FOR
REVOKING SAME DURING 1921.
Reason
Per Cent
Non-attendance at school
Misrepresented age
Total
100.0
OF Labor and Statistics
53
o
<
c72 W
O
H
O
W
W
H
Q
12;
O
O
>^ Q
CQ «
O
So
o *<
Eh o
" eg
g o
Q S
ffig
r ^
^§
^^
O
<;
12;
•o
els
So
t> CO mini (N t- lie
UO
C^(N r-l
00
(M
^J
0)
S
o
Eh
o
C<1 CO -rP -rf
0(M
O
Eh
c3
01
(D
lO
i-H 1-1 IM CO ^
eg
CO
CO
o
T-H T-H C<J O O
00
rr.
3
i%S
fco
^7 ^ ni "-^
s ? =5
03 _
c
OS
u
C
o
x
o
fvl _ (U r! o) o> ■•-'
S 3 ^ T' a ~ r^
osjri
eg ^
o
= S j§
54
Rkpokt op Maryland State Board
»
Q
o
03
:§
r-(
;z:P
i^
Oh
I— (
3w
CJ
m
O
gg
K
o
I— (
o
w
suotqx)[Auo^
:
i
j i
j j i
j
1
CO
en
2
w
CO
2
paAlOAUJ
uajpitqo JO -ON
i
i i i
: ; !
I
1^3
aaquin^
00 -"t i
CO ,-1 j
! i
j i
to
.2
01
"o
>
uajp[n{3
JO jaquin^
00 iH i i
i i
00 i ! :
i i
j
"~, 1
j
CO
CO
r-l
SUUI^
i
i
(N
Child Labor
Inspections
Children Found at
Work
F;^!
00 rHOiO
o
CO
00U3
thco i
CO 00
rH
tr-
ee
CO
00
Av^q JO
UOI^^IOT^ UI
Oi tr-eoeo
00 7-1
00
: j
CO
CO
^mx^^ UQ
CO OJCO rf
Oi 005O
Oi
00 c~
1-1 (M
: iH
CO 00
00
iH
CO
suoi:}38dsui
JO jaquin^
CO 1-1 00 CD
C~ 1-1 iH
T— 1
;ooc
MtH
r-tcq
UO
CO
Permits Issued to Children
Living- in Specified
Counties
panssi
O CO 00 CC O ■<* «0 1-1 CO i-l
C- (M r-lC- OO iO(N 1
C-D- .-i
: c^ LOCO t-co
CO
1—1
CO
s:juauia;B:;S
9X -19^0
1-1 CO
T-l T-*
i-(
lO
o
CO
CO
siap^JX
^99-I^S
Ci 00
(M OJ
IMO
1
UOE^BO'B^
«0 t-Cr-OQ OS
t~^ 1-1 t-o
■* 1-1
in
1 1
iCgiCCOCOCO
T-l
OS
00
tH
I'BJ.BlIBr^
'^ 00 ^
■r-l 00
iH -^(M
CO 1
: i
leo
<3i
CO
1-1
\
m
o
O
i
C
<
■<
: •<-
IOC
i 0) q
3 O c
50.5.;
1) +j +■
«5ma
S
3
It
3 <
-1 ?
S c
PC
= 1
5 c
-• r
a c
H
> ^
• c
: .1-
:
1
4
H C
5^
i 1 j
: : i
1 1
: 1
h
- J
M
U
>
i c
:1
H
5 1
3 S
IS
^ .r-l
I
TABLE SHOWING NUMBER OF PERMITS ISSUED BY THE BALTIMORE OFFICE OF THE BUREAU DURING 1021.
CLASSIFIED BY INDUSTRIES.
General
Permits
Vacation
Permits
Character of Imlustrj-
Original
Subsequent
Original
Sulisetiuent
Total General ami
Vacation Permits
Male
Female
Total
Male
1 ■
Female
Total
Grand
Total
Male
Female
1 Total
Male
Female
Total
Granci
Total
Male
Female
Total
93
268
93
91
115
122
30
15
3
7
34
8
14
■'"lo
196
13
1
16
2
1
12
5
6
2
7
4
5
83
3
7
13
5
2
2
15
7
16
1
8
6
8
10
12
21
130
40
17
23
531
1
2
2
8
' 23
16
5
19
3
93
'I
4
2
15
1
4
1
9
'lii
18
20
"" i
2
3
1
6
8
223
30.'*
110
114
115
663
1
19
32
23
3
30
50
13
33
3
103
267
9
17
1
10
4
1
13
5
21
2
g
8
6
92
3
23
31
25
2
2
15
8
16
2
10
9
9
15
12
29
65
170
95
101
182
114
'l6
22
16
6
36
12
35
15
239
14
16
2
14
9
3
9
10
. 3
1
I
12
73
3
4
13
11
6
' 11
6
3
1
12
6
17
7
5
14
80
41
10
17
404
1
6
3
13
3
44
6
7
33
3
52
64
4
2
1
8
■ '2
2
15
16
17
17
" "2
2
"4
10
145
211
105
US
182
618
1
21
26
29
10
50
41
19
08
3
67
303
18
17
2
15
9
3
9
10
U
1
3
4
14
88
3
19
30
28
5
11
8
3
1
12
R
17
11
24
368
519
215
232
297
1171
2
40
57
52
13
SO
91
32
101
6
170
660
27
34
3
31
13
4
22
16
32
3
11
12
20
ISO
6
42
01
53
7
2
26
• 16
18
3
22
17
26
26
17
53
25
60
25
13
39
27
6
8
1
1
2
7
24
5
52
2
3
1
5
1
2
16
'4
2
1
1
1
3
S
1
i
5
27
7
2
1
103
i
1
4
1
3
2
35
23
9
1
12
1
2
3
- 52
67
25
16
40
130
9
6
2
5
9
"59
28
61
2
3
1
6
1
2
2
12
"■" 4
10
1
i
1
1
3
5
3
~ 1
12
4
2
16
5
4
3
i -
1
10
23
"2
"""1
^ "si
' I
1
~ 1
j-
i
C
1
1
1
22
"1
1
6
1
2
6
3
11
13
6
3
16
27
... ..^
4
~1
1
1
2
10
1
2
28
2
...
5
1
i
-
1
1
63
80
30
18
56
157
11
13
3
6
10
2
1
30
89
2
5
1
5
*1
2
2
10
"4
21
1
8
6
1
2
1
4
5
3
..
1
1
188
510
217
207
352
268
43
63
32
11
15
77
21
83
30
510
21
33
4
35
11
5
22
17
10
3
10
6
21
177
6
11
31
19
8
2
28
14
22
2
26
13
26
18
18
41
243
89
28
43
1060
2
8
26
5
71
24
13
93
7
170
139
8
6
1
2
2
38
1
6
3
24
32
38
40
3.
i
2
7
1
9
18
Office
Baskets, rattan and willow ware, games and toys.
Bread ami bread products , ^ _ ._
51
70
Brooms, brushes and hairwork - ^ .„ . — _-
101
34
Canning and oyster sliucking .
176
7
200
649
29
39
4
Confectionery ^. .
Food preparation and packing .
Foundry and machine shop products
Gas and electric machinery - ... . .^ _.
Harness, leather goods and ti-unks, .-.. , .„ „
13
3
11
Picture frames and furniture-.- „ — _____
24
59
Wnn.lcn »<nvP-
s
17
22
27
20
20
59
Total .. ... , ,. ....
1413
1090
2603
141S
8S7
230.1
4808
354
240
594
100
53
1.13
747
32S5
2270
55.15
OF Labor and Statistics
55
TABLE 12-A.
CANNERIES INSPECTED BY THE BUREAU'S INSPECTORS
DURING 1921.
Location of
o
Canneries
g Children
Children
on Permits
orking in
of Law
ber of
Working
neries not
Ig Children
Canneries
peration
2
Canneries
3tal Numl
Inspectio
umber of
Employir
umber of
Working
umber W
Violation
3tal Num
Children
0. of Can
Employir
umber of
Not in
umber of
Out of B
H
;z;
2;
^
H
^
Z
Z
County:
Anne Arundel
16
2
14
Baltimore City
30
30
94
15
109
Baltimore County
7
1
1
1
5
i
Caroline
43
18
83
8
91
10
14
1
Carroll
27
6
62
5
67
12
7
2
Cecil -._.-
12
4
18
18
2
6
Charles — -..
4
2
2
Dorchester _
13
6
• 26
9
35
5
2
Harford -
73
8
14
14
10
55
Kent -
14
1
2
2
1
12
....-
Montgomery
3
3
Queen Anne
11
2
9
Prince George's...
4
4
St. Mary's .._
10
10
Somerset
1
1
Talbot
26
2
18
18
3
21
Wicomico -
3
1
2
2
2
Worcester
1
i
Total
298
77
320
37
357
51
164
15
56 Kkport of Maryland State Board
VIOLATIONS AND PROSECUTIONS
In 1921, as shown by Table 13-A, 126 children violated
the Child Labor Law, of which number 89 were in Balti-
more City and 37 in the counties; 66 of these worked
without permits; 22 were under age; 13 worked in for-
bidden occupations and 25 worked during forbidden hours.
Twenty-five firms and 32 parents were prosecuted dur-
ing 1921; 12 firms and 22 parents were convicted; 5 firms
and 9 parents were dismissed. .The number of children
involved in the prosecutions was 48. The fines in the
convictions ranged from $1.00 to $5.00 and costs.
Three firms involving 22 children were reported to the
Federal Child Labor Bureau.
In Table 15-A are shown the industries in which the
violations occurred. The greatest number was in the cop-
per and tin, canning and printing industries, where out of
76 children employed, 50 or about 65 per cent were vio-
lating the law.
A summary of the total number of applications for all
classes of peiTnits in Maryland is given in Table 16-A.
OF Labor and Statistics
57
TABLE 13-A.
VIOLATIONS.
Nature of Violation
Baltimore
1 City
Counties
Total
No certificate on file
43
13
8
25
23
9
5
66
Under legal working age ".
Forbidden occupations ....-
Forbidden hours -
22
13
25
Total
89
37
126
TABLE 14-A.
PROSECUTIONS.
Prosecutions
Convictions
Dismissed
d
0)
^ ^
Baltimore
^~t
^-1
=M
m
«rH
=rH
0-2
City
o
O tr.
o
C M
o .
O W
■;2 S
og
and
Counties
liber
aren
53^
umber
Paren
p 03
— o
Oj !h
qU.
trOn
5*
S^i^
5Dh
o^
2
2
2
"^
2
A
2;
H
Baltimore
City
13
25
8
16
5
9
41
38
Counties
7
(
4
6
7
14
Total
20
32
12
.22
5
9
48
52
58
Rbport OP' Maryland Stath Board
TABLE 15-A.
TABLE SHOWING VIOLATION OF CHILD LABOR LAW DIS-
COVERED THROUGH INSPECTION OF THE VARIOUS
INDUSTRIES IN BALTIMORE CITY
DURING 1921.
Industry
O
g
12;
C
0)
o a
o
>-( fi 1^
r^ QOtM
o
o
'-t o
s
O t/3
T-l
3W
Clothing-
Retail
Wholesale -
Paper boxes -».
Canning _ -
Copper and tin
Harness and leather
Jewelry and silverware
Foundry and machine shops
Electrical contracting
Printing and publishing
Wooden boxes -
Transportation
Amusements -
Miscellaneous _
Total
10
6
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
4
3
2
2
1
43
17
6
3
6
25
30
6
3
1
1
21
5
2
2
5
14
6
3
2
19
18
3
1
1
1
13
4
1
1
2
133
89
9
6
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
4
2
1
1
1
38
OF Labor and Statistics
59
w
Q
Em
O
w
w
<:
►J
o
OS
W
tH
O ffi
^H
^O
<;
o
PL^
Oh
o
PQ
^
•J
<i
H
O
Eh
O
I— I
O
w
Ye-^oj^ pireao
(5 3
03«*H
saSp^a
s^iuuaj
stioi^BOiiddv
panssi saSp-eg
puB s:)iuiiaj
panssj s'^uaui
-^T^^ 91 ■19^0
apBJO
M^JM passBj Sui
-ABi{ :}ou uajpiii{3
o^ panssj s^iuuaj
panssj srjiui
IBjauaf) AjBJoduiax
panssj
saSpBg ,Si?oqsAV9^
panssj
panss'i
O 00
eg 00
O r-<
TO O
o
(M
mo
(MOO
OS
o
OiO
rHCq
CTS
00
CO :
(M
9930
1589
i-H
eoo
■^00
o
CO
CO
CO
eo
00
00
=£> ;
«o
00 05
t>
(N(N
lO
0<M
(M
(N
<N
t><M
OS
rf -^
00
C-00
LO
i-H
00 ^
05
oco
CO
00 CO
-H
Ti<
uo
o
60 Report op Maryland State Board
NEWSBOYS AND STREET TRADERS
There were 964 violations dealt with in 1921, compared
with 772 in 1920. These were reported through the fol-
lowing agencies.
TABLE 1.
NEWSBOYS' AND STREET TRADERS' VIOLATIONS IN BAL-
TIMORE CITY DURING 1921.
Reported by Inspector
Reported by Police Department
Reported by School Attendance Department..
Reported by other sources
Total.
643
241
28
52
964
The reason of the greater number of violations in 1921
than 1920 is attributed to the lack of employment among
the people, the children trying to earn a little money to
help out. In a number of ca^s it was found that the
only money the parents had coming in was what the
children earned in selling papers and other articles.
Of the 964 violations 241 were reported by the Police
Department, 28 by School Department, 52 by other
sources and 643 by the inspectors. Of these 964 viola-
tions, 713 were for selling papers without a license; in 28
of the 713 cases the boys were taken home, as they were
found selling papers near their homes, the parents being
warned of future violations ; the other^Sl violations were
the following Distributing circulars, selling candy and
other articles, selling after hours, selling after school
hours, selling on route service badges, helpers on huckster
wagons, bootblacks, selling flowers and other articles.
Table No. 2 shows that 574 boys and 5 girls were sum-
moned to appear at the bureau with one of their parents.
Of these, 512 were released after being warned of future
violations. Of the 579 summoned to the bureau, 62 had
their licenses revoked; 41 had previously violated the
law and 21 for the following reasons: Three for steal-
ing, 5 for fighting, 5 for lending badge to other boys, 5 for
gambling and begging, 3 for selling on route service
badges ; these badges were revoked on first violations and
5 of the boys were taken to the Juvenile Court.
OF Labor and Statistics
61
TABLE 2.
SUMMONED TO OFFICE WITH PARENTS AND WARNED.
Selling without badge
Selling after hours >
Selling during school hours _
Seling on route service badge -
Having unlicensed boys selling
Misconduct in school _
Helpers on huckster wagons and bootblacks..
Lending badges to other boys
Gambling and begging on street _..-
Fighting on street _
Not wearing badge :
Selling candy, gum, cards and flowers
Stealing papers
Selling after badge was revoked _....
Distributing circulars
Girls selling papers ;..
Total.
379
79
14
8
37
3
6
5
5
5
7
18
3
1
4
5
579
-7-
Parents or Guardians were notified b^^ letter in 357
cases of violations, as set forth in Table No. 3, the greater
number of these violations being* for selling papers with-
out a badge. The parent or guardian is usually notified
by letter if the boy is under the legal age to get a badge.
TABLE 3.
PARENTS NOTIFIED OF VIOLATIONS BY LETTER.
Selling papers without license _
Distributing- circulars on street
Selling candy, gum and other articles
Not wearing badge in plain sight
Total
310
4
16
27
357
62
Report oi*" Maryland Statk Board
TABLE 4.
SUMMONED TO OFFICE, BADGES REVOKED
Selling after hours..
Selling during school hours..
Selling on route badge
No.
Having unlicensed boys selling for them
Playing crap and begging on street..
Lending badge to other boys..
Misconduct in school
Fighting on street _ _.
Stealing papers
Not wearing badge.
14
4
6
16
Time Revoked
6 for
3 "
5 days
10 "
5
2
5
TotaL :_ I 62
3
«
30
tt
2
it
60
it
2
n
10
tt
2
«
30
tt
2
<(
30
it
3
it
2
months
1
it
3
it
7
it
.5
days
7
a
10
tt
2
it
30
it
2
ii
10
it
2
it
30
tt
1
it
2
months
5
tt
10
days
2
it
10
it
3
n
10
tt
1
«
30
tt
1
<<
6 months
1
«
60 days*
1
it
6 months
1
tt
1
year
2
tt
5
days
62
*Stealing another boy's check.
TABLE 5.
BOYS TAKEN TO JUVENILE COURT.
Committed 1 To Cheltenham
Paroled - 2
Fined - i: Fined $1.45
Total ; 5
Forty-one homes were visited for the purpose of inter-
viev/ing parents of boys v/ho failed to answer summons.
OP Labor and Statistics 63
Twelve newspaper agents were summoned to the bureau
in reference to violations; 14 were notified by letter for
having unlicensed boys selling and sei'ving for them.
From the report of the Cumberland office of the Bureau,
as shown by Table J., it is seen that there were 273 appli-
cants for newsboys' badges, 229 of which secured the
same and 44 were refused. The ages of the boys being
granted the 229 licenses were as follows: Fifty-three
were 12 years of age ; 63 were 13 ; 36 were 14 years of age ;
33 were 15 years; 7 were 10 years and 37 were 11 years
of age. The boys under 12 years of age receive only route
servers badges ; these can only deliver papers but cannot
sell them. There were 37 violations in 1921. The nature
of the various violations was as follows: Twelve were
unlicensed; 2 were selling after 8 P. M. ; 4 sold during
school hours; 7 did not wear their badges; 5 supplied
papers to unlicensed boys ; 5 had unlicensed boys to assist
them; and 2 loaned their badges to other boys. Fifteen
boys violating the law were warned on the street; the
parents of 13 were notified; 2 had badges revoked and
7 parents were visited.
64
Report op Maryland State Board
AGE AND SEX OF CHILDREN WHO RECEIVED PERMITS TO
APPEAR ON THE STAGE IN BALTIMORE
CITY IN 1921.
Age
Male
Female
Total
Per Cent
5 years
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
lu years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
Total
2
2
1
1
2
4
3
4
2
21
1
3
3
3
1
9
13
1
4
2
40
1
5
5
4
1
1
11
17
4
61
1.0
8.2
8.2
6.6
1.6
1.6
18.
27.9
6.6
13.1
6.6
100.0
As will be seen by the table 80.3 per cent of these child-
ren were under 14 years of age.
Four permits were refused because the children did not
have the proper certificates from other cities.
Of the 61 permits issued 5 were for Colored males and
3 for colored females.
01-" liABOK AND STATISTICS
65
TABLE A.
TABLE SHOWING NUMBER OF NEWSBOYS AND OTHER
STREET TRADERS LICENSED IN BALTIMORE CITY
AND CUMBERLAND IN 1921, CLASSI-
FIED BY AGE.
•
Kind of Street Traders
Age of Boys at Time
of Licensing
Grand
Total
Per
Cent
10
|Yrs.
11
Yrs.
12
|Yrs.
13
Yrs.
14
Yrs.
15
Yrs.
BALTIMORE CITY:
Boys selling newspapers
Boys selling newspapers
and ether articles
Route servers
65
119
512
548
478
47
222
37
1760
84
184
78
3.7
8.2
Total _ _.....
65
119
512
548
525
259
2028
89.9
*
CUMBERLAND:
Boys selling newspapers
Route servers _
-j
37
■ 53
63
36
33'
185
44
8.2
1.9
Total „
1 '7
37
53
63
36
33
229
10.1
Grand total
72
156
565
611
561
292
2257
100.0
66
Report op Maryland State Board
Q
o
w
<
^ Q
O oj
Q ^
O
M
Q
<
o
Pi ^
a
Ph
o
1—1
o
w
o
P3
IC 00 -* (M
Oi
CO 00
T-
o
S^C
(>i d oi Tf
oi
CO iHC-a
d
d
<u 5
«0 .-H ^
00
1—1
o
PhO
T-H
i-H T^ 00 lO
00
cooco
03
t~
"St;
^
1-t -^ t^as
(M
CO CO CO
eg
lO
fiij
-^Cg(M
O
1-1
eg
eg •
1-1
eg
eg
'^Tt -^cg
-^
Ot-t-
•^
00
cc
rt
(NCO ^
00
co
'S*
eg
^
+J
i-H
T— 1
eg
O
o
>
Eh
CO
Cfl
■>* ,-l(M eg
Oi
00 -^LO
t>
CO
^^ ?-4
00 (M -H
1-1
(M
00
LO
tt)
_"^
1-1
r-l
13
o
2-"
OCO<N i
lO
(NCO (M
""c^
eg
•^ 1— 1 tH
CO
tT^
__
t~00«3 TO
■*
03
CO
00
<D
4J
'^
O
00
H
0) >H
lO w
CO
00
CO
^>^
^
•
O lO lO 1— (
c-
t-
-*-i
w
CO
^
^
>-'
O (N 00 O
o
CO 00 CO
LO
lO
-4^
C<l O -* 05
CO
ocg LO
oc
-*
«
C^OJfM
c-
1— (
T-i
05
O
rH
1—1
l-(
Eh
.
i-iCO C~ '-H
(N
eg 00 GO
CO
lO
en
>0 ?3
CO (M C<I ^
eg
1—1 T— 1
CO
LO
>>
'-'k^
1-1
eg
eg
O
!><
~CO
■^
,
CO OO LO c-
00
LO 00 00
C/3
^ S
CO lOO (M
t-
1-1 1-1
oc
1-H
'H J-*
CO
■<*
LO
>H
,
00 in t~ CO
00
eg c- ^
CO
1-1
CO V^
C-CO00<N
-:*
^ i-H
CO
tH
00
LO
CO
.
CO 1-1 ?i as
(M
t-lO 1-1
CO
LO
C^ M
LC CO Cf (M
i-H
CO 1-1
LC
CO
i-H «
00
LO
LO
>H
>> ;
-u-O
-d
G|
-5 rt
fl —'
Qj'>»
c3 >>
Si ^
^ ^
o a
^ c«
^
-1^
^
13 O
«
w
S "i
^
(U
«f-i
«
■1^
P4
en's
O'cn
o
o
E^
-(J
<u
§
0) 3'C
T3 o a
m
(D 3
3 O
u
c3
§
"m _
s
R 1^
111
rt
, —
o
c
E-
o
m
SPO
c
S
^
o
1
OF Labor and Statistics
67
PQ
Q
o
Q
« CQ
w <;
Pi u
w „
W
o
^g
^^
O tf
CQ w
o
O
>^
H
)— I
:z;
o
<:
12;
a
z
I— (
o
PQ
<:
Q
<
o
CD S
00 t> t~ LC L.O t-; lO 00 oq t-; "^ -"a;
c<i as (N CO* o lo ' ' tA ' tA
tOOOi-HOCOClOOCCOCDOOl
<X> ^ to 00 «0 (M tH i-H (M iH CO
>
o
3
O
p3
O
CiC<lL--Cv)-^CO ■f-<C<I(MT-l'r-l
tC (M CO (N 00 lO
00 '-I
'■■^
CO i -^ I ^ 00
■<3<
I <M
01
M
o
H
O (M t- T-i CO 00 •
«2
00
CO
eo
CO
CO
C^ CO -^ rM CO lO
CO
w
o
o
t-Trc~t-i:~oooiC~co-<*occ3
t- ,H "* t:~ CO O 1-1 CO 1-1 CO
C~ CO -^ ^
ifBlS
■>* ;C) lO ;o CO ^ 1-1 CO ic CO : CO
00 eo CO 1-1
COCli-lCOCO'-tiCOOOOO-'^'^O
O LO ^^ CO CO CO 1-1
CO i-(
CO 'P
cOr-iiH^OiCOcococ-eocOi-i
uti t~ CO CO ^ CO 1-1
CO y-t
CO
M
i-H k
•^ooooooiocoocolococo
CO -^ 1-1 CO CO -^
c
H
I— I
U
o
I— I <u
<^
CQ
0)
£.22
u
CS
5 <u
C^ s- j=
rt u:
CO
C <D S O C :« C
C5
00
00
CO
o
CO
00
Oi
CO
CO ^
00
CO
t-
'*
o
CO
co
CO
CO
00
00
CO
l-<
CM _•
r, rt
o
68
Report op Maryland State Board
T3
O)
P
a
c
o
pq
Eh
Q
W
C/2
I?
w
o
1— 1
hJ
<: >.
« PQ
H
tt
H W
1— t
fa
M
O!
H
W
W
-<
J
K
o
W
W
o
H
05
O
i-l
Q
^
;z;
<<: Q
^
•J
o «
03
w
W
n
^
§
W
^
;^
o
piH Q
O ^
<<
>H
H >^
1— H
< o
o
p^
H
o
*< §
:^
Fh
P3
^
O
w
M
w
hJ
M
<
H
Per
Cent
00
i^ ""J '"J^
o
o
o
o
Grana
Total
ooeo-^iHioc^N-*
0> r-(
CM
01
>
0)
©
-t->
;3
o
K
o
CO
: '-'
'*
•^
oo
00
CO
to
iH
<Xi
• tH
c-
Other
Street Ti'aders
O
•<*
00
i2^
CO
m
>>
O
01
o
1-1
00
2 ^
o
CO
tH
i-i
1—1
CO
CO
05 VH ■<*
iH tH
to
CO
CO ^
O'-H'*i-(C0T-lr-t(M
CO
1—1
to
^>3
to ,-1 LO
T-H
CO
LO
CO
lO
Nationality
Q
;z; ■
PQ
c
a
s
73
0>
s
c
"Jr.
0>
o
<
o
E-i
'a.
o
H
c
OS
a
OF Labor and Statistics
69
I— (MW
tf;z;Po
WPQH
>^ - ~ ^ -.
l> i-HTDOO
JO t> 1 ^00 1 Oi 1
4^
• • 1
^
—
UO'* tH tJ«
t-eg OS
(D
u
<N CO
cocg 00
OhO
i-HWeooi ooco LOiTTTtioo
^
^
oooieoTH CO ^i^^ii^j
lO c-
u:)u5 1 o 1
3
r-t
eg
,5^
tC L~- -^
CO
CO 1-1 1 TJ<
02
C3
«£>,H
c-
cocg 1 00
>
-t>>
o
>-(
i-(
.
O ^oq : 00
COOO 1 <3i
^ sS
■"S" 1-1
LO
OtH I »H
O
->>
rH
'^ 1
,
<X>CO<N
00
C-00 1 i« 1
-^
(N
eg
1 l«
CO
>i
<o rr (>) i-H Ti<
^
t 00 CO ■<*
15
eg CO :
CO 1-1 00
her
frac
H
1
'Tcg
1-1 Tf
rHCO 1 t> 1
-M ,
tH
»H
03
00
^ ■
•
<M eg C^] Tf ■
^
t-c
1 ::-
3 2
1-1 (M
CO 1-1 •«*
Oi ^ C- 00 CX) ?o ■^
coc-
"3
ex ocg ^ IC »-
00 c-
CO
■*:>
■^ «D
eg -^
c-
o
r-\
i-i
H
•
O t> O (N LO
coco
eg
03
t2 ^
LO t-
Tr t>
eg
o
0)
12;
rH
eg
•
C-CO C~CO OOM -^
OOC
00
-1
1-1 1-1 05
-^CQ
t-
tH 1-1
CO ^
rf
.
O O Oi 00 C- 1-1 -^
cocg
00
00 M
CCXN Oi
OTf
tP
'
-^>^
■^ r-t
^iH
in
.
CO '^t LTT eg 00 eg o
coc:
eg
(M J2
iO(N 00
00 eg
i-i
-^>:
1-1 rH
CO 1-1
la
SH
o
:
o
u
p.
>»
»H
>^
j
|s
i
J
?
^ -s i .
? c
bo
i s
'•
o
o g i
Pi -set? >H i-
03
£3
^ I)
box
•
yo-ooo2"--3
5Jy^(D<D-_a2^
'>
S^S .|80 1
0) -t-J
H
■^■%
15
' 15 >
^^
H
5gpaoQO&H-cQO:ga.
H?E
o
tf
O
<«:
70
Report of Maryland State Board
n
o
O
<
gg
pH 1—1
pq (^
Q
Q ^
w9
Q
w
Q
Q
0^
Q
<
m
H
p— I
>
<
PQ S tH
fa
<
Q
w
w
Xfl
P5
12;
2
OH
<
Q
W
H
W
H
H
W
3
o
PhU
PO ' CJ ' CO
1—1
o
o
o
o
1-(
Grand
Total
O iH T-l r-l CO
00 <X> t-
■XiCO
^ --1
C5
CO
LO
CO
CO
0)
o
P^
"re
O
■<3"
00
1—1
o "5
Other
Street Traders
Is
o
00
lO ^
^t^
CO
312
M
>>
o
"3
o
o 1— 1 1— 1 1— ( CO
c» o c^
"xeo
1-1 ^
CO
in
OS
CO
CO
ca
^2
'
;z;
00
in
2^"
CO
lO
o
«
>
•
CUMBERLAND
State Birth Records
-a
o
01
«
0)
-to
01
O
"H
o
o
a;
p:;
£
w
ft
pq
o
p^
-4J
£
o
o
Q
0)
-tJ
Total presenting documentary proof
Affidavits with other evidence.
IS
o
"ci
-4->
O
H
-o
$-1
f
OF Labor and Statistics
71
12:
i-t -^ T-J rH ,-
OS ■ ■ cOLt:
xoo c
CO Oi Tf O u-
c4 ' 'eo(>j
T—
o
o
o
t>
a
1—
o
CO
PhO
T-t
H
U3 O -H 0C£>00 la
00 (N X iH C~ CO
a
c-
Q
go
00 i-H t- <-H Tt
C
irsM oours
(M
•^1-1 Oi (M XI
-*
eg CO '^ L.O X (N
TT
X
o
1-1
w
X
T-( 1-1
•^
eg
eg
>
H
H
<U
W
.
•<* T-H
c-incg
o^
1-1 eg CO Kt LO (N
t-
«o
^ t
<3i
iH
tH
rH 1-1
eo
lO
'HER S
1921.
-^>:
T"
i-t
s
o
.
o :
(N C~«0
in
iH t-li-l tHCO
t^
eg
LO
«i
c~
oo
2
13
00
1—1
oc
00
o
BOYS A
ND DU
«3 ^ !
00
00
; i : : i
CO
•
^
iH
t>
t>
2!"
-^
1*
•<*
a!"<
■?H
Ol X 1-1 O -^ C<I 5£
c
C005 TfOOJ 1-
\r.
in
15
lo ^oi :o
«:
■■* C~-<1i
X
-^
-u
lO
t>
1--
Oi
o
1—1
tH
OMING
D CUM
in
.
m<N
00 in -^ CO
0^
o^
CO o
' 1 =^
o
12;
t2 S
X
tH 1-1
^ \ 1-1
00
lO
eg
.
■^ iH iH CO Tt< C<1 CC
"" OC
oco ^ oo
o
1*
^ s
oa i-H <M i-H
t.-
1—1 1— 1
CO
T-k
-^J^
^
Tt
" CO
in
rH
.
c- -*
in lO c-
" oc
^ CO 1-1 L.-5 O
CO ?3
as
.-KM
'^
y-\ CO 1-1
«c
rH
-^>:
-*
\r.
«D
•
CO 1-1 Oi O Ol
c^
"o cq eg i-t t> r-
" CO
m
ou
c<i y\
LO
1-1 CO
1—1 1—1 1—1
\C
o>
Tt
LC
in
•t-4
po
fe^
C
sh
0)
d
0<;
>^ ft
o
"■5 «J
o
'^4
>
H p.
1 '^
>
01
^
Q
2
o
c»
g-
«
>
OJ
\
;2:
o
o
t; o p p
I<
>H - <U »
3 S G
CQ
Ccd^Oc/^oooo
O TS -JJ -ij C C
<U J5 !- 03 i=;S
-3
■4->
o
Eh
c
H
_]
pq
o
Eh
"i* o< ^ o £ <u
c s >>« g o
oi 3 o Jb c«
o
<j
gfewH jjfeHfefe
•K"^ O O O O
OS
£-•
M
Oh
a
M
Eh
fe
Eh
fe
a
72
Report of Maryland State Board
<
W
H
K
H
O
Q
<
>^
o
CQ .
Oh iz;
12; ^
^^
< K
m «
^; o
* ;^
PQ h-H
O
I— I
iz;
1-4
W
W
Q
CO
W
Q
<
^ jj
CO CO Lo CO Ci 1-1
■^cn
o^ C
-rji i-i C5 -^ t-^ C5
<^ CO
d
Cl, S
(M 1-1 (M .1-1
Oi
o
1— (
Total 1
(N <N 00 Ci l>- 00
IX)I>J
00
00 cooci 00^00
LOL-
c^
^c^ lO 1-1 CO
C3
*
tH
*
.lO M
CO 1-1 1-1 Ci tD CO
C0y3
03
O 1-1 b
(M iH "* 1-1 (M (N
■r}< tH
LO
^
(M
(M
Cti^H
No.
t 14
ears.
iH c^j c~o,oo 00 ic
iHTP
LO
■«r><MTi<'(Miooc
0(N
(M
tH 1-H
LO
10
rtpH
• CO m
Tt as ^ 00 10 CO CO
CO LI
00
0,1 Sh
c~ 1-1 (M meo
■^
■^
^1^S
tH (M
LC
10
«i;H
.(>5 to
CO th oj :m 00 ic
iH rH
(M
1-1 fi
1-1 00 00 00 r-l 1-1 iH
iH
1—1
:^^g
tH 1-1
LC
lO
=*>-i
. 1— 1 in
•«# (M 10 Tj< (M -^
1-1 oc
05
tH 5h
CO -^ •rH 1-f
iH
1—1
T— 1
y^
CSJh
. w
C~ t- (M 10 CO 1-1 (M
t-oc
\a
C<I 1-1
LQ
«o
CS>H
y;j
oc
bJO
a ^
"2
W
V3 b
:
3
CD
c:
0:
c:
c:
OS
a
II
ft F
0)
1-4
^ Ci T^r 03 Tj; >
^ «
tH ^ C<j <m' CO '^
pq ^ CO c/3 c/D c/:) c<o
U
_
C5 ^
000005
-4-1 -l-> +J +J -u w
4^
a-
^1
H
y UO 10 IC
1-^' 1-5 >j (N CO CO
LC
e^
^&^
H&<=
h&?
^&e
'6?
►-
1^
Oi 05 OS Oi O
OS '^ OS 05 o
iH CO -^ OS ui
05 o o o o o
-••> o o o o o
O O LO o o
o 1-5 c4 CO LO d
LO «^ 1-t
£ S S £ S S
000000
;.4 Vi ^ ^ »H M
«t-l «M «)H <tH «fH «H
hn
&J0
bf)
be
be
be
ri
C
C
C
C
C
• 1— (
•(-(
c
g
g
C
g
m
cS
rt
03
Oj
03
a>
<D
0)
(U
(U
(U
r/5
m
ro
CO
CO
S-
!h
U
M
^
<X>
(U
0)
0)
(1>
-1^
-0
■ u'
-0
TJ
03
05
oj
03
OS
•
fH
U
!h
U
^
C
-tJ
-M
-fJ
-M
-M
^
r/1
-4->
-l->
•+->
-*J
-tJ
-I.J
(IJ
Ol
<1>
0)
OJ
dJ
C
3
t
-l->
0)
-1^
-S
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
;3
C
tH
(N
Tl'
CO
CO
t-
05
iH,
OF Labor and Statistics
73
H
o
O
I— <
in
w
o
O
H P
fc
<
<A
W
H
O
P
p
w
O
W
H
Eh
02
>^
1— t
P
Per
Cent
Oi CO (M
o'eo iH
00 CO Ci rH i-J tH
(N 'oioo
COCO'*
" r-
c^
oi
00
Grand
Total
O tr-(N «C <M t- 00
r-4
00
o
>
3
O
15
o
Oi rrc^ CO i-ic^j oa
1— (
•^
(M
00
1—1
T-l
1—1
(M CO 1-1 1-1 i-H ?0 1-1
05 7-1
'^
2^
<>) 1-1 rH (M
COtH
(N
CO
Other
Street Traders
15
-4-J
o
CO ^ IM C^ rH 0000
CO
1—1
00
CO
00^
3^
lOlM iH
CO
tH LO (>1
iH
in
>.
o
O)
O O N L.O Cl CO
CO 1-1
1— (
o
CO
1-1
Oioco 00 1-1 CO 1-1 1-t
■^ CO rt
1-H
1— I LO
I— 1
eg
^i2
lO <M i-O 00 1-1 CO '-H
CO
1-1
OS
00
00^t> 00 <M 00 CO »H 1-1 ^cg^
iH (N tH -^ rH r-l
<N
00
in
o 00 1~ -^ i-i o t-
00 oj 1-1 lO 1-1
CO
1-H
Ovl lO iH 1-1
(M
1-1
IC
CO
s
»
BALTIMORE CITY
Two Pai'ents:
Both own narents
a
c
t
a
s
OS
El,
O
>
1
a
-::
i
1
1
>
?-
a
-1-1
a!
«*-
C
a
;-
a
a
4-
w
C)
-a
o
w
>
en •-
(1> .
u
1
1
1
0.
a-
1
c
1
-t-
a
!-
-t-
c
3
13
-(J
o
74
Report of Maryland State Board
w
o
Eh
t3
0)
o
O
PQ
o
Q
O
O
PM
o
Q
Q
<
o
H
H
I— I
Q
1
CO
pH
CO Ci rf
»H
,-H
o
4^
0) S
00
o
o
i-H
©
PhQ
tH
00 CO
^ ^ C- ^ CO
Ci
t>
00
iH
(N
eg
o^
'O ;
T-l CO w
C<1
■^
cxj
m
13
CO :
'^l'
C^)
'i~<
-M
eg
<D
o
>
H
~ 7~
Ci~^
r-ICOCg
<N
t-
""c^
rH ^
(M
CO
LO
i^
S
T-l
,
t-
t-
(N
o
o ^
t~
K •
-^
i i
'^
cc
13
00
5h
-l->
0)
o
H
lO ^
CO
^>:
c-
+J '* .^
■^
CO 1-1 v:~'
>-|
!M CO
LO 00 O i-H tH
lo
LO
rt
in
■r-i
00
'^
4-^
1— 1
1-1
C5
o
1-1
H
.
00 iH
lH(MlH
CO
lO
tn
IC ^
Ol
CO
lO
>>
^►t^
(M
o
f>^
.
o
-vPIM
to
■^
00
CO
iH
.
Oi-H
(N CO
T— 1 1—1
00
T-t
CO 2
LO
to
1—1
1 H
<^
.
rf 1-
(M -^ (M
CO
lO
IM /^
-^
lO
^
^ •-'
lO
1 ■ ?-i
M
Q
: «
:z;
: 0)
c3
<i
• •
i >
hj
; >>
^^-^ ^
S
is
n
' ^
3 C C >
J ? OJ 5
13
|m5
: G ^ ^ ~ cfi cs
5 b s s s.^ S -2
Eh
o
o
O
OF Labor and Statistics
75
P5
( •>
CO N tH Oi C-; 00
c
P4
^ c
t-^ Oi C4 rH LO
o
0) 0)
LO (N tH
o
1-H
o w
'T^
.
■^ ^ t-(M Ln CO
00
5h
to Tt ■<* ■^ 1-1 i-H
(M
,-1 TfC^I rH
T— I
o
1-1 : CO
Tf
2q
1—1
00
o
EWSPAPERS
921, CLASSIF
Q)
C/2
CO : CO
as ;<N
OS
1—1
1-1
CO i !
UO
CO
0(>J T-H 1-1
'*
15
t~ iH
00
^ ^
. Z
Other
reet Tra
ILLING
CITY i:
-^(M iH
00
.
CD
iH
t-
-M
-^ 7^
^ i
-*
w
w
^>:
M W
«
CO (M LO CO
o
•
12; O
15
-4^
00 "^ 1-1 1-
Ci CO 1-1 1-1
CO
Ph
'"' S
o
t-l ^
1-1
hH
Eh
^(N
P=5
M
>»
-£
t> 00 c- as CO CO
■^ CO LO to 1—
<
o
en
>1
H
.
00 1-1 CO ^ C<l cc
00
§2
OS o CO CO
t>
1-1 1-1 1-1
^
.
inxMcoiro o
00
F TIME
LICENSE
00 2
lo 00 CO oa
'*
^>;
C^J <M
uo
COCO c- CO
CO (M CO 1-1
Oai
■^ >"
a o
H m
*
hH
i
a
1/
1-1 c72
O
fj, U St !-i
n< C8 cS cd
[^
r£j -: Qj OJ a) 0)
l-H 73 a
a Q
0)
s
:2: <i
:
^ «
^ H
H
ALTIM<
ning to
s than
m 1 to
m 2 to
m 3 to
:
i
( :
•
~3 c M p p p a
0)
) ^
X) fee be U) bo f.
o
<:
rn ^ ' — ! I — ; ' — \ "-
H
3 0) 01 g; <i> a
)
I-;
wt/:
o:
!a
iOC
i
76
Report of Maryland State Board
<
H
o
Q
m
Q
w
I— I
fa
I— H
M
<
p..
Q
H
Q
w
o
w
!^
Q
O
I— I
O
M
pq
<
P5
o
Eh
Q
o
O
pq
>^
PQ
1
<M
M 00 'i' •<*
o
O (N
d
0) a>
■^ lO
o
ClhU
1-1
1"^
5 -u
t~ L- to Ci C5
00
CO L.O tH
IM
C50
O
So
1-1
(N
3H
CC -^ O r-l i-H
-rf
(D
"rt
iSl (N
00
O
-tj
■iH
T— (
r-l
o
0^
c/2
.
•^ Ci L-O
1-1
Ci
1-H s-j
C5 iH
1—1
0)
3
-^>^
LO
1-i
•
Ci
T-l
Ut)
tf
US
CO
'^
Tt
C/3
Is
o
00
00
0) 'm
5^
H
LO ^
CO
CO
-^t^
l:~
t-
'^
■^
O CO^ oooc
o
13
o CO 1-1
o
t-o
t-
o
1—1
1—1
o
Eh
.
t- OCO tH 1-
(N
2 ^
^;h
05(M
(M
.
UDO
1— 1 T-
00
^
a
^
c-o
c-
tH CO
^
.
iH ;£) |£>(M CC
00
CO 12
''j'os
^
-^>:
IMCV]
LO
•
IX! c~(M'*o:
(M
00 iH
1—1
1-1 CO
lO
bo
_C
>H
's^
H
■ m
c
t;
m
•fH
W C
03
^1
T3
be
ec5 =5
be
>— 1 o -o'~
J3
Eh C-c ^
0)
a
•p-4
Eh
13
o
H
C
C
ly:
a
t-
OF Labor and Statistics
77
"A
I— I
W
W Q
S Q
-< K ^
W -^ Q
ij w r«
w <; M
fc « M
5 H <:
<J r, hJ
►J w ^^
^^ « s^
Dh H 2
S O
P o
Q
<;
CO
•J
Eh
O
Eh
O
I— I
o
pasnjay; pui3
-dy JO-OM iB^ox
OJCJC^t-HrHi-lT-lT-HT-KMT-lT-l
o
1-H
•a
01
w
3
12;
9 10 11
Yrs.|Yrs.|Yrs.| Total
1 1 1
OCi^LCOOOr-ll-lrHLO'^l-l
"-I ,H T-t 1— 1
CO
T-l ■^ I> CO »-l CO tH I t-( 00 (M 00
CO LC 00 l-H ^ TT
: t-(Me<3
»H
: tH 1—1 : — 1
T3<
Under
9 Yrs.
j
• '"*
I : : : :
: i : : :
1-1
3
o
"cfi
o
LOt-i-!0!>3Cicc;cct-5ioc
00
1—1
(NO'-iL.'5C~C0L.->t>O(NiitC<I
N -rt (M ,_| ^ .^
1—1
1-1
2-'
tot-Oi-OLCc-i-iojeoLr^T-ico
1— ( T— 1
CO
C
a)
2
other
Street Traders
15
o
eooocOCT5cgco(Mco-^oxt-
1-H rH
oc
o ^
^>;
^^NTH-^LOi-iT-ipDiniTpiou:)
■^ w
^>;
(N CO lO LO t> C^J »-l Ci L"; e<3 (N
•
o
w
12;
14 15 1
Yrs. 1 Yrs. 1 Total
1 1 1
^OiOTtOO'*'g't>COC<I(NCO
otooTHoaiCL.'rocoDa^-iici
Ol 1-1 N ,-(i-H T-l T-H IM 1-H tH
O
CO
ooocoooo^©uo-<*OiTHeo
C<Irt(NC>J ^ (N i-H 1-1 W C<I W
(M
•^■^ooc-Tfeococ^ccooooj
ic-^ij^eciececwfNcocccceo
00
-<*
<Mm(NOL.':'co-<a<eocoiM(Mr-i
00
-AC5i>t-^Tt<o(Meooccco
CO'!3'lC(N-<3<iOCCC^JCOl';(NuO
1— t
j3
O
BALTIMORE
January
>
S
0)
E
>
5
•-9
>
1-3
-4J
<3
u
c
o
■ a
0)
o
O
i
u
<v
g
>
o
o
Si
£
u
<u
Q
o
78
Rkport of Maryland Statk Board
c
o
pasnp^ puR
CXDOOOt^OCOCOCjOiOilCO
i-ii-ii-iTHOj(M(NTHeocccgco
CO
I-
I-
pas
uaoiq s^uBDqd
oj
CO
c^
-dv
lo-o^ Xv.'io^
i_-:)COCO-*'tI'-T3<t-CO(N>](MC>]
^
o
15
':)<
C^l
T-l
o
H_
—
(M(NiOC^C^a(N00C0l>qi-t \i>\
o
oo
iH Cfi
CO
CO
Ul
tH Sh
CJ2
>>
O
j72
-_^_
^
IM T-l ,-1 (M CO (M cc :i-ico
CO
U5
3
O c/3
1-1
■^
_::^_
Oi ^
1—1
i : 1-1 i :
CO
CO
■
>H
^^
1-H
Pc.
CO U3 -^ ii3 «3 t- CO CO CO T-H CM Cm
•^
00
^
q;
&
15
o
'^
C^I
CO
coLOC<!Tro«c>cjcoc<jTH.-ic<i
;--
"coT
3
^1 ^
CO
LO
1-<
O
.
CO 1—1 : 1—1 tH : i-H
T^
tr-
C^l
«
2 ^
t-
'^>H
C/3
"^
13
00
s
-i->
■^
o
^ ?!
H
-
.
t-
-t->
CO
.
t~
-tJ
^ c/2
■^
'T3
w
-">:
tH*^ tH fH r-( cocMoac^i
io
LO
<D
"rt
00
'^
m
-i->
1—1
<3i
C
o
1—1
<U
H
^
3
■
o:
•
— r
'c^
t-Iihcoihtj4_icocooot*
"co""
LO
w
LO OT
CO
LO
>,
'-'k'^
CO
o
>^_
'
C/2
oa CO cq CO lo 00 th CM o CO i^
o
'^
^
T-(
oo
1-1
LO
:z;
>-'
eOrH,-IOOCOCO«DCO«5^C-UO
CO
1— (
• 00 J"
tH 1-i
o
1—1
'-Ik'"
CO
?«
.
COCOTtCO i CO CO CO lO CO t- CO
CO
lO
C<1 J"
l-<
LO
CD
__l ^
lO
>H
Q
: j-
;z:
<^
-S
J
«
O
w
,__,
S
pq
>
c
3
May
June
Julv
August ..
September
October
November
December
13
o
o
H
c
OF Labor and Statistics
79
o
;z;
HH
.J
^
1
w «
w
w
p— 1
m
§
P
o
<: Q
o
z
^<
w
>^
o
H
Eh
1— 1
O
Q
a
«
^
o
w
S
u
HH
t-H
H
►J
hJ
<
g
TABLE K.
SIGNED BY
E^ TRADES
LAND IN 192
M
a
<Pi
^
w
M
Q
<;
04
tf
W
H
ffi
H
H
O
OQ
J^iZ
>
<
<<
zn
W «
tJ
w
PLi
P3
<1
O
Oh
tc^
W
OT
^
Z
w
o
/?
C/3
<
w
(4
cS
(M th o o o c^ xeo«o -^ <-< t> -*
■4^
(Mi-IOJ-^CO ?Oi-OCqTt (M
o
(M ,H 1-H t~
H
1
1
0)'+:! ^'
♦
;
-C '-' ^
t- 1 t-l
-tJ OJ >H
^4
-*
T-l
o't! -^
^ ° ^
eO'HcoiMio
iH
^■^05
C5
-U 0>H
CO T-l
'^i-l
T-t
iH
(D'M yj
■ jr O Si
eo'<*oot>oO'-iTHi-<ico(M
o
-*^ 0) >H
O tH C^ -^ t-I
IM
-^^ ^Zm
tH tH
CO
<<^
o'ti -j:
^ C Sh
C~ CO C^ O C<I i-(in>
lO
-^ <D>-i
uo tH T-l
o>
0) =« C/3
^ O ;h
to -rH T-l ,H LO
iH tH
CD
*^ QJ>H
tH
j-^
(M
<^^
Qj't; M
j= o,'-
rH rH rH
rH
-*
-M <u>-(
tH
1—1
-w t*^
<;<;;:^
(Vti M
X C^iH
IM^
CO
-^ <U>H
<<"2
v
-M bl
3 :
■tJ
4-pci
0)
•? fc S bi
3 !
"C
C J- a> q
C4
!h (u a-S
»4
bn :
oj a, w
Eh
be
c
O ig
ral p
tion
ional
licen
>
wt^S
'■+3
.2 :
gene
vaca
vocat
• over
33^'
3 i
■4-5
O
§:s^
3
£
03
c :
g S c o
O O o
c
o
w
balt:
ails to
loes not
object
es too
;v
_l_3
o I
■+J
4-> w
work
work
work
3 of aire
13
V
4J C u c3 ':: ■^. s^
-t->
K
c
-C— <i>'j:+jxH«'CCC>
cs zi tnCtt-i'^C 0.2.-.S -*
>
iniHOjoaj— o<uooor^
HEh
^
^
1
►—I
t-H
u
Q
O
o
o
1—1
80
Report op Maryland Statu Board
'a
.s
o
U
m
Eh
c3
lOC-
C4 tHiM rHt-
LC
Oi
-tJ
(M
^
O
L-
H
-•t:; M yj
O S- fH
t-
t-
T)<
a)^>H
lO
h/l
1—1
<i i-H iH
«tH M M
o S^ ^
(N CO
'"*
CO
in
<D>^>H
:
(M
bD
tH
<1 tH 1-1
t:! u5 M
_
O ilH J^
CO'*
iH
00
00
co';^>^
1
C<1
^ -^ Tji
■^ 1— 1 iH
•■ ■ ■ '
CO
01 ^ W
^ o ^
iH
iH
^
-U (U>H
cr.
(W^ tc
nC O fH
iH
1-1
(r-3
00
-^^ a;>H
Cl
(U=y w
(= O ;m
i
•
7-H
1—1
0}'^ W
r^ °.^
CO
-M Q,>H
(U
&i3
bS
-l-> -l->
0)
73
ss
c3
OJ (U
*w
^
a.p.
fi
Eh
<u
be
*>
AND
neral
ation
"I-H
Si
lU
cS
>
o
H c; ^
' fH
c
o
OS
a;
CUMB
g to work 0]
g to work or
if
a.
a
o
?
bo
o
o
o
'2
C G Q^X § +i >j
~
c
•C "^ ^ ^ "VI
OS
O O c3 _ (U <U CO
Sh
C
C
(X
;z
pi
1--
rH
o
OF Labor and Statistics 81
INDUSTRIAL SURVEY BY THE WOMAN'S BUREAU
Upon the invitation of Governor Ritchie, the Women's
Bureau of the United States Department of Labor made
an industrial sui-vey of the hours and working- conditions
of women in Maryland during the latter part of the year
1921.
The sui*vey covered 240 establishments and included
plants in Baltimore, Cumberland, Hagerstown, Annapolis,
Sahsbury, Cambridge, Frostburg, Havre de Grace, Elkton,
Lonaconing, Alberton, Oella, Luke, Ilchester and Parsons-
burg, Of the plants visited 142 were located in the City
of Baltimore and 98 in the rest of the State, and comprised
manufacturing, mechanical and laundry establishments
and restaurants.
The repoi-t states that 14,097 women and girls were
found at work in the 240 establishments visited, of which
5.6 per cent were colored and 2.8 per cent were under 16
years of age. The distribution of women was in the fol-
lowing proportions: In manufacturing establishments,
68.1 per cent; in mechanical establishments, 24.2 per cent;
in laundries, 5.3 per cent, and in restaurants, 2.3 per cent.
The largest group employed in any one of the manufac-
turing industry was in the garment factories, which em-
ployed 22.5 per cent. The nativity of 6,527 women was
ascertained, of which only 6.0 per cent were found to be
foreign-born. Of the 6,571 reporting their conjugal con-
dition, 67.6 per cent were single, 18 per cent were married
and 14.4 per cent widowed, divorced or separated. Of the
6,720 reporting their living conditions 87.9 per cent were
living at home and 12.1 per cent were hving independently.
Of the 6,519 reporting their age 35.7 per cent were under
20 years, 35.8 per cent were between 20 and 30 and 28.5
per cent were over 30 years.
The report is not at all favorable to the State of Mary-
land in its findings, as it states that dangerous defects
and unsanitary working conditions exist with serious
strains and other handicaps in the majority of the places
visited, which affect the efficiency of the woman worker.
One of the most striking features of the report was that
regarding fire hazards which, it was stated, existed in 148
of the 240 places visited ; 81 of which were in the City of
Baltimore. Other conditions complained of were the un-
satisfactory cleaning of work rooms, crowded condition of
workers, inadequate lighting and ventilation; lack of, or
82 Rei'ort of Maryland State Board
unsatisfactory seats; drinking water and washing facili-
ties ; inadequate and insufficient number of toilets and bad
condition of same. The report further states that there
was a lack of lunch and rest rooms and facilities for wraps,
with no first aid or hospital room or doctor and nurse in
attendance in a number of the establishments visited.
Among- the many different types of buildings in which
the 240 fimis included in the sui'vey were located, 16 were
used also as dwellings. Canneries were not included be-
cause the time of the investigation was not coincident with
the canning season.
The law regulating the hours of labor for females in
Maryland, Acts 1916, Chap. 147, Sec. 14, requires that no
female shall be employed or permitted to work in any
manufacturing, mechanical, mercantile, printing, baking
or laundering establishment more than ten hours in any
one day, nor more than sixty hours in any one week, nor
more than eight hours in any one day, if any part of the
work is done before six o'clock in the morning or after
ten o'clock in the evening of the said day, nor shall any
female be employed or permitted to work for more than
six hours continuously at any one time in any of the
aforesaid establishments in which three or more such per-
sons are employed, without an intei'val of, at least, a half
hour, except that such female may be so employed for not
more than six and a half hours continuously at one time,
if she shall not be permitted to work during the remainder
of the day in her said employment." "But the provisions
of this section shall not apply to females employed in the
canning or preserving or preparing for canning or pre-
serving of perishable fruits and vegetables."
There is nothing in the act requiring fire escapes, sani-
tary conditions, lighting or ventilating, neither is there in
the Child Labor Law.
The law relating to Workshops and Factories, Code
.1904, Art. 27, Sec. 243, does require that all factories,
manufacturing establishments or workshops in which cer-
tain articles of clothing are made, shall be kept in a cleanly
condition and free from any nuisance and shall have 500
cubic feet of air space to each person employed and shall
be well and sufficiently lighted and ventilated. This law is
being enforced in everj^ particular by the inspectors of
this bureau, which even goes further by requiring that all
applicants for pemiits to make articles under the act,
OF Labor and Statistics 83
whose factory or workroom is above the second floor must
provide proper fire escapes, and the attention of the Build-
ing Inspector (whose duty it is to enforce this measure)
is called to the case in question and the permits are with-
held until the fire escapes are provided. While the law
requiring Seats for Female Employees, Balto. City Code
1906 (1900 Chap. 589), Sec. 505 places the enforcement
under the Commissioner of Health, ordinance 1910-1911
No. 547, Sec. 1, the inspectors of this bureau are instructed
and do call the proprietor's attention to any such viola-
tions and have found no trouble in having the law com-
plied with. The law regulating the Hours of Employment
for Females in certain kinds of establishments does not
include women employed in all industries and this bureau
was instrumental in having an amendment to the act pre-
pared and introduced at the Session of 1922, so as to
include women employed in any capacity except as
domestics or in the canning or presei'ving of perishable
fruits and vegetables, but the bill failed to pass.
Another bill intending to establish an eight hour day
for females was also introduced at this session and was
also defeated.
The above reference to these laws is made for the pur-
pose of showing that the existing bad conditions as found
and reported by the Federal authorities is not due to
neglect in the enforcement of any existing laws, but to
show that the necessary laws do not exist.
84 REroRT OF Maryland State Board
SYNOPSIS OF TEN HOUR LAW TABLES
As shown by the Summary A*, 2,448 establishments
in 1921 were inspected under the Ten Hour Law for
Women in Baltimore City and the counties of Maryland,
employing 42,218, compared with 2,003 inspections made
in 1920 involving 43,265 women. This is an increase of
445 in the number of inspections and a decrease of five in
the average number employed in each establishment. Of
the 2,448. inspections made 2,374 were in Baltimore City,
employing 39,615, and 74 in the counties in which 2,603
women were employed.
As shown by Table B*, 1,124 of these establishments
were engaged in manufacturing. These employed 27,910
women. Of this number 2,260 worked in offices; 28 were
in the salesrooms and 25,622 were in the workrooms.
Of the number of women employed in manufacturing
industries, 11,938, or about 42.8 per cent, worked on
men's clothing; 3,525, or about 11.8 per cent, on women's
clothing; 2,442, or about 8.7 per cent, in the manufactur-
ing of cigar and cigarettes, and 10,000, or about 36.7 per
cent, were employed in 21 other industries.
There were 1,056 mercantile establishments inspected in
1921, as shown by Table C*, employing 11,279 women. Of
this number 3,787 were employed in offices ; 6,252 in sales-
rooms and 1,240 in workrooms. Of the 11,279 women,
5,469, or nearly half, worked in the department stores;
2,191 in wholesale establishments; 848 in retail estab-
lishments and the other 2771 in 16 other industries.
In Table D* it is shown that 128 mechanical establish-
ments employing 1,196 women were inspected ; 90 printing
establishments employing 718 ; 10 bakeries employing 289
and 40 laundries employing 826 women.
It is shown by Table E* that of the 1,124 manufactur-
ing establishments, 182 employed one woman; 325 from
2 to 4; 171 from 5 to 9; 197 from 10 to 24; 193 from 25
to 99 ; 53 from 100 to 499 and 3 estabhshments from 500
to 1,000 women.
Of the 1,056 mercantile establishments inspected, as
shown by Table F*, 437 employed one woman; 350 from
2 to 4 ; 135 from 5 to 9 ; 86 from 10 to 24 ; 32 from 25 to
99; 13 from 100 to 499 and 3 establishments employed
from 500 to 1,000 women.
OF Labor and Statistics 85
As shown by Table G*, of the 268 printing, mechanical,
baking and laundering establishments, 92 employed 1
woman ; 86 from 2 to 4 ; 45 from 5 to 9 women ; 24 from
10 to 24 ; 14 from 25 to 99 ; 6 from 100 to 499 and 1 estab-
lishment from 500 to 1,000 women.
As shown by Table H*, of the 27,910 women employed
daily in the 1,124 manufacturing establishments, 1,906
worked less than 8 hours; 5,217 were employed 8 hours;
9601 worked between 8 and 9 hours ; 7,467 were employed
9 hours; 2,393 between 9 and 10 hours, and 1,326 were
employed 10 hours.
Table I shows the hours this same number of women
worked on Saturdays. Of the 27,910 employed 25,082
worked less than 8 hours; 89 eight hours; 49 between 8
and 9 hours; 247 worked 9 hours, 5 ten hours and 2,438
did not work on Saturdays.
In Table J are shown the number of hours 10,976 women
worked daily in 999 mercantile establishments, which do
not keep open at night. Of this number 8,516 worked
less than 8 hours; 1,469, 8 hours; 699 between 8 and 9;
164 worked 9 hours; 92 between 9 and 10 hours; 14
worked 10 hours and 22 did not work daily. On Satur-
days 9,138 of these women worked less than 8 hours ; 715
worked 8; 500 between 8 and 9; 116 worked 9; 302 be-
tween 9 and 10; 175 were employed 10 hours and 30 did
not work on Saturdays.
Table K* shows that out of 303 w^omen employed daily
in the 57 mercantile establishments which keep open as
late as 10 o'clock at night, 87 were employed less than 8
hours ; 115 worked 8 hours ; 48 were employed between 8
and 9 hours ; 26 worked 9 hours ; 14 between 9 and 10 and
13 did not work daily. On Saturdays these women worked
as follows: 1,056 worked less than 8 hours; 124, 8 hours;
10 between 8 and 9 and 3 worked 9 hours.
In the 40 laundries, as shown by Table M*, 97 of the
826 women worked daily less than 8 hours; 11 were em-
ployed 8 hours ; 151 between 8 and 9 ; 71 were employed 9
hours ; 495 between 9 and 10 and 1 did not work daily.
On Saturdays 727 worked less than 8 hours; 16 were
employed 8 hours ; 5 between 8 and 9 ; 14 worked 9 hours ;
14 between 9 and 10 hours ; 1 worked 10 hours and 49 did
not work on Saturdays.
In Table N* it is shown that 318 out of the 1,007 women
working daily in the 100 printing and baking establish-
ments worked less than 8 hours; 134 were employed 8
86 Kioi'ORT OF ^Iaryland Statk Board
hours; 328 between 8 and 9 hours; 222 worked 9 hours
and 5 between 9 and 10 hours. On Saturdays, 975 of
these women worked less than 8 hours ; 16 worked 8 hours ;
1, 10 hours, and 15 did not work on Saturdays.
As shown by Table 0*, 334, or 82.6 per cent, of the 404
manufacturing establishments reporting office force give
their employees one hour for lunch. In the salesrooms,
11 out of 13 establishments gave one hour for lunch. In
the workrooms 424 of the 1,005 reporting gave one-half
hours and 576 had an one-hour lunch period.
Of the 770 mercantile establishments reporting office
force, as shown by Table P*, about 90 per cent allowed
one hour for lunch. In the 465 salesrooms two-thirds
were allowed one hour for lunch and in the 143 workrooms
about 63 per cent gave one hour, and about 26 per cent
gave one-half hour.
As shown in Table Q*, of the 52 mechanical establish-
ments having office force, 48 had one hour for lunch; in
the 81 workrooms 68 had one hour. In the offices of the
54 printing establishments 37 gave one hour for lunch;
in the 58 workrooms of these establishments 38 had one
hour for lunch. All of the office force in the 10 bakeries
had one hour for lunch ; in the salesrooms they had more
than 1 hour and in the workrooms 5 had one-half hour and
3 one hour. In the 29 offices of the 37 laundries, 21 had
one hour for lunch and in the 21 workrooms 11 were
allowed one-half hour and 7 one hour.
It is shown in Table R* that in 808 of the 1,124 manu-
facturing establishments work begins daily between 8 and
9 o'clock; in 199 betwen 7 and 8, and in 11 work begins
before 7 A. M. On Saturdays 717 begin between 8 and 9 ;
184 between 7 and 8 ; 10 before 7 A. M.
In Table S* is shown that 616 of the 1,056 mercantile
establishments begin work daily betwen 9 and 10 A. M. ;
399 between 8 and 9 ; 28 between 7 and 8, and in 13 work
begins at 10.
On Saturdays in 573 establishments work begins be-
tween 9 and 10 ; in 376 between 8 and 9, and in 29 between
7 and 8, and in 64 at 10 A. M.
Sixty-four of the 128 mechanical establishments, as
shown by Table T*, begin work daily between 9 and 10;
60 between 8 and 9. On Saturdays the hours for begin-
ning work in 65 establishments was between 9 and 10 ; 59
OF Labor and Statistics 87
between 8 and 9. More than one-half of the 90 printing
estabhshments began work daily between 8 and 9; and
about one-sixth between 7 and 8. The hours were the
same on Saturdays. The majority of the 10 bakeries be-
gan work daily and Saturdays between 8 and 9 A. M.
Twenty-four out of the 40 laundries began work daily be-
tween 8 and 9 A. M.; 11 between 7 and 8. On Saturdays
16 out of the 40 began work about 10 A, M,, and 4 estab-
lishments were closed.
Over nine-tenths of the 1,124 manufacturing establish-
ments, as shown by Table U*, closed daily between 5 and
6 P. M. Over one-half of these establishments closed on
Saturdays between noon and 1 P. M, ; about one-fourth
between 1 and 3 P. M., and 113 were closed on Saturdays.
About three-fourths of the 1,056 mercantile establish-
ments closed between 5 and 6 P. M. daily; one-sixth be-
tween 6 and 7 ; 34 close at 10 P. M. On Saturdays 465
close between 1 and 3 P. M. ; 216 between 5 and 6 P. M. ;
103 between 6 and 7, and 14 are closed on Saturdays.
In the mechanical, printing, baking and laundering
establishments the principal hour for closing daily was
between 5 and 6 P. M., and on Saturdays about 33 per
cent closed between 1 and 3 P. M.; about 17 per cent
between 5 and 6 P. M., and about 26 per cent between noon
and 1 P. M.
There were 646 schedules sent out during 1921.
There were 84 violations of firms not having schedules
posted and two violations by firms in which were involved
32 women working over 10 hours a day. Both firms were
prosecuted and found guilty. Fines were reserved in both
cases.
88
Report of Maryland Statr Board
TABLE A*
SUMMARY.
No. of
Estab-
lish-
ments
1
i Number of Females Employed
Character of
Establishments
Office
Sales-
room
Work-
room
Total
Baltimore City
Manufacturing
1055
1055
127
90
10
37
2214
3786
311
249
39
69
28
6252
16
3
23117
1240
862
469
247
713
25359
Mercantile
Mechanical
11278
1189
r rinting
Bakeries
718
289
Laundries
782
f
Total
2374
6668
6299
23648
39615
Counties
Manufacturing
69
1
1
3
46
1
2505
7
44
2551
Mercantile -
Mechanical
Laundries
1
7
44
Total
74
47
2556
2603
Grand Total
2448
6715
6299
29204
42218
, . ,, . «,
OF Labor and Statistics
89
TABLE B*
SHOWING NUMBER OF WOMEN EMPLOYED DURING NOR-
MAL SEASON IN BALTIMORE CITY AND THE COUN-
TIES OF MARYLAND IN MANUFACTUR-
ING ESTABLISHMENTS IN 1921.
Character of
Establishments
Number of Females Employed
No. of
Estab-
lish-
ments
Office
Sales-
room
Work-
room
Total
Baltimore City
Men's clothing
Women's clothing
Paper products
Cigars and tobacco
Confectionery _
Drugs and chemicals
Food preparations
Hats and caps (felt and
woolen)
Straw hats
Mattresses, bedding, etc
Textile
Boots and shoes
Artificial flowers
Brooms, brushes and hair-
work
Corks, seals & bottle caps
Cigar boxes
Furniture, including pianos
and other musical in
struments
Glass and pottery
Jewelry and silverware
Fur garments
Copper and tin specialties...
Lumber and millwork
Iron, steel, foundry and
machine shop
Miscellanecub
471
178
16
29
24
15
16
20
7
2
23
8
1
2
3
10
14
8
10
17
20
3
29
129
Total 1 1055
638
79
26
213
61
78
82
4
37
11
67
15
110
7
37
25
20
6
121
209
362
2214
3
3
28
9315
3443
346
2125
1232
403
217
116
971
10
1376
186
31
19
228
101
42
123
9
57
1065
1
130
1571
2311"?
9953
3525
372
2338
1296
481
302
120
1009
21
1443
201
31
19
338
108
79
148
36
72
1186
7
339
1935
25359
90
Rbi'ort op Maryland State Board
TABLE B*— (Continued.)
No. of
Estab-
lish-
ments
Number of Females Employed
Character of
Establishments
Office
Sales-
room
Work-
room
Total
Counties
Men's clothing
47
7
10
1
4
7
5
34
TZ
1978
104
289
12
122
1985
Cigars and tobacco .. .
104
Textile
294
Tin decorating _
Miscellaneous
12
156
Total
69
46
2505
2551
Grand Total „
1124
2260
28
25622
27910
OF Labor and Statistics
91
TABLE C*.
SHOWING NUMBER OF WOMEN EMPLOYED DURING NOR-
MAL SEASON IN MERCANTILE ESTABLISHMENTS
IN BALTIMORE CITY AND THE COUNTIES
OF MARYLAND DURING 1921.
"
No. of
Estab-
lish-
ments
Number of Females Employed
Character of
Establishments
Office
Sales-
room
Work-
room
Total
Baltimore City
Departm.ent stores _
5c and 10c stores
22
11
81
27
14
26
50
37
26
56
10
26
"23
55
5
16
1
404
165
820
16
84
42
5
42
26
3
92
141
2
38
79
123
2
33
2
1633
603
4264
349
454
170
38
126
159
86
17
58
23
31
82
10
10
185
190
385
153
4
44
148
6
36
26
10
373
55
5469
365
Ready-to-wear clothing
Boots and shoes
691
212
Drv eocds
43
Drugs
172
Confectionery _
Millinery * _
Groceries
Furniture
229
237
115
235
Retail bakeries
25
Jewelry and silverware
Stationery
69
187
Auto and auto supplies
Leather sroods
123
12
Food nreparations
53
Transportation
2
Wholesale stores
2191
Other retail stores
848
Total
1055
3786
6252
1240
11278
Counties
Transportation
1
1
1
Total
1
1
1
1
Grand Total
1 10%
1
37P7
\
3252
1240
11279
92
RwroRT OF Maryland States Board
TABLE D*.
SHOWING NUMBER OF WOMEN EMPLOYED IN MECHAN-
ICAL ESTABLISHMENTS BASED ON NORMAL SEA-
SON IN BALTIMORE CITY AND THE COUN-
TIES OF MARYLAND DURING 1921.
•
No. of
Estab-
lish-
ments
Number of Females Employed
Character of
Establishments
Sales-
Office room
Work-
room
Total
Baltimore City
Hairdressing
Electrical contracting
Cleaning and pressing
Dress plaiting
27
19
32
7
20
22
3
43
14
212
39
16
141
40
29
61:3
29
144
43
70
29
Telegraph and telephone...
Miscellaneous
835
68
Total
127
311
16
862
1189
Printing & engraving, etc.
Total -
Bakeries
90
249
469
718
90
249
469
718
10
39
3
247
289
Total
10
39
3
247
289
Laundries
37
69
713
782
• Total
• 37
69
713
782
Grand total for Balto. City
264
668
19
2291
2978
Counties
Telegraph
1
3
7
44
7
Laundries
44
Total
4
51
51
Grand Total
268
668
19
2342
3029
OF Labor and Statistics
93
h
WW
W<iJ
ow
^^
Pu
SW .
W^I^;
raw;2;
<xo
WQW
12: -J
^§
7<
o
w^^
SS
^^
.^
S°
o
s;u9utqst{qB;sg
C~ t> ^ (N C^ i-t 1-H IM (N ,-1 i-H
JO jaqmn>i i^^oj^
T)< 1-1
uauxo^
CO
666 o; 005 "ioj^
uamojvv
0(N
ooio T-i ;
CO
U3
<M i i
66^ o^ 00 T i"0-i^
uauiOjW
T-ir^Tfeo-^eoecMco
t~eo T-H
tH tH
66 o^ 9S «i<"^
uauio^
oOLnt-oo«0(NiocOrH,-icoic
r-l
Tf tH
^S o; 01 luoJJ
U9UI0^_
Tji 05 CO ■^ -^ CO ^ <>> : i-H 00
(M rH
6 0!^ g uxoj^
OOc<IOiTtTti— 00 T3> :,-! :CM Oi
uauzo^
t> ■^
f7 o; 2 UIOJJ
uBuio^vv I Sui
LOOS
oj ^ CO r-i lo :
tH
i-H tH (M
-i^oiduia jaquinx
i-H i 1 i i 1 !
■
0)
\ 1
^
1
IS 1
■ +J
: CO :
i.S :
S
to
-5
m
-O : 6C
«« .^ i 2 :
^
w
CO
S i ^
^0) ;
03
w
p^
: w
"O Jj &c :
o
o
C +j i-o
CO ; c ;
u
i w-t; : di
crt ^ ! •- i 1
«t-l
o
§
be ; «
c 5
-Sg^S :^
CO " i'O :
^1
c
o
cr
-t-i
z.
c
p
a
IT-
o
£
-t
u
>
o
C
0)
43 =
Sw
CO
g
^ o
t/-
i c
CC -t-J
a
y
CO
13
C
03
CO
o
O
pq
o
"■+3
a
CO
o
P3
c
CO
" CA
CO
O
Cigar boxes
Furniture, incl
ments
94
Kp:i'ort of Maryland State Board
'+3
c
o
o
W
S;U8lUl|STjq'B:^B3
00 o l~
1H tH
CO O c; Ci
t~OL-
1-HT}"
^
JO laqmnjs^ it;:}oj^
tH
o
T-l
1-H
uauio^
00
CO
G66 o:> 003 ^<^^d
uamoA\
Tt ; iH
T-H
(M ■:
(N
CO
66^ oc^ OOT TO* ^
H"
uaiuoA\
T-\
COCSJCO
CO
iH UO iH
00
00
O
CO
66 o^ qz ™0'<^
■t
tH
tH
CO ; o3 Oi CO
oo
■rtl LC CO i-H r-l
•^
t>
uaiuOj^
CnI
o
1—1
eg
05
^S o:^ 01 'MOJ^
r-l
1-1
U^UIOJ^
CO C<1 ,-( C 1 CO ^
(N
(M
1— i
6 0^ g mojj
1—1
y-i
iiauio^
COrHO
(MO Iffl
(M
^ C4 s luoj^
00
00
(M <lO -^ CC! t-H lO ^
tH
• tH ;
tH
(M
UBUiOj^ X •^^]
OJ
00
00
-Aojdiug jaqujn^
1
1—1
: »
o
^
M
+j
03
c
c
0)
• 1— 1
S
M
•fH
cc
c8
+3
)
01
•X3t3
C/2
SH
;=)
m >
~ . C
o
^
Kj 1^ s c S
cs t/j cc C ••-' ;:;
U U)
be
<u
c
C t'
3
-4J
M-TS C -C ^ '^ !2
C ^ t!^ '^ a* S
"rt
o
i
>
) —
c3
-(J
o
c3
-4-
C
E-
CO tc a) —
H
TJ
3 r^
5^
: 5-
s c
H - (J
r-l b^
! K
i
3i
1
i
OF Labor and Statistics
95
fa
o
^d
S^
hdo
hJmO
pqKw
OiQW
Wo
w
8^
o
»2
(M'-HOO(M.-icqioo3(MLra»-i(M(Mu:i
uaiuo^
666 o; OOS «iOJj
00
U8LU0^
eei' o^ 001 i"^-t^
uauio^
66 0^ SS "iO'IjI
U9UI0^
ts o; 01 ^oi^
coinc-co ■ (N
(N lO O t-l
iH -^ OCO 00 l(M Uti
uauio^
6 o:^ Q UIOJ^
W : CX5 00 -^ -* «0 Oi ; O 1-H ,-1 00 00 1-1
uaoio^
iooT-it>T-tSioc~ioLoaiOi^O(M
00 tH r-l i-H (M <N iH
ooo50oooT-irHinico'^-^LOi-tc<:
tH iH tH iH i-H 00
CO
•PS
CIS
+->
in
w
o
u
u
O
o
bo
J5
>H O
CS-C
OJ 1/3
c o
ca
m
rt o
a> o
.2 >■
egg
s '--M
••—I
W
CO o
a.
O "5
■S|
C
u ^ ^
:2 <u ^
3
a> cs cfi
c "=
o (« S!
96
Kei'ort of Maryland State Board
^3
0)
+->
a
o
o
s^uauiqsijqB^sg
t-M
T— 1
CO
JO J9qmn>i [b^ox
•^ tH
o
T— (
O
uaiuo^
CO
CO
666 o; 009 ^loj^
uaiuojVV.
(M tH
CO
1— 1
CO
1— 1
66^ o; 001 mox^
uamo^
Cl rH
CO
CO
66 o; ss uicxij[
uauiOjW
(M
CO
00
00
^S o; 01 uioa^
uauioy^
CO(N
CO(N
CO
CO
6 o^ g luojji
iH
1—1
nauiojw
!r>,-io t>
o
o
t O:) S UIOJj[
1-1
CO
eo
ubuiOjW^ X ■§"!
00
OOC
T-l OC
CO
■r-l
tH
CO
-i^o^diug j;8qiun>i
;(N
^
■^
-»j
/
G
O)
s
nC
U2
• r-l
3
w
rt
W
-fj
HH
(/
5
t/
O
o
<D C
)
o
S
4J C fH -i-
=« o o ^-
>
^1
-M
1^ .-H -(-?
< — ' 1
U
C8 t^ w -
1
'-S
Ctf
rt
& '^ „■, n
! ^
ra _; ^
^
otf — *
> K
•^ a o
S o « g
^ C
■ 1 1 -
"w c o a
1
c s
9 03 jz:^
cS c3
:^
-c
1
)
&-
H
C
; 1
OF Labor and Statistics
97
•J
CQ
o
C/2
o o
-pC/2
< K\
" r-I 1-3
mm
(—1
PQ
<J
s;uaiuqsi|q'B:}S3
(M C5 CO 1-H
JO J3qmn>i fB^ox
i-H
(M
!M
uauio^
tH 1
1-
< :
'-'
666 01 OOS uioa^
uaiuoyvv
(N
^ i
«£
) : 1
5£>
66^ o^ OOT ^oa^
uauioAV
ir3 Ti< Tj<
^
1 tH
4 :
1—1 •<:)<
66 o; cz luoi^
uauiOj^
»— 1
1
^S o; 01 ^ojj[
uauioj^
T-H tH
C^
1 UO
6 o; g iuo.ij[
uauioj^
oc
i i
CO
00
t o; 2 luoj^
UBIUO^ X ^ui
I>- -H C<3 ■rH
C5
I i
C5
-Xoidtug j[aqiun|.^
-*j
c
V
S
>-'
: ;
H
• r>H
1— 1
3
O
32 1 \
w
w r i
o
Z i
O
P 1 1
O :
;4
H
U : !
o
1-1
C3
Is
la
13
o
(-1
C c'S «
C'
C'S
'-
t '
O
cc .b -c 'C
H
rt-5
H
-3
l§
§
•
a
S
£
^
c^3
sJ
98
Report, of Maryland State Board
*
QO
OH
o
«-^
^S
O
a
CO
01
a
c
o
sjnoH OT
•SJH 6 u'Bqx 9-iOH
puB 01 UBUX ssaq
p8.^o[dui[g; "o^
s.inoH 6
puB 6 ueqj^ ssa^
paXoidiug •ojvj
sjnoH 8
pa.?oidiu[j 'o^
•SJH 8 u^^X SS9T
s:ju8iui[si[qB:^sg
JO jaqum\r
s
w
?
w
«t-(
o
u
IKS
;h
013
O
C0L0iMiXiOT-iiMO0;r-IC0»Hi-l010000
lOiMt^COCiOOOiMOC^J-^OCOi-ICOO
CiL.ocoo^'OJ-^rcoi-io •^c^ W'H
Oi 00 IM rH i-H i-H
C5
C5
D3
:0
O 00
t~ 1
I i-^
■ '"'
1—1
o :
1 iOO
00
■rHOt~0iOt>00L.'0 00O00'H^t>
t~ooooocDc<i-rHeoLOT-(ooooQ'H
T-H 00 1-H '^ t- CO O iH tH
CO
OGOCOCOC^OOOOCi
co^ooi-Hcooocoojo
00 CO
CO
o
0-1
coo^i-Q,-HOOT-iLn
lOCi'^OOCOOi-t'^OCO
00 t- T-l r-t r-t rH
CO
CO
00 IC
CO th
CO
cii-Hoo^ooTHO-^t-T-icsas
C5Tj<TH?:50cot~ tht-io
CO "* T-t
o -^
T-HCOOOi-TfLlHSOt-COCOGOT-ICOCOO
t-t-'-HCOMi-I^CO CO 1-1
so
<
bD
a
? o
o
m Si
c3
_IU
c
OI
;h ^^ 01 c«
a; O
a
Vh
cc.Oi
2 " w
ft c3
o w
> a.
^ s
§ ^ 1^ O O Q fe lU w S H
03 M t/:
0) fi O)
2 ^-S
M o S
+^ rS o
O -tj o
O f-H ^
73
c
^ 03
O .HH
OF Labor and Statistics
99
JO aaqum^j ib^^oj,
0)
sjnoH 01
•SJH 6 UBl{X Bxoisi
puB OT uBiTx ssaq
c
g
o
o
s.inoH 6
s
c
o
o
PQ
puB 6 u^'-IX ^"5^1
paAoidui3 •o>i
s.inoH 8
pa.^oidiu2[ 'ONj
•s.iH 8 «^MX SS8T
pa.?oidui3 "OX
s^juaiuqsiiqB^sg
JO aaqiunx
-4-3
g
S
w
CO
W
o
u
c~ -^ CO c~ 00 CO CO
i-H iH CO Oi
05
CO
00
1-1
00
■>*,H
;oo
to
• T-H
(N
:C0
00(M T-HIM
t>rt<
1—1 ZO
(N
CO
(M
O
oo
CO lO
t- CO CO t- CO
1-1 '*' uO CO
CO
lOOO
CO
COC-i-ICOlO^OlCO
73 -^ CO 1-1 lO to O
00
o
oc
'-fOOOC-OCOC'-CS
—I th T-i CO c^ yj
L-3
o
LO Tt T}< CO CD
ooo Oi 1-H lo
Ci 1— I CO iH
LO
LO
CO
CO
as CO CO
CO xco
TJ< 1-1
t-
CO
CO
1-1 tH 00
1-1 coco
CO
CO
CO
00
CO
CO
a>
CO
CO
CO
o
CO
oco
CO iH
CO oc
LO
00
CO
■^
o
CO
lO
LO
00
o
CO
o
o
C3
CO
CO
CO
C^J
LO
CO
o
t>Cr-0 r-l ^
•<a< 1-t
CO
CO
5
+-> , •
m he
S C
R ^ B3
o
^
ri>
rH
^
0)
(-'
■
>
^
K
'w
M
c
(3
U)
c
<1>
^^
ca
c
3
rt
>-.
-i->
»-^
• t— 1
CO
(D
rt
S
4)
•-3
faO
Pi
o
EG
c
u
a
^ -tJ O M
S « « o g
. S* E c "
Si Oh - r t/3
- o s P--.
o
h=4
1 >■- ir^
m
w
o
U fccq
c
o
u
-D
C ^
CJ
c
6
100
Repokt of Maryland State Board
1^
01
p>0
<5 1— I
oo
cdHO
wo
§g
h4
PQ
H
JO aaquiriM [-b^ox
sjnoH OX
•SJH 01 «^RX ssaq
pu'B 6 u^MwL 9'toH
paAo|dui3 -oj^
sinoH 6
•siH 6 «^m ss9q
puB 8 uBqx 9-ioi\[
sjnoH 8
pa^oidiug "ojsj
•SJH 8 u^MX ssaq
p3^oidui[j 'OX
s^uauiqs'iiqB:^s3
JO aaqiunjvj;
S
as
H
O
<u
-t->
u
c«
a
coln'^^oo'u^l-tl^^oal^cO'•^^^Oloooo
in o] t~ CO Oi oj o o] o <M -rt o CO ^ CO o
OilOcoco(^J-^'cor^o -tiM co'-'
Oi CO (M T-l r-t i-H
Oi O O !?■]
C<] t~O0(M
00 th
U0«£>
CO
CO
■^ C3
(M
I Oi
eg '
T*
05-*OlJ:t)THl-lCOOC5l-t"*^^'-lC50000
OiOoo^oioot-oocgcioeoT-iooo
O CO (M CO T-l ^ eg ,-1 O CO (M -»J T-H
00 CO 03 r-l l-H 1-1
i-ico^ai-*LO'iDot>c<icoooi-t(Neoo
C~ t~ 1-1 <M eg rH iH (M eg tH
Tjl I— I
H
o
m
<
Q
bfi
=« § ^ f2
•• 2 ni "
O
"3
OS
03
p.
3 S
5 '^
M
■73
in
o P<
fe 9
1-
0) O
1=1, g) c 3 o -ji 2
w C
^ «. '^
Qi (1)
rt ^ "=•
t3
M
a> a>
13
o
m
s
o
CO
r/>
01
0)
X
o
CO
$H
^
(fl
o
fci
CJO
OF Labor and Statistics
101
SujUJOyVi
c- Tt CO t-oo CO CO
tH I— ( CO Oi
00
LO
-^ CO th
CO
eg
LO -^ 't OJ ^
Oi .-KM ^
L.-D
(M
00
lf3
(M
05
00
00
(M
sjnoH 01
C
o
pq
-a
o
S
H
c
^4
in
•SJH OT UBqx SS8T
3'
sjnoH 6
paAoiduig -o^
•SJH 6 u^m SS31
puB 8 UBqjL aiop\[
in
eo
(N
(M
IC
eg
(M
05
sjnoH 8
CO
eo
<M
5D
00
00
■SJH 8 u^MX ssaT
s:^uatuL[siiqB;s3
JO Jaqtun^j
co-<i<eooOi-iOit^i-i
t> ^ Oq rf LO CO o
T-i o CO 00
CO
(M
(M
eg
t-Ti< rt< eg eg
eg oo rH eg
00 th eg T-i
LO
CO
eg
eg
00
o
LO
eg
TTOOOt-OOiCOOS
1-4 th T-i eg eg eg
LO
LO
o
T3t tH
C5
CO
eg
(1)
S
OT
OS
OT
H
o
(U
+J
o
ai
c3 ^^
■^ ^ rt
ra o ►>
2 » >
m <U '^
S ot:;3
OT OT
t* C
^ C
o
OT
c
u
!2 rt-^
OT-O — ■
m
F « 55 „
O* ^ r-" O
o
»- P-
cS
OT
3 o 2 ==a
w
I— I
O ^^
o
o
w
bo
c ^
CO a)
' OTiJ a>=:
OT !h .~ T3 <S
S be X C OT
o
c4
c4
102
Report of Maryland State Board
*
♦-3
PQ
<
o
Q
<;
>^
HH
Q
Q
W
1^
o
;z;w
go
Hiiiriri
K
o
o
:z;
Q
MM
o
Ci2
O
o
o
W;z;
Wo
^
pa^oaj^V U9UI0AV
JO aaquin^ li^ox
SuiJiaOjW
com i-HCJ iH
NN ;
:jo^ aaquin^
sjnoH 01
!
eg i
rH i
p9:?o]duia -0^
-o
0)
O
a
•SJH OT «^MX sssi
cs =
!
pU'B 6 u'BMX 9-ioi\[
W
s
o
paAo|duia -oisi
sinoH 6
o ; 1-1
lO
o
1-1 1-1 LO
'.-1
o
paAo^datg; -ojsi
•s.iH 6 u^HX «saq
;ot)uo :t-'^(Nt>oicoot~
-O
puB 8 u^qx 9-ioiM
«5!M (M Tf C^
5
p8Ao|dui3 'ONI
sjnoH 8
c^ c~ 00 o C5 o «:5 1- o lo -^ i— . LC
p9Xo|duia -ojNj
y-i
•S.IH 8-u^^XSS9i
L— «:■ :-j ri rH i-H -^ ao ui o -^ oo
paXoidiug -o^j
CO t-H -O i-H iH
,i„
s:^u^lul{SIIqB:;s3
ooc-uocsco'-io'o— iCitrco
T-l,-iT-INl ,-(COcO<MLO <N(N
JO .laqiunN^
s
>^
i
•
•
1— .
-1^
O
W>^
<U 1
ca •;
CO
32
o
H -M cj s- o
■ > :
<
^ C 0) a;
>>
c
.2 >
a:
<L
> 03 s-
O
Q
c
Q
o
■s
^
01
OF Labor and Statistics
103
0)
3
o
*
papacy uaiuo^
cocix c^
CJ ^ CO
1—1 tH
IH)
i-H
iH
O
t-
JO jaqiunj^ l^;ox
C5
o
o
1— 1
SuiJi-io^W
(M --I
eg
eg
,-
eg
e']
:^o^ jaqiuni^
sjnoH OX
.-1
1-1
.
i-H
9
p8.v0|am3 -ox
o
•s.tH 01 u^MX ^s^l
: i i ieo i
eg
eg
S
puB 3 u^qx a-ioi\[
:oo ;
CI
Cl
a
paXo^diug "oni
c
a;
c
c
sjnoH 6
. o
t~co
?5
p9A0idiu3 -ox
1— t
1—1
O
&4
•siH 6 "^Hl ssaq
•^ i Lo : L- o
C5
C5
J2
I—
5
2
puB s UBqx ^'ioi\r
paAOfdiug; -ox
C3
s.inoH 8
CO 1-i
CiOi
C3
Ci
CD
pa.'Co[dui3 -0^
• ^
T— 1
1*
I— 1
•SJH 8 u^qx ssaq
Ci --1 1-1 'iC t-
1— t
1-H
1— (
1— I
paXoiaiug; •o^^[
OC 42
00
s:^u^luqs^qB;s3
in LI o i-H -^ c^
U3 1-1 c; t=
c:
T-
1—1
c^
JO aaqiunx
■^ y-
c^
C5
T_
c
QJ
S
X
: W
en
i-o
1
-•J
1 o
: o
i be
en
"E >^
HJ
? o
1 "
a
<U C
)
^5
S
3-3 J- .X -M
>
3
" J
1 i
-(J
as
OS
'S c «« -a ^- ~
C M j; 3 =3 ?
! „
5 f
•4-
! t
C
t :
3
5 1^
o
a
' C
. E-
< a
: c
t' -1 o rt i=.j:
J
i c3
<
: c
:5
:^
5 ;.
■1
C
5 1
104
Report of Maryland State Board
a;
c
o
o
*
W
►J
«3
W, Q
HOPh
PhPhO
o
o
sanoH OT
s.inoH 6
■s-iH 6 ««m ss^i
puH 8 ueqx i*-ioH
paAoidiug -o^
sjtioH 8
paj?oiaiu3 -oj^
•SJH 8 u^qx SS81
s:)uaim[si|qB:^S3
JO jaqiun^
09
• p-l
w
O
u
ce
c3
■^ CO «o og i-H »-i c<i '-H (N
CO ; th 1-1
CC>LOt^'r-IC0(MC0-<3<
CS i-H i-H
O 05 tHOJ
LO tH iH
(M
•<* \j-iT-i ; N
00
(NKMOi-^OTfOOOt-Oi
00 IX> (M -N -*
LOOOi'Tf^OSCOOCUOf-ltDCO
t- O] ^ I-* 1— I i-ltD (N t> 1-1
CDOO^^LOt>OOTHC5i-l(NC5
O t^ t>- iH t- O UO l> CO
O -^ tH
LO
OiOt>ioC5co-^t~«:ii-iC5<x;
i-Hi-HC^.N! T-IOOCO(MLO (M
o
H
in
o S
c Ji
M
0)
J^ o
= s
I
<^ PI
0) o fi sh c :r: "
t- -t-> s
3 a; S3
OF Labor and Statistics
105
c
o
W
PQ
<
pa;D9j[jV uauio^
t-eO<M00<M
QOCJ ^00
^ r-(
1— (
>— 1
JO J9quinx ib;ox
1— 1 tH 1—1 00
o
1—1
05
o
SutJ^Jo^W
1— t
o
CO
o
CO
:;o»sr jaquin^vi
sjnoH 01
i-t
c« i
■ :
-a
0)
pa^oiduia '0^
tH
1-H
>j
S
•SJH 01 u^m ssai
(N
(N
(M
H
puB 6 u^RX 3-^oK
o
CO
O
CO
s
S
o
O
pa.-^oidiug "ojvj
sjnoH 6
(M
1-1 CO
1— 1
o
1—1
1— t
pai^oidtug -o^
y-t
1— (
•S.IH 6 uBqx ssaq
: th :o ; ; o
o
o
0)
pus g UBqx ^''•I'^M
1—1
o
o
paXoidiug -o^
LLJ
O
sjnoH 8
Olio 00 t-
(M '^
eoio
1-1
paXoidiug -o^^
'
c-
t-
•SJH 8 u^HX ssaq
t~ C- '^ (N fN '^ O
CO o o' ^o T)<
co
1— (
1—1
oc
CO
pai^oiduig "o^
i-H I— ( <— 1 t-
OS
1—4
s:^u^u^qsIlqB^S3
CO o lo ifl i-t -^ oj
(MO 1-1 O CC
00
1-1
1— t
OS
Oi
JO laquin^
'Sj' tH
Oi
Oi
1 ;
S
: :
4)
; •
£
-S
i CO
W
i'O
C/2 1
3
1 S
W>i :
c3
is ^
S<^ i
w
o
1^ fcl
hQ
' i i
supp
eathe
ions
■ </
a
3
;
4
^« i
Si
1
^
d auto
and \i
eparat
rtation
le stor
2
1 «
c
rtation
al
O
«]
5) c c« jr o ^ -i
i ■!=
o +e H
X
c c3 ^, * a- y,
" G
p. r°
o
K
^
it
2<
if f
3!i
y
)
3^
■ r
-4-
6
106
KEroRT OF Maryland State Board
WO
•
^ODS
w
w
WOME
ENTS
MARY
DURIN
m<;H
^^!^
^S5
fe^^
WH^
W^>H
W^H
S-S
•
2<:
KH
S5w
^s
o
p8:;D9jgv uaiuojw
CO
o
JO aaquinj^ it?;ox
CO
Suts^ao^
tH
lO : t>
CO
1—1
;o^ aaqiunj^
^jnoH 01
pai^oiauig 'oj^
-c
"a.
•SJH 01 «^m SS91
•CO 1
»H
Tf
a
puB 6 u^MX 9-^oK
: : : : • tH : : \
1—1
g
pai^ojdiug 'o^
sjnoH 6
■ COt-I-* i -^cq
1-1
cc
^
paz'^o^Qiug -0]^
o
;h
•SJH 6 u^MX ss^^
(M iO : t-(N Tt<(M i(N ■
00
-O
puB 8 ueqx ^OH
(M
•^
paAo^auig -ojsj
sanoH 8
paj^oidiug -o^j
iH
CO eg
T-I(M
in
1-1
1—1
•SJH 8 u^HX ssaq
1-1 1 C~ (N ?C CO ^ CO •>#
lO
00
paAoidiug 'o^
s:^u9uiqsiiqB:^S3
COi-H-^IMeO^OlOT-lrHfO
T-t tH
LO
JO aaqiun^i
i2
*
1
i
1
1
t
1
j
g
S
>H
-S
EH
■ fH
t— 1
-2
O
Q) fee
J
w>-
o.S
w
o
a.
i C
O
s
i
:
i
H
3 " ^§
i ^^-^
0)
H-1
^ § « to
OS
m
M OJ >*! art
-O C 0) rt 0) -f
o o sh^ Sh a
15
c
aS:a3o3>. C^-mOj:
ci.:i;<Do^HtHo3ajo-i-
t:
feO:
p:
P
Q
OfeC:
fe
C
OF Labor and Statistics
107
0)
C
G
O
*
pa;D8j[;V uatuo^
CO
o
JO jaqainjs[ [B^oj,
CO
S\iiJ[Xo^
^0^ laqiun^
sjnoH OX
; ''^ i i 1 i i i ; i
OJ
pa-ioidui3 -0^
-o
0)
>.
o
a
•SJCH 01 "«HX SS91
(N
t>
Oi
(-"
puB 6 u^ui 9-ioi\r
■■■■•■■■ •■ : : :
s
paXoiduig; -o^
sjnoH 6
1
1-1 1-(
OCO Nt-
o
^
paXoiduig -o^
«^
o
•SJH 6 UBMX ssaq
(M : t> .-• c~ (M ri (M • »-H
T-H
rj
puB 8 UBqx 8.xoi\r
y-t 1-1
in
3
Z
paAoidiug 'OX
sjnoH 8
.-1 <M
o
p9.?oidiu3 -0^
•SJH 8 u^m ssaq
1-1
Oi-(C5^t-0'*'-iL.1
1— 1 d 1-1 CC T— ( 1—1
CO
paA0[diu3 '0^
•
i-t
s:;u8iuqsi[qB;s3
JO aaqiun^j
5
^ :
:
i
:
a
Oi
:
S
:
•F-t
03
H<; i§^
O
>
I CO "
i C *
hJO! '^ C «^-=
>.
.S; rt c/
1
<^ ^ a; g '-«
■ S '■ <v a::
CO c ^,^ ac!
S J.
S
X
O
■73 o J' rt <« -t
■* o
>
0.>c8op>. C^-M-:
<!>.« <U O 5- '• c 3 o : -
QCi
.p:
JCC
)C
IC
iC
)U
-t";!
c
) 1
108
Report of Maryland State Board
Sg
<^
Pi
^^
I— I
IZi
C5
W
O
o
w
;^
I— I
Q
o
W
hJ
o
o
Q
w
<<
pq
<
o
H
pa;o9jyV uauiojv^
■^ COOO IC 00
■^ -<# t~ <N CO CO
00
L~
t~
CO
C5
JO aaquinjsi I'B:^ox
T-^ 00
T— t
•SJH OT ii^HX SS9T
_
lO
UD
in
puB 6 uBqx 9-Joi\i
: : :■ : :
^
paAoiduig •02s[
0)
sjnoH 6
CO i
50
CJ
C5
■ft
pai?o|duia -o]^
0)
•SJH 6 UBqx ssaq
:eO<X> ; iH
o
;
o
£
o
puB 8 u^MX 9J0M
: 1— 1
(N
(N
paiioiduig -ojsi
o
^
Ci Tit i^TT <^
00 00 rH (M CO C3
'^
cc
CO
t-
a>
sjnojj 8
C~tH C^ ,-1 Tt ^
Oi
Oi
S
paXoidiug •ojsj
1-1
iH
•SJH 8 "^Ml ssa^
CO lO LO i-H C5 OC
cO(Neo iH ooco
1—1
to
^
-^
lit:
CO
paAoidiug -o^j
c~
C5
C5
-
t-05 <N t-O (N
c-
r-
iH
00
s:juauiqsnqB^s3
(M tHCO C^(M
(M
w
JO jaqiun^
^
a
g
>H
s
^ d
• a
1
o -s
: C
GO
»— <
n
[a>-i -be.'
I o
i J3
S>^
rt
IMOR
DAIL
barber
;ractin
dyeing
HhJ
1^
o
"H
.1.^
CQ "S— rjX ^
■
,i
! ^ 'O
«; rt tx-s. CI- S
"rt
c
!< c3 E-i
c«
<i> t^ c ^ rt ^
1= J3 C tc bca
-4^
o
1^
a
a.
a
a
^
i
. a
a
i-
Si
O
OF Labor and Statistics
109
pa^oajgV uaiuo ,w^
JO .iaqiunjs[ iB^ox
-^ '^t- CO CO CO
tH 00
05
00
C5
73
c
s
o
*
>.
o
c
0)
s.moH 6
pa.^oidiua -oi^
•s.iH 6 "^Ml ssaq
pa.'ioidiua -ONj
s.moH 8
u
0)
£
s
2
p9AO{dlua -Ojs^
CO
eo
CO
05
00 : uo <M cs o
CO
•^
N
CO CO to t- CO 00
CO -^ lO t-i 1—1 lO
00
CO
o
CO
CO
o
s:juaun{siiqB:js3
JO asqiuns^
■4J
CO
CO
• o
OS
O
t-05 IM t-O (M
<M ^CO (N eg
00
PQ
.5 ^
-i->-S
c
o
.•7; c
Win C3
M
if- -"^ fciT; Ci< 5
.— CJ cS f" o ^
a
o
"3
o
c
c
O
110
Rrport of Maryland Statr Board
>^
QO
Sow
12; W
g^
O
m
p9^08Jt^V U3tU0A\.
JO aaquin^i i^^ox
)
"*
■^
CO
00
-73
0)
(-•
c
W
c
S
r-t
0)
s
2;
U9UIO^ JO -OlvJ
t-(
1—1
T-l
sjuoH 01
paXoidLug -oisf
•SJH OT «^qX SS8T
puB 6 u^MX a-xoH
pax\o[diug -OiSi
CO(M
10
in
sanoH 6
pa>:?o|diu3 'oivT
(NCO
1-1
1—1
I— 1
1—1
•s.iH 6 «^m ssaq
puB 8 uBiix a^oH
paAojcluig 'ovt
"*
^
^
C-
t>
rH
sjnoH 8
pai^ofdrng -ojvj
rH
1—1
rH
rH
pa^'^oidiug 'o^
1-1 05
1
(N
s^^uauiqsiiq-B^sg
JO jaquinjsi;
CO -^
CO
CO
CO
s
w
■8
A
BALTIMORE CITY
DAILY
Laundries :
Offirp
£
c
c
;h
1.
-iH
Eh
- COUNTIES
DAILY
Laundries:
Workroom
•
Eh
U
OF Labor and Statistics
111
T3
c
c
o
Eh
JO aaquinjsi l^^o j,
Oct
-<*
oc
O
S
c
£
o
O
s
uaui'o^ JO '0^
OS
35
s.inoH 01
paAoiduig 'o^
iH
1-H
1-1
•SJH OT u^HX ssaT[
puB 6 UBqx 9-ioM
paAO|dui3 '0^
CO rH
iH
sjnoH 6
pa.?oidiua •02<j
DOiH
■5t
tH
•s.iH 6 u^HX SS81
puB 8 UBqx 9-ioK
paAoidmg 'o^
lO
lO
l-O
sjnoH 8
paAo{diu[3 -0^
«5
o
o
o
iH
CO
T-l
•S.IH 8 u^qx ssaT
paAojdiug 'o^t
CO
CO
CO
CO
s:ju8mi[siiq'B^S3
JO jaquin^j
CO -^
N 1-1
co
CO
CO
O
s
■M
H
o
4->
BALTIMORE CITY
SATURDAYS
Laundries:
Office
£
o
g
-^
o
o
Eh
COUNTIES
SATURDAYS
Laundries:
Workroom
c
o
Eh
C
in
112
Keport of Maryland State Board
<
H
o
o
r/3
12;
H
»— 1
I-H
_
H
<
Q
Pi
o
ID W
H ffi
<: H
w
Q
rH
. ^^
O «J
1— 1
Q
!>h:2;
^
H
1— 1
<
O
o
>^ H
O!
hJ Ph <;
o
*
H
hJ
^ Q
J «:
ABLE
PLOYE
1— 1
o
H §
M
/^
W
o
^ a Q
W
s
w
S X
C/2
o w
•<
^
l-H
M
m
&H <;
Q
<
O H
K
H
m
S
M 1— 1
1— 1 leH
. ,P W
(<=i
:z; <:
pq
i-H
P
<i
w
Ah
C/2
o
:2;
HH
o
;z; tf
1— 1
Ph
^
o
w
w
JO jaqiun^ [B^oj,
C»05
i-H GO
o
o
00C3i
.-HOO
o
o
»-H
<u
>>
_o
"a
S
W
ID
s
O
o
<D
c
SuiJiJOyW^ :^o^
U91UOAV JO -o^i
/
I-H
I-H
sjnoH OX
paAoidiug -of^
1— 1
tH
•SJH 01 ui^m ssaq
paXofduig 'o^
lO i
m
sinoH 6
pa.^otdiug -o^
lOC-
T-l
i
•s.iH 6 u^HX ssaq
puB 8 umix 9-ioM
paAoiduig -o^
00
CM
CO \
00
CO
sanoH 8
pa.^ojdiug -oj^l
CO ^
T— j
CO
T-t
o
paXoidiug -o^
t~ I-H
00
CO
00 t-
I-H Lrt
JO aaqiun^
oo
o
o
1— 1
oo
o
o
T— 1
-4J
s
o
-(J-
BALTIMORE CITY
DAILY
Printing-
'.I
Z
a
o
BALTIMORE CITY
SATURDAYS
Printino-
<D
'a
o
\-
01' Labor and Statistics
113
TABLE O*.
SHOWING LENGTH OF LUNCH PERIOD IN THE 1055 MANU-
FACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS INSPECTED IN
BALTIMORE CITY AND THE COUNTIES
OF MARYLAND, BASED ON NOR-
MAL SEASON IN 1921.
Length of Lunch Period
Number of Establishments
Office
Salesroom
Workroom
BALTIMORE CITY
One-half hour
50
327
17
2
11
2
395
One hour
538
More than 1 hour
5
No lunch hour .. ..
jTotal number reporting...
No force
396
659
13
1042
938
117
Total -
1055
1055 1055
COUNTIES
One-half hour
One hour
1
7
29
38
*
Total number reporting...
8
67
No force . ..
61
69
2
Total
69
69
69
Grand Total
1124
1124
1124
114
Report of Maryland State Board
TABLE P*.
SHOWING LENGHT OF LUNCH PERIOD IN THE 1055 MER-
CANTILE ESTABLISHMENTS INSPECTED IN BAL-
TIMORE CITY AND THE COUNTIES OF
MARYLAND, BASED ON THE NOR-
MAL SEEASON IN 1921.
Number of Establishments
Length of Lunch Period
Office
Salesroom
Workroom
BALTIMORE CITY
One-half hour -
One hour
16
693
57
3
31
308
97
29
38
92
More than 1 hour
If
No lunch hour
Total number reporting...
No force - -
769
28.6
465
590
143
912
Total -
1055
1055
1055
COUNTIES
One hour _
No force
1
•
i
1
Total -
Grand Total
1
1056
1
1056
1
1056
OF Labor and Statistics
115
<
I— I
I— ir-)
S§
Offi .
p— ) 1—1
I—) I— I
w
o
UlOOiJlJO^
05 CO(N
CC
(M r-
CO
oc
uiooisaiBg
CO
CO
00
CO
o
93iyo
CO ^ lO
O5 00
co
00
CO
o
luooji^JOj^Y
lOCO
1— I
Oii-I
o
o
1— 1
luooasaiBg
c<>
(MOO
o
T— 1
o
1—1
93^0
00
00 cq
o
1— t
o
1—1
uioojJtJOyVY
OOOJ rH
CO 1-H
to CO
o
crs
i
■
o
lUOOIS8['Bg
o
as
o
;
o
a>
93liJ0
00 t~C5 !
lOCO
o
o
OS
"3
C
<D
uiooiJiJOAV
O t> CO
00-^
T— 1
1— (
T— 1
00
1-1
UIOOJ381BS
t-
eg
(M
1— 1
1—1
00
1— (
33l«0
•^00
1—1
1-H
i-H
00
(M
1—1
u
O
t
Eh
1— t
W
O i:
§ E
a
e
C
c
a
C
a
c
c
■fc-
a
s
c
'i
1
fc,
t
c
t
a
-*-
c
3
u
<ii
u
o
c
H
1— 1
H
?^
o =
«(-
i
C
1
a
c
C
t
c
c
}-
f~
a
X
S
3
"s
o
Eh
3 ;
■
;
1
o
o
-1-1
-f-i
o
Eh
s
116
Rei'ort of Maryland State Board
TABLE R*.
SHOWING EARLIEST HOUR WOMEN BEGIN WORK DAILY
AND ON SATURDAYS IN THE 1055 MANUFACTUR-
ING ESTABLISHMENTS INSPECTED IN BAL-
TIMORE CITY AND THE COUNTIES
OF MARYLAND IN 1921.
Hours for Beginning
Work
Number of
Establishments
Daily
Saturdays
Before 7 A.
BALTIMORE CITY
M
1
147
801
101
5
1
7 to 7.59 A
M
137
8 to 8.59 A.
M
710
9 to 9.59 A.
M.
88
10 A. M. and after
6
Establishments closed
113
Total .
1055
1055
Before 7 A.
COUNTIES
M
10
52
7
9
7 to 7.59 A.
M
47
8 to 8.59 A.
M. .._
7
Establishments closed
6
Total
69
69
rotal
Grand '
1124
1124
OF Labor and Statistics
117
TABLE S*.
SHOWING EARLIEST HOUR WOMEN BEGIN WORK DAILY
AND ON SATURDAYS IN THE 1055 MERCANTILE
ESTABLISHMENTS INSPECTED IN BALTI-
MORE CITY AND THE COUNTIES
OF MARYLAND IN 1921.
•
Hours for Beginning
Work
Number of
Establishments
Daily
Saturdays
BALTIMORE CITY
7 to 7.59 A. M
28
399
615
13
29
8 to 8.59 A. M _....- _ _
376
9 to 9.59 A. M _..
10 A. M. and after _. _ _
572
64
Establishments closed
14
Total...
1055
1055
COUNTIES
9 to 9.59 A. M
- -
1
1
Grand Total
1056
1056
118
Rki'ORT of Maryland State Board
TABLE T*.
SHOWING EARLIEST HOUR WOMEN BEGIN TO WORK
DAILY AND ON SATURDAYS IN CERTAIN MECHAN-
ICAL, PRINTING, BAKING AND LAUNDERING ES-
TABLISHMENTS IN BALTIMORE CITY AND THE
COUNTIES OF MARYLAND, BASED ON
NORMAL SEASON IN 1921.
Number of Establishments
Daily
Saturdays
Hours of Beginning- Work
o
'S
u
be
m
(V
a
m
C
a
15
c
c
BALTIMORE CITY
Before 7AM
3
60
64
15
52
23
1
1
7
1
1
11
24
1
3
59
65
15
51
23
1
1
1
8
1
7 to 7.59 A. M
8
8 to 8 59 A M
6
9 to 9 59 A. M
2
10 A M and after
16
Establishments closed
4
Total
127
90
10
37
127
90
10
37
COUNTIES
7 to 7.59 A. M. . ...
1
2
1
1
'
2
8 to 8.59 A M
1
Total
1
3
1
3
Grand Total
128
90
10
40
128
90
10
40
OF Labor and Statistics
119
TABLE U*.
SHOWING LATEST HOUR WOMEN STOP WORK DAILY AND
ON SATURDAYS IN THE MANUFACTURING ESTAB-
LISHMENTS INSPEECTED IN BALTIMORE
CITY AND THE COUNTIES OF MARY-
LAND, BASED ON NORMAL
SEASON IN 1921.
Hours for Stopping Work
Number of
Establishments
Daily I Saturdays
BALTIMORE CITY
Before 12 M
Between 12 and 12.59 P. M
Between 1 and 3.59 P. M
Between 4 and 4.59 P. M
Between 5 and 5.59 P. M
Between 6 and 6.59 P. M
Between 7 and 8.59 P. M
Between 9 and 9.59 P. M
10 P. M. and after
Establishments closed
15
1
605
1
252
46
17
966
43
32
8
2
1
1
2
1
113
Total..
1055
COUNTIES
Before 12 M
Between 12 and 12.59 P. M..
Between 1 and 3.59 P. M
Between 4 and 4.59 P. M
Between 5 and 5.59 P. M
Between 6 and 6.59 P. M
jiistablishments closed
Total.
Grand Total
6
55
1
1
59
1
9
6
69
69
1124
1124
120
Rri'ort op Maryland Statk Board
TABLE V*.
SHOWING LATEST HOUR WOMEN STOP WORK DAILY AND
ON SATURDAYS IN THE MERCANTILE ESTABLISH-
MENTS INSPECTED IN BALTIMORE CITY
AND THE COUNTIES OF MARYLAND
BASED ON NORMAL SEASON
IN 1921.
Hours for Stopping Work
Number of
Establishments
Daily
Saturdays
BALTIMORE CITY
Before 12 M
4
21
810
173
7
6
34
1
Betwen 12 and 12.59 P. M
78
Between 1 and 3.59 P. M
465
Between 4 and 4.59 P. M. ..
15
Between 5 and 5.59 P. M.
216
Between 6 and 6.59 P. M _
Between 7 and 8.59 P. M
103
21
Between 9 and 9.59 P. M
47
10 P. M. and after
95
Establishments closed
14
Total
1055
1055
COUNTIES
Between 4 and 4.59 P. M.
i
1
Between 5 and 5.59 P. M.
Total -..'.
1
1
Grand Total _ ^
1056
1056
OP Labor and Statistics
TABLE W*.
121
SHOWING LATEST HOUR WOMEN STOP WORK DAILY AND
ON SATURDAYS IN CERTAIN MECHANICAL, PRINT-
ING, BAKING AND LAUNDERING ESTAB-
LISHMENTS IN BALTIMORE CITY AND
THE COUNTIES OF MARYLAND
BASED ON NORMAL SEA-
SON IN 1921.
Number of Establishments
Daily
Saturdays
Hours for Stopping' Work
13
'2
Ph
A!
in
C
3
03
13
'S
(1)
c
Ph
03
m
u
c
3
BALTIMORE CITY
Before 12 M
Between 12 & 12.59 P. M.
Between 1 and 3.59 P. M.
Between 4 and 5.59 P. M.
Between 5 and 5.59 P. M.
Between 6 and 6.59 P. M.
Between 7 and 8.59 P. M.
Between 9 and 9.59 P. M.
10 P. M and after
10
92
24
1
i
4
85
6
3
1
22
15
■■■24
42
2
38
20
1
6
43
36
1
3
1
"i
5
2
1
1
■ 2
3
■4"
4
16
4
Establishments closed
4
Total
127
90
10
37
127
90
10
37
COUNTIES
Between 12 & 12.59 P. M.
J^etween 1 and 3.S9 P. M.
Between 4 and 4.59 P. M.
Between 5 and 5.59 P. M.
10 P. M
1
i
2
1
1
1
1
Total
1
3
1
3
Grand Total
128
90
10
40
128
90
10
40
122 Report of Maryland State Board
FACTORY INSPECTION LAW
The inspectors of this bureau made 1,666 inspections
under the Factory Inspection Law in Baltimore City in
1921, involving 24,923 persons, compared with 1,426
inspections made in 1920 in which were found 27,002 em-
ployed. This is an increase of 240 in the number of inspec-
tions made in 1921, but a decrease of 2,079 in the number
of persons employed. Of the 1,666 inspections, 1,439 were
regular inspections of workshops; 39 were re-inspections
and 197 were inspections of homeworkers' establishments.
Of the 24,923 persons employed, 9,371 were males and
15,016 females over 16 years, and 64 males and 472
females were under 16.
About 27 per cent of the 24,923 were employed in the
manufacture of men's and boys' cotton clothing; 22 per
cent in the men's and boys' cotton and woolen clothing
industry ; about 19 per cent were engaged in making men's
and boys' woolen clothing and about 11 per cent in the
manufacture of women's and children's cotton clothing.
The other 21 per cent were divided among 12 different
industries.
In Table B it is shown that 457 of the inspections were
made in manufacturing establishments; 312 contractors;
423 custom-tailors and 238 were cleaning and dyeing
establishments.
One license was revoked in 1921, because of unsanitary
conditions in the establishment. This condition was later
remedied and a new license was issued.
Table C shows that 52 establishments were inspected
in the counties of Maryland during 1921 in which were
engaged 1,861 persons. This is an increase of 24 inspec-
tions in 1921 over 1920 and an increase in the number of
people employed.
All of these establishments were engaged in manu-
facturing.
Of the 1861 persons employed 156 were males and 1,701
were females over 16 years of age.
w
<
o
►J
<! .
Xfl
-I
WW
wG
fee-
g?
§Q
ttl -
ffiu
cqpH
og
^^
w
sa9Xo|duig
JO jaquin^i i^oj^
suoi:^o»dsui
JO jaquin^j jb^ox
l^^ox
<X)
91BIU9J
9I^M
suoi:)oadsui
o
IB^ox
«:!
CO
aj'Biuaj^
ai^W
a|Bui8^
03ecoo«DiOMOooocoooeooO'<a'OPO
«C> C~ C- 00 •'9' t- 00 tH ^ OJ N iC -^
lO -^ « IM -H
05
CO
C<I
Oi
c; -^ --< c~
eo
cc
lC 'S" CO OJ tH
^FK
0-7 o
5|S
l^iox
suouDadsuj
-9H
suoipadsuj
a>
Oh
o
<1>
u
■4->
15
CO
3
c
eo t- c; CO (M ^
CO CO (M
CO
lO
i-H C~ Tl<
O
. uO
XClOKJC-Csl^ — O'^T-L.t^OCOCO
xcsc^ltii— ICO ■^ '—1 '—1 ceo
'^ L.- c^] (M 10 eg c<i — c^ '^ -^ rr c; C-. X ^j
LO eg X CO c~ LO c- L.- -^ oj cq L.- CO c- io
i-t c~ w CO OJ CO
CO oa
be
c
o
if
c
e-cr
CO
w _^ j_a _<^
o
u
be
c
^^
>.
o
c
S3
c c
p S ? s
u — ■
c
u c —
C x
O) c
09
u
~ c
c r;
o
a, a:
C
<u
^ y-
1 o
c 5
C 3
^2 C
*^ rt
K »<
bt o
Z %
o
■" v. — c
s c -^ rt —
ox— .--i
? > K- ^
<D ^ X3 ■- *-
2 ^ c/: '^ <
00
■'9'
eg
cgi^ccitOLCOTfocg
io«o rH eg
Tt c- t- -H i:c eg
•^ '-HCO
to
to
to
1-H
t~ ; Tteoeo X
•^ : eo eg
1-1
1-H
to
eg
X
CO
eg
X : CO eg eg c~
C5 ;eo eg
eg
la
C5
to
to
C5
X
to
eg
eg
to
X
eg
o
CO
Ci
u- t;^ L.O -H cv c> -^ — J TT -^ L~ — 1 d Lt eg
otototO'^c^-^'^eg i-it-hco to
^ CO eg
Ci
to
— H
L-e-j— ^cg ;^coto ;rHT-i-- :r-<
1—1 •
CO
xtj<-5?c;c5lol-x— ir?otooc5'<3<cg
C2 0tCL.OT?c~eococg i-(,-ico to
CO ^3 eg
CO
— \
O
H
O
Wo
is
°g
g^
Hw
QtXl
I— I
«o
OQ
1— i;s^
«^|
w, fi
12; ffi
MO
mo
H«
^O
^<
<^
I—I
^<
a
o
w
-rt
1
r/)
C
rt
O-
03
-t-j
o
o
O
o
H
^
VI
sa[:),uno3
c
o
O
VI
■CH
-t->
c
o
o
o
o
-t-J
F^oX
JIJO^V ;no SuiAiQ
w ?^
SO)
o cs o
■^ 8
O
I^^OX
sj;8jn;oBjnuB]/\[
C
0!
Vi p
"Vl -1-^ L^
O Vr'?'
ceo
rt O
<y y
c3
O
sjaj^JOAvauiojj
puB sdoqs>[ao^
SIOJIJO^ 8UI0JJ
sdoqs5tJOA\^ Ib;ox
VI
P<
O
Suijredajj
puB Suiu^aj3
sjojiBX iuo;sn3
sjop'Bj:^uo3
siajn:^OBjnuBj\[
T3
0)
VI
•rH
•J
u
O
<o
u
3.
08
"5
CO
00-1" L- OiLOOi t-OO'-l'^OOOO^eOiM
OiLoo irsL-*^ cocoes '-i<-hco l^
CO CO 1-1 oa
CO
Oi
00 Tf -^
01 lO CO
eooo
OS Lra o
lO t- ■"*
Oi ITS 1:0
000 U3
-rf O Oi
LO CO ■*
00'-t'*Oi;00<3i-^(M
CO C<1 1-1 T-( CO CD
eg
c^T-ieoOiooai-^iM
CO IM r-l i-t 00 CO
Oi Oi 00
o ^
10 10 CD
t-CD
CO
t- Tf CD
1-1 LO CO
Lo CO 1— I
0(M0
CD O LO
^^TfCDCDOOirpCg
10 (M i-H i-t CO t>
CO
Oi
CO
Ci
C-'^fCO 0(M0 l:-,-i,-|-^CDCDOOiiO(M
i-(LOOi CDOiO C0i-O(N tHt-ICO CD
in CO th (N
as
IM (M
CO
CD
00 '^t "* Oi 10 Oi t- 00 t-H ^ O CD O Oi '^i (N
Oi 10 CD in t- ^ COCOON 7-1 >-l CO CD
CO CO IM
OO
IS
o
'T3
"o
o
73
o U) be
-t^ C C r-
+i .3 .13 '^
-5 O tS <U
O O o Si
O ^ « "T?
C t3 S M
nS CS «•g
al 03 w g
4) (1> <U O
-S-2T3
° fe 2
cj > o
ni a> 73
"^S §
a'a S
""I
be c
^ <U 01 (fi
cj o o 0)
bo
.g
bo
s
73
13
C
=^C
c S
5 ^
S- 3
br _=«H
" P- G p,G
03 . o
03
CO
73 ii
bo-«'5 2
'T'5 03^
o 0)
i5 '^ H
3 O 3
OfeOPQ
to
. P.
0)
T3-a
c c
0) o3
S^
-^
^T3 rt
'S -M OS
73
CO
cS
<a
■^^ eS
^ CO
bo (u
o
-occ
c
CO 'o
03 -rt
bc-g
IM
00
o
CO
CD
CO
: : :
00
CO
IM
00
CO
<M
IM t~
00 CO
tH ,-1
CO 1-1 -^ CD
IM <N CO
<M
CO
(M
1-1 -r}" -^ y-\T^<^
^ LO
f^ 1-1
IMCD
rH
(M
.-1
CO
LO CO LO CO CO iH
t- CD CD CO t> oa
.HIM^CDOiOi^lM
i-IIM CD
10
03
O
Eh
OF Labou and Statistics
125
TABLE C.
SHOWING NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS INSPECTED UN-
DER THE FACTORY INSPECTION LAW IN THE
COUNTIES, NATURE OF PLACES INSPECTED
AND NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN
EACH CLASS IN 1921.
Industrial Nature of
Places Listed
to
Number of Employees
Over 16
Under 16
js-^
U !/i <U
a;— +J
0)
a)
-23 S
rt
03
3 r/} p,
s
0)
s
I"
^ o
'rt'H,
Men's and boys' cotton
clothing
Cigars and cigarettes
Total _
43
33
1595
4
9
123
106
52
156
1701
4
1632
229
1861
]^6 Rki-ort of Maryland State Board
STEAM BOILER AND BOARD OF BOILER RULES
INSPECTIONS
The results of the enforcement of the Steam Boiler
Inspection Law, which requires the inspection of all sta-
tionary steam boilers of three horsepower and upward,
located within the City of Baltimore, and the enforcement
of the Board of Boiler Rules, which re<}uires that all
boilers over 15 pounds to the square inch installed within
the State after January 1st, 1921, shall be constructed and
installed in conformity to the Boiler Code of the American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, are shown by Table
No. 1.
As shown by this table there were 258 inspections made
during the fiscal year ending September 30th, 1921, of
which 92 were inspections of old boilers, under the Steam
Boiler Inspection Law, located in the City of Baltimore,
that do not cany insurance ; 74 were new installations in
the City of Baltimore under the Board of Boiler Rules
and 92 were new installations in the counties of the State
under the same law. The table shows the date of inspec-
tion, number of the boiler, number of certificate, location,
condition at time of inspection, pressure allowed, amount
paid for inspection and the name of the owner of plant.
The amount collected for inspections under both laws,
as shown by this table was. $1,539.50, and the amount
received for stamping boilers in stock prior to January
1st, 1921, under the Board of Boiler Rules, was $77.50,
making a total of $1,617.00.
Table No. 2 shows the amounts paid the State by the
Boiler Insurance companies by months, the total of which
is $1,303.00, making the total receipts for the year under
both laws $2,920.00.
Seventeen States and twelve cities have now adopted
the boiler code of the American Society of Mechanical En-
gineers, whose efforts, directed from the national head-
quarters of the society in New York, aim at regulating
conditions which, it is declared, already have cost this
country thousands of lives and millions in money. The
perils hidden in steam boilers, engineers say, are greater
than those inherent in dynamite and other high explosives.
Standards of design and construction as laid down by this
code are reforms which are vitally necessary and points
to the lessening of industrial accidents. The adoption of
OF Labor and Statistics 127
the code by the rest of the States, it is thought, is only a
matter of a short time. The States that have adopted the
code are New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware,
Michigan, California, Missouri, Arkansas, Oregon, Rhode
Island, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Ohio, Indiana, Oklahoma,
and Maryland. The cities include Philadelphia, Detroit,
Erie, Kansas City, St. Louis, St. Joseph, Mo.; Nashville,
Scranton, Pa.; Seattle, and Pittsburgh, Pa.; Chicago, 111.,
and Memphis, Tenn.
There was one violation found under the Boiler Inspec-
tion Law, and upon being prosecuted was dismissed upon
the payment of costs.
128
Keport op Maryland State Board
o
w
<
Eh
W
CO
O
Q
H
>^
<
J
m
O
Q
uJC5
CL4 -
^§
«
O
O ^
l-H
H
W
w
15
W
I— I
o
m
o
&H
o
Ph
w
P5
uoicjoadsuj aoj
P8AV0IIY
uoi:jD8dsuj JO
aiuijL ^H aaiiog
JO uoi:jipuo3
o
• r-4
o
JO aaqmn^sj
.laiiog
JO .laqmn^
U0T:)D9dSUI
jo 8;T?a
o
c« O
Id
bjO be
^ -^j +j
o
o
_ o
o o c
OO p
. O
a, .2
cS o
. • . o
bJO be be •^'
^ 'X3 ^3 ^
_o O CPQ
S 3 So
KKffip:;
0-2
0) C
Q °
'CO
QJ
O
o
c
_o
o C oe be e
u-j [« p; p o
p^ o I— ' I— '
0)
a _ o
(1)
" e C
o
a
p c72 S S <C g U ;= N
CO
OOOOOOOOOOOiTiOOOOOOOO
00000000000t-;00000000
1—1 1—1 1—1 1—1
ooooinoooooLOLOoooooLOioo
5 O
oooooooooooooooooo
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOQJO
ooo'Jc>ooooooooooooo;z;o
COfo
£
o
_rt be "be g
,— C C r-i
p- > > §
o
^2 s s
CO
g, to to
>MCO
O 5-1 '-I
^ o o
^.§.§
Hhcqpq
"^ a; to to
to
CO
<u
u
o
;co
I
I to
CO
■4J O)
O
4.
=3&
:-*^ ^ b i;
fH c ce rt
t~ Ph PM Ph W Q J O O
5S ^g
C0p3
GC
(M
to
th U 1-1
^ClOiHOi-ltMCOTfLraCOiDCO-^lCt-OOO^OiH
iHiH0OO0(M(N0<l(N(N(N00C<IO0O00OlM!MC<ieO
THi-(,-(C<Ii-liHT-li-IIMeOi-liHi-liH(NiHiHi-li-lTH
0-^OOirCCOT34^<X)OSOia5Ci50000000CilM c--t- "*
„N1tHi-I(MOJ(N T-(i-lT-(iH-rH(M(M(MC<J tH
o
1— I •
cococowcoOOOOOOOOOO;z;QQQQ
OF Labor and Statistics
129
o
s
>
uoi^oadsuj aoj
piBj ^unoiuy
U o
o
c
'c3
•r" >^ w O .
"^6
•Sc
o eg Ph^ '-< — „
CO
C C c«
o o C
-<-> +^ 5
X X o
o c^
^ cw.
o
,11
^ !2 P
"l" cS ^
^ o <U Q-C
,<w ce . ^ >.
II
46
o
U
fcX)
c
^
o
<D
^
^
7^
^
H
0)
o
>>
<:
s
c
<D
i/i
-^J
ffi
3
03
O
CQ
i-s
hJ
'-' " s
C G i=l
"o o O
o
be
c
j3 O
fc£>
c
■^^
coooooooooooooooocoo
______ O O LO O O O O O LC u-i O O O O L.O O lO o o o
oo o
oo o
paAvouv
O Lft) O
O (N O
OiOOOOOOOOOOOLOOOlCO ClOO
X^OO-Hi-HOOOOCSOOOOIMOiOC^lOC^KN'O
3
_c
'■*3
c
o
u
o
uoipodsui JO
JO uoi:^ipuo3
OOO COOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOO
ooo ooooooooooooooooocco
OOO oooooooooooooooooooo
o
a
o
JO aaqtun^
CO
a; a; W
> >
X CO
WW
fc&HO
ID
c-^o
02 CM
CO rt
O ,-(
Oi-KN
<D
(V
<
a>
W
® i tSr^ t- r^ =^ /5
c- ^ I> CO fe c^ PQ
•t—
Sh ^ Cj
0) 0)03
c c
b£ faCO
Pi rt o
W
■W o <U
C •« o
.K^' O
CO
CO ;
<1> CO
call
•^ >■■—
S ^ §
o o
CO
O
O
CO
CO
o
-3 "*■' .
Ki TO c^ >M
22 o
^ 5< fe fe U K O |5 i^ S
-- • — ' o
.=? J5 cc o
th cgec
coco CO
■«#ic<Mcc«ct-'^050THLO(NOec-^int-<»;ot>
eoeo eoeo eo •<* •<3' tji th -^ Tf -.^jt rj< r-i -"si"
jajToa
JO joquin^
i-Hcg th
iHTHr-l'rH'rHC<lTHTH-rHT-lT-lTHC005i-li-l03(NTH,-l
uoTpadsui
jo 9;Ba
(MiMIM^q f-iiHi-lC^rH'-l i-l,-i(N<NCO(N
u u u
<u a> 0)
QQQ
' ^ S g § g c g-g-g rt !c rt rt !5 ^ !3 ^ ^ S. ^
130
Report of Maryland State Board
O
*
o • ^ -^ £
c ^cj odddddddo ^^<3
r/^ C ^Kj -T '"^ '-' ^
a.
a)_aj
j3 a5^:S^iooooooooo.i:^.^. ^
[>;jr;rtc3'^c« rtcn-
c
3 a>
OT.S .c3o3c3c3rtrtcirtc3;-CC
K^
•^
•31: d d-"W ^^^^^^?:=i ?= c"S'^ S
ti
c
^'
c c
ocSoiiDr: ooooooocoErtcJ^
rt
0)
/-^
Cw P--I
.Joaccq^KffiKKffiffiKWauSSw
§ffi
Sy;^
lOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
OJ 00 000000000 000000 LOOOOOlO
cdu5idididoLdu^idLduDLdidididuiLdLdt-^Ldididiot>
1-1 t-t M
pa.wonv
9jnss3a<j -sqq
OLOUtiLOiOLOOOOOOOOOOOOOOlOOOOO
OTHC<IC<J<MiMOO05OO0>OOO05OOa5C-00«0000S
7-i iHtHtHtHt-IiH iHt— I i— IiHtH T-(rH
73
(1)
o
o
o
PQ
uoi:;o8dsui JO
JO uoi^tpiioo
000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000
00000000000 'J ooooooooocSoo
o
u
o
1^
MM
3
o
^m3
OO i^
OOplH
c
0)
a'z
fern
.00
> <D
. c
O) o
Ph
00 ^
uixntnmtnininui
'^ ^ '^ "^ '^ '^ '~^ '~^
S3 C C'C C C C C
<< <^ << << <1 <i: <; <
00000000
Oi_iOOO^w'J
00000000
01
-t->
TO O
c
0) •
CO CO
oco
o^
CO o
Ol
•< a
o
o ;~,
Km
00 CO
0(M
IM eg
> bfi
-t-> -iJ
O <wl
ffi
rt'
c22
to o
o^^cg
JO aaquinjs^
000SLn?0t>O(N00^iOilDt^ajC-. OOO-^COCOCOrl'L-OHCi'rH
^ '^S" (M <N Ca LO CO 00 CO 00 CO CO CO CO -^ rtT3< 10 10 LO LO LO t-
aajtog
JO jaquin^
<NTHC0t~G0r-IC0'^lOOC~00C5Oi-(rHt>0i^i-lT-l»HfH00
t^t~-i> 000000000)000000 i-hi-km t-i
uoT^DadsuT
jo 9:jBa
oo(Meoooco-ciOLomLoir5LQij:)i-oi-ooooooo^t-ocot~
iH iH iH rH tH rH tH tH tH T-l i-H rH T-l iH iH iH (N CO t-H <M (M (M
'S 'S 'C '£il '^ '5h 'S 'Sn 'S "C 'Si! 'C 'j^ 'JI< 'S 'Sh '^ 'Sh 'S '*^' -^ S* ^" '**
pHftr &cu&,&,PHP,PHao.p,aaa.ap. a ^ « =3 J3 w2
OF Labor and Statistics
131
c
C3
c
>
3
>
. • o o c o o o o
. ^ t^ Uj Ut Si i-l t-)
o <i> o w 1) <y cj
>. o
c c c c c c c.
ifO/> :; :: 3 3 3 3 :
3 3 3.
V-l
it
£
3
^ o
4)
c c c
coo
t; X a:
c c c
'o'c'o
1-3 1-3 I-,
< < 1:i C'^ =3 ^ if -M •=£ ac b£ o£ •« cc ^ • .5 £ C = C C
- ^ " S'S j-.^J.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.Si^ £i^ c o s s s o
o c
Q o
cr,
if C
.5 o
O (U (U
c c c
c
o
O! ^ ^ ^ ^
uopoadsuj joj
piBj ;unouiy
oooooooooocoooooooccooco
O O O O O O (N o o o o c o c o o o o o o c c c o
t^-L-ioi-oico-HLrsoiOLOioioioiooioioioioiOLraiOLO
pa.wonv
000000000000000 oon:;ocooo
C5i<iCiCiC:^qooocsC5io-<*xx<Mccoo occcoociooo
T— I >— (1— ii— ii— I 1— 1»— ( T— ( pr| T—i 1— I
(U
3
C
c
o
o
uot:^08dsui JO
auiyx ;b .laiiog
JO uopipuoj
c
W ^ ^ w ^ ^ w ^
o o o o
p o o o
o o o
oocppppopo ----
a> o o o o o
oooppooopoooooooo o-r o o o o o
o
O
c
_o
■4->
o
o
JO .laquinjsj
jaiiog
JO jaquiTiNj
ucTpadsuj
jo s^^a
-t-J
.— . :3
c J.
(MB- ;
3
O
«3 S
C3 —
>-. C
ST w
o ^
'+-> __
C -
3 5
c c c c
O (U (U (U
> > >
c c c
O^
ci: c
bo
C jj '^ '"^ ^ ^
>
0) <u 0) o rt v-i
o; 0) (U (U
K- K- r* > CQ V- (11
(-] r^ _ r^ r-" (-■ f^ r^ — ^ ^
i; t> O U 05 ^
9 9 9 9^^"'-'
— n_< i_1 1-3 c; ■^ cc
eg - o o o o
> ?
c c
> >
c c
L'OCOCSO^'=t'-<(MOO'^OtOt>OCOS(NiCQO iONCOTfU'S
ooQCoooooiH'-i^-^»-(i-ii-iT-ii-ieocOco I'^i''*'^"^'^
Htrrr3i>c0T-i-HOC0tr-'*t-X0CCi(Mu':
oeoro eg X c~ t-i to — i th ;c !:i
^(N — I 1-H (M(M
(N
t>00C5^'^He0CCOOC5C;C:C5C505-^Cgr^C~C;^''
ccccccccccccccc ^^-—^^ £f Sf ^ 2f
33333333333333333=33^^35
132
Report of Maryland State Board
O
-, o o o c c
-2 OOCJOU
2. o
d c c c c e c cO ^ ^ 'g ^ '^ u
s 5 5 c c c c c c - - - -p- go
O O O O O O O O ;-^ O ^ ^, ^1 ^, ^j ^ J);
l_, H_, ^ ^ H_, H, Hs 1-5 ^ ^ =^ c^ e^ c3 "^ ._^C
f-t f-l it M rl ^ r-l l~i r^ ^ ^-^ ^^ ^^ ^-^ ^"^ '^ ii ^ W{
-Sfe
O
c
o
O
CJ
■i->
c
>
41
a
W
^
c
O
a>
1
a
c
0)
u
'w
<
c
piB J :;imouiy
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO LOO
OOOtoOOOOOOiOiCiOLOiOOOOOOO c^o
lo ifi Lo uo uo uo iri Lo ic iri t> t^^ t^^ t-^ t> ITS ui o ic LO Lo cs uo
(M 1-t iH T-l 1— I tH
paAvo^v
oinoooootooouoLoioiouooooooo ooo
(M iH O (N IOCS rH C<J 00 OOIM (M (M (M (M O COLO OO O CO 00
.s
'■*3
o
o
o
w
E-"
uoipadsuj JO
JO uoi:;ipuo3
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
000000000000000000090
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
o
-(J
u
o
"O "^3 "C"
§s;
^ ^5 ^ H Sh
■^ ^ c3
^^^^^ Ji^ O r^
> >
c c
> >
^ ^ !3 Z3
J- q C3 ra
E^faOOS
no f-( ;-! ^ tH
o o o o
2 ;-! ;h ;^ ;h
C c3 c^ c^ c3
u a> o) 0) 0)
i;^ ?-i ^ ^ ?-i
^ o o o o
c c c c
oo"
CO
o ^
c« S c
;::: o
c
o
w
LO
aim
c c c c S .r/.2S^> o
.-H .« .n •— •— rvi '-'-J rt "^ e*-i
« rt rt rt :3fvj§
Oot>ffi
JO jaquin^
«0t>00CiOTHC<100OC-(M00-rt<iOOC-0C'*L0Ot:^
TfTtTti^LOlOuOLOLOUOOCSiStOCOOOOCOOOOi
T— ItHtHt-It— li— li— IT-Hi— li— It— It— (,— |i— (t— li— ItHi— li— ItHtH
CO
-4->
*
00 1
CO
ja^og
JO Jtaquin^T
io«si>-ooasOTHC<!TH-^ .— icmcc^uotH'
1-1 tH tH c—
I t- 00 00 o
OD 00 05 05
uoT^oadsuj
jo aj^a
tH(M
CO
iO;CCiCiC5C;C50JC<JCOT)<C<I(NTHCOrt
T-l 1-1 (M (N (M CO
b£ &£ bfi be CUD fcc bfi si be fc£ &£ fcr, bJC t* be 'ao b.' he be"Q,"a,
S3S3333S=iS3S3335;3S3o(D
OF Labor and Statistics
133
c3
Pi
O
o
U
£
o
O
o o
e2 rr "^ •"
^ 2 S S <" ^
a.
3
o
O
O 0^
2 si
>^ HH ^-.
O
o
u
Q
o
O
^ 2
w r (u (u b/j o
£
|£G
M -S (1) >>fe
aj5 ac> c3 ^ D5 is "^ , c-s
«:«^:5 i.O'zs ^*j oi S
a,
P-i c
O
U
.S S
^K
Jh <1> aj
cj as <u
uoicjoadsuj joj
p3AV0nv
V
3
'■♦3
o
O
o
oooooooocooooooooooooooo
oooooooooooooooooooooooo
OOOXOlOOOOOOOOOOOOOlOOiOOOO
ooooooocgcg«:csooooo«ooo«o<Nooioo<©o
uoT:^09dsui JO
JO uoi^ipuoQ
;2; ;z; ;z; ;^ ^ :2; ^ J2^ ;z; ;^ Z ;z: 12; :z: Z ^ ;z; 12; iz; 12; ;z; ^ ;z; 12;
o
-t->
eU
w
o
CO en
MM
K^ -^ C C
*J -u — —
c c .■;:; ~
o o
«3<^
:'3^^
m -fi a a
>-i *<— , —
X - o
S £ = =
o o <= °
fH —
!M
'^^O^
u 1/:
o
a- —
;;< 5 c .
i3 o 3 o
-^ ^ -eTl
^ -*^ <i> g
0) ^ „
>xnm
Si X O r- r ^
o a; -33 -5 O
f^ r; .-tf cc +j
^ M ^ W S
"H COX CO 5
c>j w — o 5
--icq cc oq W
* * * "
W
2J.
.-^^^ be
£^o^w
•i— * * * *
JO asquin^
(Ne0Tj<L0«rC--00O0SrH(MCCir:i'^C~00C3O-^(NMTf00as
i-HTHrHrHrHr-ti-H^MCMOqtNfMiMCg
aanog
JO jaqiun^
■*mC0C-D-0iOr-i(M^Tj<L.0t-O'rHOT-IIMCie0'<3'i0CSO
uoT:>09dsui
jo a^BQ
T-4rH'TiiT^o6t^05cic4o6eO'--ii--iT-Hco(»oicJ05rHC^<NTrui
tHtHt-H,— (OJ <— li-tO<lCOC<3CO i-lTHT-Hr-1,-1
^ ^ 'i j£ r^ 'r^ f^ '-^ f^ '-^ S^ 'f^ '-^ f;^ C U U -^ C i^ ^ '^ '^ -^
134
Report of Maryland State Board
O
C ^Tr,
a
M
So
ft
'm
S o
t:+j o.t;
o
U
o
Q
__ O
o .
a
c3
OS 0.^^
3 cj ^
w W H S W w tr' CO
«w I
CO
rt o
OO
o o
o o o o o
OOOOO
be bti bD bn bC)
S S S S £
'c'c'c'c'c
tc tc tc ys tc
O C> Cj U> C)
v-/ , , , , ,
^ 3 c3 rt cs rt ,„
-, fcjO bt be U U^
^ 3 p ? 3 ? g
^ -• •• • -• ^:'^
C3 O) <U O) 0) CD !_;
O (^ ^ r-" r^ ^ ^
o c c c c e .
o «< << <i <; <i^ CO
o
CO
o
a; ^
a; •—
PL, OW
ox o
COCOHs
oooooooooooooooomo
OOOOO B,v
OOOOO ^o oooooooooooocoocao
^-^ . 1-1
o
12;
paAvonv
OOOOOioOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
to«:>ii:);DiD(MOoo«D«oi:casi-OLOT-ii-i^^THT-!Occoo
-HtHi— I 1— ItHi— li-Hi— li— li— It— I rHi— I
o
O
o
uoT^oadsuj JO
8uiij[ ^e 'T9Uog
JO uoi:^ipuo3
;z; ;2; 12; :z 12; z ^ ;z: ^ ^ :z; 12; :z; iz; 12; 12; ;5 12; ;z; ;z; iz; ^ iz; iz;
0)
g
• iH
Is
u
o
O QJ 3
>
CO
W'
(U'O
OS 03^
CO
t- lo o 00 00 -t; oj
^ ooco
Oi T-I(M
* * *
I oocg O ■
* •
OS rt
OOh
>
o
c
CO
a>
> .
< %
W o
■•^ o
>
SO I::
Vi If} vi m m
+J -U +J -|J -(J
coco , , _ , _
(U <u
c c
?H f-, o^
S C oi 0)
c3
c
UO tH
o CO
* *
cs JS
o
O TS
ooS
555 rt
'OO!
q3 a5 =^ =s
> >
-o-a
o o
C C5 C
Qj 0) <p OJ O;
s s s_.
q; d) <!) ~
OOO^
> >
CO
x; xi '^ c
c c c >
cS rt rt >
( LO
-O o
o o
cS rt rt o)
-O "w -C -tJ
o o o "<
O O O 1^
<i> '-I 5
o '^ c
fa
6^^^^^^^-^
* * -!— * * * * -Si- * *
o
Hco
1—1
r-l CO (M
th 00 o
CO t-co
* *
JO .laqiun^
O'-liH(M00U7i«C>t~0lOTH<MC0'*>O«Dt-000sOC<li-l(MC0
coco-^-^-<*-^Tj<T:j<-^iou:iioioLO>OLCLraimocDco?o«D<£i
JO
j8|ioa
aaquin^
TH<N(McoTj<ioict-ooaiOi-i Njco-<*LracDt-ooajoooooo
0000050i0505C50iCiOiOOOOOOOOOOT-(THr-(iH
rH iH tH tH ,-1 tH tH tH 1-1 iH (M C<I IM <M C<> <M (M (M (M (N tH (N (N
uoT^oadsuj
jo a^BQ
ic-uD lOcooooooooooooi-iioooooooooooooooeoeOLracj
iHT-liHi-ii-li-lrHiH(N01C^(M<N(N(NI<MC^(M(M>a t-i
S^ >4 i^ f^ tj' 5h' Jh* ?-I >^ >h' U U ^' ?h' >^ Sh ^* jJ ^h ^* >» ^ ^ ^
ft& ftftftftftftftftftftp^aftftftftft ft c^ j5 l2 lis
OF Labor and Statistics
135
o c c
03 to K K y. •—
(5 C C C C g
o o o o o 5
O o o
66^ ^^
mmmuiui ^ g
«3»3«3«3«3o- O Jy;0
Ah
o
>, >.e >H JhO
W Ih^h^Sh^hO _.. .SC
s utilit
s Utilit
oh Laui
utins
inick
mburge
mburge
Hicks
o
S
• 1— 1
w
r/)
Samuel L. Sellei
W. K. Richard
Isaac Hamburge
Isaac Hamburge
Isaac Hamburge
Isaac Hamburge
Isaac Hamburge
Loftland Brick
John Danuels
Garman Lumber
Wm. H. Valliant
H. Wolbarsht
Irvin M. Brown
Mayor and Tow
O
napoli
napoli
n Qu
rry L
ac W
ac Ha
ac Ha
yer &
>
•J
c c js ca a <a a <v
<<6x>^>^>^^
pq
V
uoi:^Dadsui Joj
piBj ^junoiuy
oooooooooooooooooooooooo
OOOOOOOOOOiOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
p9A\.oiiy
ajnss9Jjj 'sq^
-a
3
s
o
O
o
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOlOOOlO
ooo«oo«ocooooOLraa>5r>?ooeD?DO«oeoi-i«£!0(M
uopoadsui JO
amij, ^B Jaiiog
JO uoi:^Tpuo3
o
9:^B0iji:;.i8Q
JO aaquin^
jaijoa
JO Jtaquin^
uoi:joadsui
JO a^BQ
^^;z;^:z:;z;:?;z;;z;;z;2;z;;^;2;:2;:2;:2:jz;;z;;z:;2::z;^;z;
O T-( H-J W 1-1 fe
H — 1— * -t—
rtinnot-oojsofMeOTjiLot-t-oooorHecwTfooot-o
i-ic<iec-<*LO<oc^o:0'-ic<i,HeoT}<eor}<i-OTHOooiO(M'i-HT}<
1-1 T-H T-< tH ^ — I i-H 1— (M (M Kl (N (M <M Cvq C<l 00 (N (M CO 00 CC 00
(M IM (M (M (MN (M C<1 (N (M C^ (N (N <M (N 0<1 (M CQ (M (M OJ IM
C0C0t-t>C--e0e0I>0000OiH(M(M<M(M<M<M00OC0t-C~O
T-(iH rH tH r-((>] (N C<I,:<1 tN 00 iH
^f^(»=il^<=i(eH^<:;^i^<;H5l-S-s!-~l-jl-5l-jl-5»-5l-sl-jl-5l-S
136
REroRT OF Maryland State Board
O
uoipadsuj .10^
piBfj ;unouiy
u
(3
3
o
c
C S-i ^
"C r3 CS t«
SpqP3 rt
s S
03 C
O
w
u 0)
1=1 ;:=
O 3
m
-^
o
1— '
O
N
^
P
>.
•4->
i~i
0)
i-^fo
;:;,=«=;
K<i3
C
o
O
o
4) Ph pq
C-; o 3 o
o, TO •r'
•^" •
o
U
o
.S i*c~
!h C C 3 in
03EH .^foM
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOLOOOOO
000000000000 00 OOOOOC^JOOOO
paMonv
ICiOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
(MOOOOOSLOLIOLOOLOOOOIOOSCDOOUSOIOO
13
•43
o
u
o
Eh
uoi^oadsuj JO
JO uoT:}ipuo3
:z;;^;z;^;z;;z;^:z;2;^:^;2;z^^:z;;2;:z;2;^^;zi;z;;z;;zi
o
u
o
c
0)
0)
w
k5 0)
o;z;
^
1^
,
c
0)
%-l
^
^H
^
U
Q
CD
<U
(U
(U
— «
0)
S
-i->
-1-J
-M
+->
+->
r/j
r/i
c/J
7J
u
1/3
*v
C
C
C
(=
C
y
c3
UJ
!=
P
£ £
■^^
£
-u
-M
-u
-iJ
+j
CiJ
C/i
f/,
m
C/J
r/3
^H
<D
0)
<u
<UD-
0)
2;
tH
1—1
^^^^
(M
^
1=1
■»^ . c
bjC-c <A
W^£
3 O C> ^ -
^X3 ft i» 5
9;BDyi;aa3
JO jaqiun^
■rHIM00Tj<lO^DC~00a>NMLra00«DC-05OO,-l(MC0'»J'LCi'lD
Ci05C505C50SOSO>C50000000»-l(NC<IC<lC<lC<IC<l(M
l-li-liHiHiHTHrHl-liHi-lT-tr-lT-I^T-l
a8|iog
JO aaqui'n^i
uot^oadsuj
JO a^BQ
oc>o-5jiLnL6utiiO(»c<ico->*'^-^-^T}io6©ooc<Jcd.r-ic^
^ ^ ^ ^ rH ,-1 rH tH iH OJ Oa IM IM (M <M <M (M SC CO C<3 ,-Hi-I
ccccccccccccccccccc G^^^J:^
33333333333333333333 33 3 3
l-3t-Sl-s>-5l-Sl-Sl-sl-sl-5l-sl-st-S>^l-Sl-St-Sl-S'-S'-9l-S'-S*~9'-Sl-S
OF Labor and Statistics
137
O
uoi^oadsui JLoj
o
O
br —
c >» o
§ .
4) <!
Co ^-
S^
P.O.
72 K
, u >^
• m 0) O O O O
ooo
o c cuuuo
O o o
6 SI 3 5 !«5»
'^-J^ c c c c
r* en cK o o o o
^ S o o >H >-
.5 rw j3 js M o! "3
<u £ . . 'c '~ '■*^ -3 'Xi '^
cSa'S)cc3333
b Cloth
sor Har
Culloug
Culloug
W. For
W. Foi
J. Schir
Clark
Apula Cre
Charles K
R. B. Yea
R. B. Yea
County Co
County Co
Piel Const
Piel Const
Piel Const
Piel Const
3 C " " • . . .
ooooooooooooooooooooo
OOlOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
OLOioioioiOLOLniniOLOuoiOLOioiC'-CLriooLO
\
peAvonv
uoi:;39dsui JO
OL.OOOOOOOOOOOOOOL.'^i-tOOOO
oc;ooocoeociOiioooooi;5i-irtCioa50
3
o
o
w
Eh
aanssajj 'sq^
JO uoi^^ipuo^
:2:22:2;Z2;z:2:z;2:2:zz;z:z:2::z;^;2:;z;;z;
c
03
u
o
00
c o o '- '^ '^
^mS3
<U O)
— rr ^^ > >
i o i S ~~
>i >> -
M J- ~ r
O) 0) ^ o
£ £ =u
O O a;
C C CX^
MM
01
o rtcn
o c^
o OC
Otr. r-l
-!— * *
0^
Si >.>>>>>> >i >>
C -4-> -»J -t^ +^ -*^ +-'
p c c c c c c
.= 333333
+j c o o o o o
•^ £_, *, ^ ',
• J ij ^ ^^ ^* ^*
.'^'T 11 0) O <1>
^ W O -fcj 4_| ^J ^_)
$ "r -r t: c/: o: m
"' 2 2 0) <1> 0) 0)
jC r; i^. ?-* St ?-< ?-*
O 9 P O C O O
JO aaqiun^
jaiiog
JO aaquini^
CCOSOCO.-IIMeOrHCgcOOOOOIMCO-^lCi-KNeO'*
(MOa (N(M(M(M W W (M eg <N C<I(M (M
uoipadsuj
jo 9;ua
eoicoocioc-KMOocsc 1-iioOicJcJciccooeoeo
1-1 tH ,-1 ^ eg eg eg <M (M eg W ,-1 rt rH ,-(
'53'3'5'3'33'5'3'3'33333333333
138
Report of Maryland State Board
O
O
uoTq.08dsui joj
o
O
00
o o
o a> -f -f
Shqq CWW
^'^ o
oi . <ii,_;i_;
^ o
H
c
O C
fS o
"S^
mS
So
• o "o
o
O
C
o
7-1
o
O
—
c
o
S
c
•pH
o
h4
fe
$-1
O
HS O W Q i-s i-s M
<1)
5c
c o
O) C
r-l JS
o«|
^11
WEhO
ooooocooooooooooooooo
ooooooooooooooooooooo
1— I
paAvonv
o
o
Q
o
ooooooooooooooooooooo
?£>!£>?0?DtDCOCC>^0?0?0^tOCO^O^Ot£>ii50
uoipadsuj JO
ami j^ 1^^ -i^noa
JO uoi:}ipuoQ
12; :2; ^ 12; iz; ;^ ^ 12; iz; 1^ ^2; ^ ^ 2; ^ ;?; ;2; :z; ^ ;z; ^
o
u
o
2l
1-^
M
w
S^^
g Mo
4S <U ID ^^
-N CO
lc^
o geo
as ►So
^ * *
o .
p M
TO aj
Oi -i-H
&Q
CO
(D
>
O
1^
o ■*
IMIM
* *
c« b3 S
» » *
^£ So
- a> Z
>^^§
-1— * * •+-
JO j;aquin|>^
O3'^u:)coc-ciooo'^c<jeo«ot-oooi0i-ic^c0'^iit>
C~t:^t>C~t~t-t-00t-000000000000O5OiO5OiC5Oi
jaiioa
JO .laquin^
CDC~Tj<CiO(MTHCO'^LOCDOiOiH(MCO'^OtOCDt-
t:~C~t-C-OOOOOOOOOOC»000005050iOiC50050i05
(MC<1C<1(M(N(MiH(N(M(M(M(M(M(M(M<N(NtH(M(NW
U0T;09dSUX
jo a^BQ
tocDcdt-^c-t>t>-odoooooTtuticocot-t-Oi-ii-ic<i
i-HTHi-lrHiHTHi-lTH'-li— l(M(M<M(M<N(MC<ICOCOCO
fcibbbiibJbEi&ibbi&fibibbc&JbbJcfci&ifcib&JbbJbbibfcJb 5ai"g,
OF Labor and Statistics
139
o
o
■4J
c
c
cS
c3 rt
t— 4
1 1^^
O
w § cn 2"^^
1
O
omas E.
H. Calah
A. Gros
ithony Ti
ank Helg
E. Blomi
^^^<^<
ooooooo
uopoadsui joj
O O O O O O lO
prej ;unoiuv
lo LO Lo Lo lo iri t-^
t-
p9A\onv
oooooo
9jnssaj(j 'sqT
O O 00 OO CO
1—1
uot:|.oadsui jo"
auiiJL %TS .18 nog
^ > ^ & ^ ^
<D CD 0) aj OJ 4)
JO uot^ipuo3
;z;z:z;2:z;jz;
>
1
>
CI
c
s
o
-a
o
U
§
o
alto. C
City .
adford
•son Pa
nroe S
oadway
M. E."
hJ
rn ^ J-t o iL
Co ^
^ "coi-ioocj ti'
irf o oa o ,-1 eg -2
O Ph LO lO LO c- C
-I i— * ;!■ * * S
W
^
9:^B0iji:^Ta3
CO oi o ^ oi -^ ^^
JO aaqiun^
Oi Ci o o O O "o
i-H i-l(M (N (M <N pQ
_ guu
jaiiog
O i-l(M PO '^ CO 'E
JO jaqiunjs^
o o o o o o c
CO CO CO 00 coco 2
-v/^
^
O
««
uoT:io9dsui
C<i CO 00 t> CO Tji _,
jo Q^VQ
>
■<J -4-J -t-> 4-5 +J 4J 'oj
a o, p< a a a, w
O; fl; o) a; fli GJ ^
o:
c/:
w
w
c
a;
Pi \
o
o
1—1
1— I
€«-
c3
o
>-
K
<
00
lO
(M
_o
u
o.
_c
o
£
-t->
o
H
M
.2 3
^ .
o — ^
^^ urn
(D (D Jh
"CO w
>. >. ^-1
Go's
0) a> -^
'"* ^ r/i
rt rt o
pomo
•S.S.S
W K 72
g S i=
'.^ ■>-> '+3
o <y u
0) 01 O)
P.a C
cfi en (/;
c c c
00
lO
140
Report of Maryland State Board
6
w
M
<
Eh
o
H
O
I— I
O
M
Q
;z;
o
o
w
o
12;
<
p
CO
:z;
o
w
:^
o
o
I«;ox
a^qu^^:^d^g
^^stiSny
A\n£
aunp
i^Bj^
ludy
qoj'Bj\[
XjBruqaj
TS6T
aaquiaoaQ
aaquiaAo^
\ aaqo^OQ
0261
'S
OS
S
o
(1)
u
u
=i
M
OOOOOOOOO
ooooooooo
t.~ O 00 L-- C5 -^ L-O CO O
O Ci eg O CO »H ^
CO tH 1— I t-(
&0-
OOOO oo
ooo o o o
CO ^o c~^i-5 (>i
CO iH
OS-
o
o
CO
OOOO
OOOO
T-H t> rH rji"
O rH CO
60-
o
o
oo oo oo
oo oo oo
TjH T-H rH CO r-H (N
00 (M tH
€«-
O O OoOO
O O OoOO
t~- "^ '-^ CO ^ eg
ooo o oo
O O O o o o
■^ CO C-^ crj -^ 1-5
o oo o
oqqo
t-^OOOOio
lO CO
o oo oO
q q q o q
ci o o 00 1~
OC' iH
60-
o
q
o oo oo
q q qqq
IC 00 C<i (N eg
Ci T-H 1— I
1-1
oooo
q qqq
'^ eg oc~^
CO eg th
o oo o o o
q q q q q q
CO o o 00 LC eg'
CO eg iH
o
o
CO
o
00
1-1
6Q-
o
o
o
CO
o
o
€«■
o
q
in
o
q
CO
eg
1—1
S/3-
o
q
00
oo
/
o
q
00
o
q
00
eg
1—1
m-
o
q
oi
eg
eg
o
q
o
iH
€«-
O
q
00
o
1—1
o ooo o o
O O OOOO
00 00 ■
Tf iH ■
&0-
I CO eg
o
o
OOO
eg eg CO
^ iH rH
O
o
o
q
o
q
Oi
€«-
o
q
ci
tr-
e/s-
6
(U
CD
o
C ^ "
pS ".ii fH O o
O o c
o
o
^■2 2
2g
o
H
OF Labor and Statistics 141
STATE MINING INSPECTION
The following' summaries are taken from the report of
the Mining Inspector of Maryland for the year ending
May 1st, 1921, which is the forty-fifth annual report of
that department:
COAL PRODUCTION.
The total production of coal for Allegany county during
the year was 2,635,365 tons, being an increase of 475,077
tons over the previous year, and the total production in
Garrett county was 789,069 tons, or an increase of 34,668
tons over 1920. In addition to the coal mined in Allegany
county there was a production of 54,719 tons of fire clay
for the year, being an increase of 4,050 tons over 1920.
The total tonnage of coal and clay mined in the State
was 3,479,153 in 1921, compared with 2,965,358 in 1920,
showing an increase of 513,795 tons, or 17 1/3 per cent.
This does not reach the total tonnage of 1919 (which was
3,716,559) by 237,406 tons.
In Allegany county there was a production of 1,003
tons of coal for each miner employed, and Garrett county
showed a production of 926 for each miner employed dur-
ing the year, while the production of clay was 760 tons
for each miner employed.
Allegany county employed during the year 2,626 miners,
854 drivers, 569 inside laborers and 664 outside laborers,
making a total of 4,213 men, being an increase of 47 men
as compared with 1920.
The number of men employed in Garrett county during
the year was 852 miners, 116 drivers, 191 outside laborers
and 167 inside laborers, making* a total of 1,326 men, or
an increase of 265 over 1920.
In Allegany county there was 439,227 tons of coal pro-
duced for each fatal accident, and in Garrett county there
was 789,069 tons produced for each fatal accident during
the year.
The clay mines in Allegany county employed 72 miners,
14 drivers, 43 outside and 20 inside employees, making a
total of 149 men, which is a decrease of 3 men compared
with 1920.
There were seven fatal accidents during the year, only
one of which was in Garrett county. There were 280 non-
142 Riji'ORT OF Maryland State Board
fatal accidents in Allegany county and 104 in Garrett
county, a detailed report of '\\hich is given.
The report gives the name and location of the different
mines, date of inspection, names of genei'al manager, su-
perintendent and mine foreman, by counties, also the
address of the principal office, name and address of presi-
dent and secretary.
A detail account of the tonnage produced by each mine
is given and the name of the coal seam worked.
A list of improvements is shown by mines, also a de-
scription of the mines and other valuable infomiation.
STRIKES
Our Federal Government after carefully compiling the
figures of wages lost in this country during the year 1920,
to men on strike, estimated the total loss to be the stupen-
dous sum of $4,000,000,000. After eliminating six national
holidays and 52 Sundays, it would mean a loss of $13,000,-
000 for every working day.
The cost of strikes and lockouts during the year 1921,
as estimated by the Federal Department of Labor was
$5,000,000,000 or $1,000,000,000 more than the estimate
for 1920.
The audit made public by Peter Monat, secretary-treas-
urer of the New York Joint Board of the Amalgamated
Clothing Workers of America, shows that the 22 weeks'
strike in the New York market, which ended June 1st, and
a number of individual walk-outs cost the union alone
nearly $2,000,000. This does not include lost wages. The
workers still are burdened, striving by weekly assessments
to pay off a $250,000 strike fund deficit. The expense to
manufacturers who lost their spring season production is
estimated at $20,000,000.
While the workers and employers share the largest pro-
portion of the loss, the cost to the public indirectly is
known to have been very great, but cannot be estimated
within a reasonable degree of accuracy. A propaganda to
convince workers and employers that mediation should be
undertaken in every case before work is stopped or the
workers locked out, now is being carried on in all sections
of the country by the Bureau of Mediation and Concilia-
tion. The bureau is working through its 30 mediators
located in all big industrial centers. Ift several of these
OF Labor and Statistics 143
centers this propaganda has resulted in a steady decrease
in the number of strikes, Government officials say. Offi-
cials of the clothing union contend that the big clothing
strike could have been avoided if the manufacturers had
arbitrated at first, instead of at the end of the long con-
flict, invQlving nearly 60,000 workers in the men's cloth-
ing trade.
According to a study of industrial absenteeism on file
in the Labor iDepartment, illness, injury from accident and
"personal" reasons now cause the average industrial
worker to lose 20 days a year from work. There are
approximately 13,000,000 workers now regularly employed
in industrial pursuits, Secretary Davis estimated. On this
basis, loss of time from illness and personal causes means
the loss to industry annually of 260,000,000 days of work.
On the basis of an average wage of $5.00 per day, the
financial loss to workers from causes other than strikes is
$1,300,000,000 a year. Because of the economic depres-
sion and pai-t-time operation of most mills and factories,
unemployment during 1920 and 1921 has cost workers
nearly $10,000,000,000, according to estimates made for
the National Conference on Unemployment.
Despite economic depression and widespread unemploy-
ment, strikes seemed to have been almost as common
throughout the country in 1921 as in the preceding year,
when factories were operating at full time and the num-
ber of workers w^as less than the number of jobs. This
condition did not apply to Maryland, however, as there
were only about half the number of strikes throughout
the State in 1921 as compared with 1920.
There were eleven strikes in Maryland during the year
1921, compared with 21 in 1920; 22 in 1919, and 37 in
1918.
Of the eleven strikes only two were of any great im-
portance, as to the number involved, duration and money
loss, and they were the Printers' strike, which occurred on
May 1st, involving about 400 persons, and continued until
December 31st without reaching an agreement. The other
was the Marine Workers' strike, which started at the same
time, May 1st, and continued until June 1st. There were
about 600 men involved in this strike and practically tied
up the shipping interests of the port of Baltimore.
The following table gives the name and location of the
employing Company, where the striks occurred, date of
144 Report op Maryland State Board
beginning and ending, duration of strike, number involved,
number of working days lost, estimated loss in wages and
to the firms, whether organized or unorganized, result
and cause given for the strike. The table also shows that
of the 11 strikes, one was successful, 4 partly successful,
4 were unsuccessful and 2 were not settled at the close of
.the year. The total number involved in the 11 strikes
was 2,443, the number of working days lost was 146,276,
the estimated loss in wages was $490,050 and the loss to
the firms was $291,600. The cause given for nine of the
strikes was because of -reduction in wages, one was because
of a demand for a reduction in hours and an increase in
pay being refused, and one was because of a demand for
a renewal of an agreement. Following the table is a
detailed account of each strike in the order in which they
occurred :
OF Labor and Statistics
145
Cause Given
for
Strike
Reduction in pay
of 18c per hour
Reduction of 12 V2
per cent in pay
Reduction in
wages
Demand . of 44-
hour week, in-
stead of 48, and
$10 per week in-
crease in pay.
Reduction in
wages
Reduction in pay
from $1.12 Va to
95c
Result of
Strike
Nf settle-
ment, men
secured
work else-
where.
w.
Ul
(V
_
2 3
3tM
C .
Unsuccess-
ful
Not settled
0)
3 -f-i
u.
C
1
Ul
<U
<U — .
<U 3
3=1-1
X
C
Organized
or Unorgan-
ized
a)
'c
o
(V
s
"c
be
n
"S
bo
o-
Organized
'c
PS
pjO
tsi
'S
bJD
u
T3
03 «l
Wages, $9,000
Firms, $5,000
Wages, $55,000
Firms, $10,000
Wages $50
Firms, $100
Wages, $200,000
Firms, $100,000
Wages, $30,000
Firms, $50,000
Wages, $6,000
Firms, $5,000
Working
Days
Lost
o
o
^^
1— (
1—1
1-1
1—1
o_
1—1
00
1—1
Number
Involved
Ul
£
o
c
00
m
£
CO
u.
11
00
t- 1-1
CO
<v
£
CO
03
Is
£
10
Dui*ation of
Strike,
Working IDays
24 days out
of work
68 days out
of work
210 days
26 days
T-l
Date of Begin-
ning and End-
ing of Strike
Jan. 11 to
Feb. 7
Feb. 24 to
May 14
1—1
1-1
<
1— t
CO
w
>»
OS
May 1 to
June 1
1—)
1— t
Name of Company
and
Location
w
(U
;§-
3*
iH
2. Ironmolders,
Baltimore _
^^
SI
cS a
CQPG
06
£
PQ
5. Marine Workers'
Strike, Baltimore
1
<u
-a
£
3
Si!
«3
146
Report ok Maryland State Board
o
(M
OS
T-l
<;
H
H
O
I— I
Q
Q
H
02
Cause Given
for
Strike
ft
a
ft
_o
w
3
<u
ft
C
u
3
•r;
a>
W
Reduction in
wages
Renewal of pre-
vious year's
agreement
9 because of re-
ductions in pay
1 demand of re-
duction in hours
and increase in
pay
1 demand for re-
newal of agree-
ment.
Result of
Strike
Partly
successful
3
2 "I'
CO w
^ 3
3
^^ ITi
^ 0)
TO CJ
Oh w
3
r— . IB
n. cj
^ 3
"5
«4-l
m
a;
y
o
3
1 successful
4 partly sue
cessful
1 unsuccess-
ful
2 not settled
Organized
3r Unorgan-
ized
c
03
be
o
d)
tSJ
'c
03
b£
. O
0)
N
"c
IS
be
o
'2
03
Oil
o
OI
N
'S
o
11
Organized
Estimated
Loss
Wages, $38,000
Firms, $10,000
Wages, $100,000
Firms, $10,000
Wages, $50,000 •
Firms, $100,000
Wages, $1,000
Firm, $1,000
Wages, $1,000
Firm, $500
Wages, $490,050
Firms, $291,600
Working
Days
Lost
o
00
eg
o
00
tH
CO
OS
00
cg
tH
Number
Involved
S
o
00
a
o
CO
w
a
CO
lO
a
335 males
43 females
00
Dui-ation of
Strike
Working Days
■ CO
03
LO
m
03
' w
w
03
•<*
m
>i
OS
OS
T-H
>.
o
tH
in
Date of Begin-
ning and End-
ing of Strike
June 1 to
July 11
June 1 to
Aug. 30
June 11 to
July 11
o
T-l
ft
Dec. 21, 1921
Jan. 12, 1922
Name of Company
and
Location
7. Pipefitters & Build-
ing Trades, Balti-
more
o
S
15
PQ
c
Ph
00
o
II
a) —
t^ oj
pam
OS
10. Plumbers at Sugar
Refinery, Baltimore
r
'-2
13
0)
03
a
oa
tH
T-H
T-i
tH
s
'a
1
OF Labor and Statistics 147
SHIPBUILDERS' STRIKE
About fifty boilermakers, riveters and ship caulkers of
the Union Shipbuilding Company at Faii-field quit work
on January 11th, following an announcement by the com-
pany that their pay would be cut 18 cents an hour. While
the strike has not been settled, most of the men secured
positions elsewhere. The report of loss to the Shipbuild-
ing Company was approximately $5,000, and the loss sus-
tained by the men is estimated at $9,000.
IRON MOLDERS' STRIKE
About 168 iron molders employed by four Baltimore
firms went on a strike on February 24th by an order issued
by the officials of their local union, because of a reduction
of 121/2 pel' cent in wages. It was stated that the molders
had been receiving a minimum wage of $8.00 per day.
The strike lasted until May 14th, when the men returned
to work, most of them agreeing to a reduction in wages.
The estimated loss in wages was fixed at $55,000, while
the loss to the firms was approximated at $10,000.
BARBERS' STRIKE
Union Ijarbers in three of the down-town shops of Bal-
timore City, involving about 28 men, went on a strike on
April 14th. The men were told that their wages would
be reduced $3.00 per week, the average wage being about
$24.00, and as they refused to accept the reduction it
resulted in the closing of two of the larger shops.
The proprietors reached an agreement with' their men
the next day whereby they were to return to work on
non-union basis, it was stated. For refusing to adhere to
the union scale of wages President' A. Adler of local No.
219 was fined $500 and 28 journeymen $100 each, all to
remain suspended until the fines were paid. Mr. Adler
made a statement in which the "boss barbers" told the
barbers in the down-town shops that they must accept a
pay of $19 per week and half of all the money they took
in over $30. They had been getting $20 per week and
half of all they took in over $28. Mr. Adler and the rest
of the barbers agreed with the bosses and nearly all of
the men returned to work the next day.
The estimated loss to the employers is $100, while the
barbers claim that only about $50 was lost in wages, and
the loss to the finiis is estimated at $100.
148 Report op Maryland State Board
PRINTERS' STRIKE
The printers' strike, which had been threatening for sev-
eral weeks and scheduled to take effect May 1st, became
an actual fact on Monday, May 2d, when between 300 and
400 members of the Typographical Union went on a strike
in Baltimore City, involving about 100 shops. The printers'
strike was not confined to Baltimore, but was nation-wide,
and was reported to involve about 10,000 members of the
International Typographical Union. The printers claimed
that an agreement was made in December last year
between the employers and the union heads whereby 44
hours was to constitute a week's work, and the employers
maintained that no such agreement was reached. The
only discussion on this point, the employers claimed, was
their promise that should 50 per cent of the cities through-
out the country adopt the 44-hour week, Baltimore would
fall in line.
In addition to a reduction from 48 to 44 hours per week,
the printers also asked for an increase in pay from $40 to
§50 per week.
It was stated that the agreement as to pay provided
that an adjustment would be made up or down in propor-
tion to the cost of living. According to this agreement
the pressmen were granted an increase of 7 8/10 per cent
last September. The new period of adjustment was March
1st, and Chief Judge Morris A. Soper of the Supreme
Bench was chosen by the workers and employers to settle
the wage dispute, and as he decided on April 7th that the
cost of living had decreased, wages were cut 10 per cent,
to take effect March 1st to May 1st. It was' stated that
members of the Typographical and Pressmen's Union were
being assessed a certain percentage of their wages to sup-
port the strike, and that the Union had decided to pay
strike benefits to those who f aile dto go to work as follows :
$24.00 a week to married journeymen; $16.00 a week to
single men, with an additional allowance for dependents,
and provision made for apprentices who go out with the
journeymen. There was a wide difference between the
statements of the representatives of the parties to the
strike as to the results on the second day. The union
officials stated that few or none of the shops which had
not signed the agreements were running, and a represen-
tative of the Typothetae stated that only 15 per cent of
their shops in their organization were completely closed;
OF Labor and Statistics 149
20 per cent were running with full force in the composing-
room and that the remaining 65 per cent were running
with crippled forces.
The pressmen and assistants, bookbinders and bindery-
women's unions voted unanimously to join the strikers in
their effort to force a 44-hour week, and the decision went
into effect May 4th, when about 200 bookbinders, 250
bindery women and 350 pressmen joined the 400 printers,
making a total of about 1,200 on strike.
Mr. George K. Horn, president of the Typothetae of
Baltimore, stated that their membership constituted about
95 per cent of the employing printers of the city, and
after being informed of the action of the pressmen and
bookbinders, he issued a statement binding the printing
industry to a fight to the finish on the 44-hour issue. He
stated that he had heard definitely from 115 of their 116
active members, 111 of whom had not signed the 44-hour
agreement. Four members had granted the 44-hour week.
At the end of the first week those who were out on a
strike were paid benefits by the unions, and there seemed
no chance of an early settlement. It was stated on May
10th that the Typothetae regarded all agreements, prom-
ises and offers made to unions prior to the strike at an end,
that four of the largest printing firms in the city had come
out as open shops, and that 40 new men had been put to
w^ork in addition to some of the strikers who had returned
to their old positions.
Strike benefits were paid at the end of the second week,
with no apparent settlement in sight, while members of
the Typothetae claimed that they were able to do all the
work they had orders for. Mr. George K. Horn, president
of the Typothetae, speaking after a weekly meeting held
on May 17th, stated that "statistics gathered from 81 of
the 117 members of the Typothetae showed that in 81
shops there were 1,014 employed who remained at work
while 743 were on strike, more than 100 employees from
other cities or from other industries in Baltimore had been
put to work and between 25 and 30 strikers had returned."
On June 1st, at the end of the first month's duration of
the strike. Mr. Horn stated that "we have made no over-
tures to the unions, we will not make any, nor will we
have fui-ther dealings with them."
On April 14th an article appeared in the Industrial In-
formation Service-Labor Organized and Unorganized, in
150 Kei'ORT of Maryland State Board
reference to the 44-hour week and is responsible for the
following :
"The Educational Conference of New England Printers
is issuing a series of leaflets contesting th^ claim of the
trade unions that the United Typothetae committed them-
selves to the installation of the 44-hour week on May 1,
1921. It calls attention to the fact that the 44-hour agree-
ment was actually subscribed to only by the Closed Shop
Branch of the Typothetae, and that the number of Closed
Shop members voting in favor of the 44-hour resolution
was equivalent to only 4 per cent of present membership
of the United TjT)othetae of America, Of the members
so voting two-thirds were registered as representatives
from printing plants in New York City.
"Thus," the Conference states, "the whole claim of the
unions as to the existence of an agreement to shorten the
work week rests solely on the false assumption that a
handful of printers in one city could speak for the employ-
ing printers of the entire country."
Representatives of the Typographical Union called at
the office of the State Board of Labor and Statistics on
May 10th and reported that boys under 16 years were
being employed by several printing establishments to
operate presses in violation of the law. The names of the
several firms were given and upon a careful investigation
no boys under 16 were found to be employed as repre-
sented. The bureau at that time offered its services as
mediator between the parties to the dispute, stating that
it would be pleased to render any sei-vice possible, with a
view of bringing about a compromise or settlement. On
May 18th Mr. Fox called on a representative of the
Typothetae- and offered the services of the bureau, which
was declined with a statement that he felt nothing could
be done at that time, but he would be pleased to call on us
whenever he felt we could be of any assistance.
On September 28th, or at the end of five months, Mr.
Arthur L. Jackson, president of the Unions, which had
been holding sessions daily, stated that the situation was
unchanged and was "in an absolute deadlock." The mem-
bers of the Typothetae of Baltimore (the employing
printers' organization) had for nearly two months past
declined to recognize the existence of the strike in the
industry and stated that all plants were operating efl?i-
ciently. These conditions continued without any apparent
change until December 31st.
OF Labor and Statistics 151
The following was taken from the Survey of December
7th:
John L, Elliott of the Hudson Guild, the arbitrator for
the New York Employing Printers and Typographical
Union No. 6, in upholding the present wage scale for com-
positors, turned aside from the question of wage differen-
tials and the cost of living and based his decision chiefly
on the craftsmanship of the worker.
In regard to the wage differential (Mr. Elliott said) the
arbitrator is of the opinion that the differentials should
not be decided entirely on precedent and present' condi-
tions, which are often the result of mere wage bargaining
power, that they should be determined over and above a
living minimum by the value of the service. This again
must be judged to no small extent by the skill and quality
of the service rendered."
This he apparently expected to be understood by both
sides to the controversy, for he added: "It is admitted, I
think, that in this respect both the League (employing
printers) and Typographical Union No. 6 hold a unique
position. Nowhere in this country and, so far as the
arbitrator knows, nowhere in the world has there been
such co-operation between an employers' group and a trade
union for the improvement of standards of workmanship."
Later he emphasized this point again: "The arbitrator
believes that it will be the quality of workmanship much
more than any adjustment of the wage scale that will
eventually increase the prosperity of the industry as a
whole."
The Typographical Union reported that there were 376.
males and 10 females on a strike from May 1st to Decem-
ber 31st, or 35 weeks which, at $40 per week, would equal
$540,000. As many of the printers secured employment
elsewhere, it is estimated that the loss in wages would
not equal half this amount, or about $200,000 loss in
wages, which was being offset by the benefits paid by the
unions. The loss to the printers is hard to estimate, but
must have been $100,000.
MARINE V^ORKERS' STRIKE
On May 2d the crews of three vessels at the port of
Baltimore walked out and the departure of two crafts
was delayed. The strike was threatened for some time
152 Kei'out of Maryland State Board
and because of expected trouble 16 crafts were hurriedly
cleared on Saturday, April 30th.
The cause of the strike was the announcement of a new
scale of wages by the new Shipping Board, which provided
a 15 per cent reduction in wages, abolition of pay for over-
time and no discrimination as to union affiliation.
It was stated that the chief engineers on ships of 20,000
tons were receiving prior to May 1st, $387.50 a month
and that this amount is graded down according to the
license the engineers hold. The pay of a chief engineer
on a ship of 2,000 to 3,000 tons was said to be $215. The
proposed cut in the pay of a chief engineer of the 20,000-
ton ships, which are known as Class A vessels, calls for
a reduction of $97.50. The average reduction, the local
marine engineers claimed, would be about $71.88 for all
classes.
Chairman Benson of the Shipping Board announced
there could be no compromise over the 15 per cent wage
cut, and the Ship Owners' Association rejected Secretary
Hoover's plan for an unofficial board of mediation.
On May 3d the walkout continued to spread and the
tie-up was virtually complete, which was marked by con-
siderable rioting, in which about 1,000 men participated,
resulting in several being badly used up. In New York
it was stated that more than 100 ships were directly
affected, on all of which some of the men walked out.
Winthrop L. Marvin, general manager of the Steamship
Owners' Association, stated that approximately 40 per
cent of the American flag tonnage was idle, due to lack of
cargo offerings. His estimate was that 65,000 men would
be concerned in the strike. The estimate of the union
leaders placed the number at 125,000. It was claimed by
William H. Hyman, secretarj^ of the Marine Engineers'
Beneficial Association, that over 700 were out in Balti-
more, which included both engineers and seamen. It was
also estimated that the daily cost of the ship strike in
Baltimore was near $100,000.
In a statement published by Admiral Benson, chairman
of the United States Shipping Board on May 17th, it was
stated that the reduction in wages of the Steamship Em-
ployees, as ordered to take effect May 1st, was done in an
effort to overcome the handicap under which the Ameri-
can Merchant Marine was laboring due to costs that made
it impossible to compete with foreign shipping interests.
OF Labor and Statistk^s 153
The following comparison of the present wages with the
1914 wages and the American wages with those of foreign
vessels was given.
o-"
AMERICAN WAGES PER MONTH
Class C 1921
Engine Department 1914 (Prior May 1)
Chief Engineer ...' $150.00 $332.50
First Assistant Engineer. 100.00 228.75
Second Assistant Engineer 90.00 200.00
Totals $340.00 $761.25
AMERICAN AND BRITISH WAGES PER MONTH
Class C British
Present (before
American reduction)
Chief Engineer _ $285.00 $152.88
First Assistant Engineer 195.00 113.68
Second Assistant Engineer 170.00 92.12
Totals $650.00 $358.68
It should be realized that the new wage scale of May 1,
1921, is 90 per cent higher than the pay which the men
received in 1914 before the war. It is 87 per cent higher
than the scale of the British marine engineers in effect up
to May 1, 1921.
After a number of conferences and much rioting, the
marine engineers were the first to yield to a 15 per cent
reduction and the elimination of overtime on June 15th.
This was followed by the unions of the marine works in
the Atlantic and Gulf ports and other organizations on
June 22d, which included the seamen, firemen, cooks,
stewards and radio operators. Of the hundreds who ap-
plied to the Sea Service Bureau for positions (it was
stated) only a few were hired. Others were told they
would be given work as quickly as possible, but that it
would be several months before all would be engaged, as
under no conditions would strikebreakers be discharged.
The following article appeared in one of the Baltimore
daily papers on July 12th:
"Though a month has passed since the climax of the
recent shipping strike, more than 1,000 men are loitering
about the foot of Broadway and sleeping at night in vari-
ous union halls, unable to obtain a ship upon M'hich to
leave the country. Most of those left here are foreigners,
154 Kpu'ort of Maryland State Board
it is said, coming from Brazil, Spain, France, Italy and
from the Scandinavian countries. They have been unable
to sign for a complete voyage because shipping masters
fear they will desert the ship as soon as a port is reached
that is within easy distance of their homes.
"Men familiar with their habits during the recent strike
trouble say they receive onli^one meal a day from the
unions, and that consists of j^tatoes, bread and coffee."
The loss estimated by the United States Shipping Board
was $50,000, while the loss in wages to those who went on
strike is estimated at $30,000.
PLUMBERS' STRIKE
A strike was declared at Cumberland by the plumbers,
members of the Master Plumbers' Association, to take
effect on May 1st, and lasted until May 17th, involving
about 50 men. The cause of the strike was because of the
men being notified that their wages would be reduced
from $1,121/2 to 95 cents per hour. The strike is reported
as being unsuccessful and the loss in wages is estimated
at $6,000 and the loss to the firm at $5,000.
PIPEFITTERS' STRIKE
On June 1st about 300 pipefitters quit work because of
a new wage scale about to be put into effect.
The employers notified the men that they would make a
reduction of 25 per cent, which meant a reduction from
$1.00 to 75 cents an hour for steamfitters and from 75
to 65 cents for helpers.
On June 13th about 100 men, comprising plumbers,
painters, plasterers and sheet metal workers, in accord-
ance with orders issued by their respective leaders identi-
fied with the Allied Building Trades Council of Baltimore,
went out for the purpose of backing up the pipefitters. On
June 16th all those who w^ere out on a strike returned to
work except the pipefitters, until the conference had a
chance to settle the difference between the pipefitters and
their employees.
As a result of the conference the pipefitters returned to
work on July 11th. While the terms of the settlement
did not provide for a permanent continuance of the condi-
tions prior to June 1st, it placed the strikers in a position
OF Labou and Statistics 155
to resume further negotiations. The estimated loss in
wages was $38,000, while the loss to the employers due to
delay in their work under contract about $10,000.
PAINTERS' STRIKE
On June 1st about 350 painters who were members of
the Painters and Decorators Union No. 1, and employed
by ten of the largest shops in Baltimore, quit work as a
protest ag-ainst a reduction of wages. The painters had
been receiving 90 cents an hour for a 44-hour week, and
were notified that they would only be paid 75 cents an
hour after June 1st.
Some of the painters returned to work at the old scale
of wages and by August 30th all of the firms, except two,
agreed to continue to pay the old rate of wages for the
present. Later on the painters agreed to accept a reduc-
tion.
The total loss in wages is estimated at $100,000, and
the loss to the employers $10,000.
BREWERY WORKERS' STRIKE
•
About 200 brewery workers employed by four local com-
panies went on a strike on June 11th and were joined by
about 200 more the following day, making a total of about
400. It was stated that the cause of the strike was of an
attempt to cut their pay $8.00 and $10.00 per week. The
strike practically tied up all the breweries in the city,
which lasted until July 10th, when three of the largest
breweries reached an agreement with their employees
whereby they would accept a reduction of $4.00 a week.
Some of the strikers had not reached an agreement and
were still out December 31.
The loss in wages was fixed at about $50,000,: and the
loss to the breweries at about $100,000.
PLUMBERS' STRIKE
On September 1st seven plumbers employed by the
American Sugar Refinery plant, in course of construction
in South Baltimore, walked out because they refused to
accept a 10 per cent reduction in wages in addition to a 10
per cent agreed upon at a previous conference. The strike
lasted until October 20th, when they returaed to work,
156 REi'pnT OF Maryland State Board
agreeing to accept a reduction of 50 cents per day from
November 1st. The loss in wages only amounted to about
$1,000, as some of the men secured work elsewhere. The
lirm's loss was also fixed at $1,000.
CLOAKMAKERS' STRIKE
A strike affecting 378 men and women cloakmakers,
employed by 26 firms, occurred on December 21st. The
following scale of wages was submitted by the union,
which the majority of the manufacturers refused to
accept, viz. : A minimum wage of $50.00 a week for oper-
ators, $48.00 a week for skirt operators, $27,50 a week for
coat finishers, $20.50 a week for skirt finishers, and $44.00
a week for pressers. For cutters a minimum wage of
$45.00 a week was demanded and spreaders not to be paid
less than $38.50 a week. A demand was also made for
the continuation of the 44-hour week and that the new
contract to be entered into stipulated that workers shall
be allowed to have Washington's Birthday, Labor Day,
and a half day on Election Day with full pay. It was fur-
ther stipuluated in the agreement that each shop signing
the contract must give to the shop chairman of the union
the right to examine the employer's books to ascertain
correctly the earnings of the workers employed and also
to ascertain the names of the manufacturers and jobbers
to whom the employer was sending work.
The agreement, it was stated was a practicable renewal
of the agreement under which the employers and em-
ployees worked under last year. The employers objected
to the clause in the agreement calling for four holidays
with pay, and also to the clause giving permission to the
chairman of the shop committee to examine the firm's
books. It was stated that both of the clauses were in
force during the last year.
The strike lasted until January 12th, when an agree-
ment similar to the one in force last year w^as signed by
nearly all of the manufacturers affected, and work was
resumed. The loss to the strikers was estimated at $1,000
and the firms $500.
OF Labor and Statistics 157
IN LABOR CIRCLES *
The Forty-first Annual Convention of the American
Federation of Labor was held at Denver, Colorado, June
13th to 25th, inclusive.
The following are the officers of the American Federa-
tion of Labor for the year 1921-1922 :
President „ —Samuel Gompera....- Washington, D. C.
First Vice-President .James Duncan. Quincy, Mass.
Second Vice-Presdent Joseph F. Valentine _ Cincinnati, Ohio
Third Vice-President ..Prank Duffy Indianapolis, Ind.
Fourth Vice-President...William Green _..Indianapols, Ind.
Fifth Vice-President W. D. Mahon ...Detroit, Mich.
Sixth Vice-President .T. A. Rickert ..Chicago, 111.
Seventh Vice-President. Jacob Fisher. Indianapolis, Ind.
Eig-hth Vice-President ..Matthew WoU Chicago, 111.
Treasurer Daniel J. Tobin Indianapolis, Ind.
Secretary Prank Morrison. _ Washington, D, C.
There were 300 unions represented, having 521 dele-
gates, who represented 38,293 votes.
The first day's session, Monday, June 13th, 1921, was
called to order at 10 o'clock A. M. by Mr. S. P. Oplinger,
representing the local convention committee who made the
opening address, which was followed by several others,
including addresses by President Samuel Gompers, the
Governor of Colorado and the Mayor of Denver. The aft-
ernoon session was called to order at 3 o'clock by Presi-
dent Gompers, and the appointment of committees fol-
lowed.
The reports of the A. F. of L. Executive Council and
Secretary Morrison were made.
The Secretary made the following report:
RECEIPTS
Balance on hand April 30th, 1920 $ 203.980:46
Total receipts for year ending April 30, 1921... 832,169.96
Total $1,036,150.42
Total expenses for year...... _ 857,887.70
Balance on hand April 30, 1921 _ $ 178,262.72
The membership of the American Federation of Labor
increased from about 50,000 in 1881 to nearly 4,000,000
in 1921, and it is predicted that it will reach the 5,000,000
mark in 1922.
158 Report of Maryland State Board
The Federation is divided into 110 National and Interna-
tional Unions; 36,247 Local Unions; 941 Local Trade and
Federal Labor Unions; 973 City Central Bodies; 49 State
Federations ; 783 Local Department Councils and 5 Depart-
ments.
The total benefits paid the members by affiliated organi-
zations during the past year were : Death benefits, $3,046,-
300.62; death benefits to members' wives, $20,741.10; sick
benefits, $1,209,903.49;' traveling benefits, $33,517.65; tool
insurance, $274.80, and unemployment benefits, $903,-
461.49.
LABORiB CONFERENCE OF FEBRUARY 23-24, 1921
Because of the general situation confronting the labor
movement and threatening its effectiveness, if not its ex-
istence, in a most serious manner, President Gompers
called together on December 29th a number of officials of
trade unions and friends of the labor movement for a dis-
cussion of the entire subject. After a survey of various
movements aiming at the destruction of the trade union
movement and the destruction of standards of labor, by
the American Federation of Labor, it was decided to rec-
ommend the advisability of a conference of officials and
representatives of national and international unions affili-
ated to the American Federation of Labor. It also was
the recommendation that a special effort should be made
to more thoroughly organize the dissemination of infor-
mation about the trade union movement and its work, in
order that there might be a more thoroughly informed
state of public opinion in relation to questions affecting
the welfare of the workers.
Acting on these recommendations President Gompers
laid the entire subject before the Executive Council, with
the result that the council directed the president to sum-
mon a conference of officials and representatives of na-
tional and international trade unions to be held in Wash-
ington on February 23d. On that date the duly author-
ized officials and representatives of the labor movement
convened in the Executive Council Chamber of the head-
quarters building in Washington. So important were
the issues discussed and so deeply in earnest were the
representatives of labor, that the conference remained in
session throughout all of two days.
OF Labor and Statistics 159
The conference had before it the recommendation of
the Executive Council proposing a systematic work of in-
fonnation dissemination and by unanimous vote approved
that proposal. It was the expressed view of the confer-
ence that every possible effort should be made to make
accessible to everyone the fullest information about the
work and aims of the trade union movement.
After thorough consideration of all of the issues in-
volved and of an expression of the views of practically all
of the delegates, a declaration was adopted setting forth
labor's position and declaring its unalterable determina-
tion to resist with all possible strength the efforts of the
enemies of labor to undermine and destroy our move-
ment. This declaration is as follows:
"We ask the American people to give solemn considera-
tion to this declaration. It is the pronouncement of a
movement that is consecrated to the cause of freedom as
Americans understand freedom. It is the message of
men and women who will not desert the cause of freedom,
no matter what the tide of the struggle.
"The American labor movement in this crucial hour
here lays before the people the full story and asks them
to rally with labor to the defense of our imperiled insti-
tutions.
"Labor speaks from no narrow or selfish point of view.
It speaks from the standpoint of American citizenship.
And the indictment it lays is an indictment of the enemies
of freedom and progress.
"American labor battling for the presei-vation of Amer-
ican democracy and American institutions today stands
betwen two converging destructive forces.
"Standing between two opposing forces, uncompromis-
ing toward both, the American trade union movement
today finds itself and every American institution of free-
dom assailed and attacked by the conscienceless autocrats
of industry and the followers of radical European fanati-
cism. If either of these wins, the doors of democratic
freedom and opportunity can never be reopened in our
time.
"Though inspired by vastly different motives, these two
unrelenting forces work toward the destruction of the
same ideals, each using the other as a tool in the struggle
to ovenvhelm democracy and put an end to American
progress, politically and industrially.
160 Rki'ort of Maryland State Board
"On the one hand labor is compelled to meet in a wide
variety of manifestations the determination of reaction-
ary industrial autocrats, autocrats who would destroy the
organizations of labor and remove from the field of indus-
try the only agencies through which the workers may
protect themselves from aggression and the only agency
through which they may offer to industry their co-opera-
tion in the improvement of industrial processes and the
expansion of productive energy with that improvement of
the product and lowering of prices justly demanded by
the public.
REACTION CASTS OFF ALL PRETENSE
"Reactionary employers have joined their might in a
campaign which they are pleased to call a campaign for
the "open shop," which they have been waging vigorously
since the signing of the araiistice. Compelled by the
pressure of public opinion to accept labor's co-operation
duiing the war, when the utmost conservation of pro-
ductive energy was necessaiy to the life of the nation,
they cast off all pretense immediately upon the passing of
the emergency.
"This entire campaign on the part of the combined
reactionary employers is in no sense a campaign for the
"open shop," no matter what definition may be given to
that teiTn. The campaign is (distinctly and solely) one
for a shop that shall be closed against union workmen. It
is primarily, a campaign disguised under the name of an
'open shop 'campaign, designed to destroy trade unions
and to break down and eliminate the whole principle of
collective bargaining which has for years been accepted
by the highest industrial authorities and by the American
people as a principle based upon justice and established
pemrianently in our industrial life.
"Not onlj^ during the war, but during every years since
the labor movement has had a place in our industrial life,
it has justified its existence and proved the necessity
therefor, by making possible the necessary co-operation
between employers and workers, on the one hand, and on
the other hand by rescuing the workers from autocratic
domination and developing for them a standard of living
and of working conditions fitting to American citizenship.
The American trade union movement is here because it is
a necessity.
OF Labor and Statistics 161
UNSCRUPULOUS FINANCIAL SPECULATION
"The unscrupulous pirateers of finance, having squeezed
the consumer throughout the period of the war, are now
broadening their field and enriching themselves by
squeezing both the producer and the consumer. Fortunes
are being made today by commodity and financial specu-
lation.
FLAGRANT PROFITEERING CONTINUES
"It is astounding, but true, that even after so great a
lapse of time since the ending of hostilities there is, so far
far as the average family is concerned, practically no re-
duction in the high cost of living. It is admitted freely
that in some commodities there has been a reduction of
price in the wholesale markets, but there has been no ap-
preciable reduction in the retail prices at which the work-
' ing people must make their purchases.
"Labor has time after time indicted the employers-arid
the commercial interests of the country for wanton profi-
teering. We declare again that the government has been
and continues impotent in the face of the criminal opera-
tions of profiteers and must therefore accept the responsi-
bility for a great portion of the indignation and resent-
ment of the people against those who have filched their
pockets for no reason except that they have had the
power to do so.
"Going hand in hand with profiteering there has been,
and is, a shameful and undoubtedly unjustified overcapi-
talization of industrial and commercial projects, compell-
ing the consuming public to pay interest in the fonn of
inflated prices on vast sums of money, back of which
there is no foundation of intrinsic value or productive
capacity.
CURTAILING CONSUMING POWER
"Due to the maladministration of industry, and prin-
cipally and primarily because of the studied and calcu-
lated arbitrary policies of reactionary employers, there
has come upon us a state of unemployment which is de-
priving fully three and one-half million working people
of the opportunity to eara a living. That there should be
this tragic situation at a time when hardly any portion
of the world has a sufficient supply of the necessaries of
•
162 Keport of Maryland State Board
life is a commentary upon the methods of those respon-
sible for the conduct of industry which they cannot jus-
tify. It is a rebuke to their methods which only prompt
and fundamental remedial action can remove. The con-
dition of unemployment has been accentuated by keeping
open the flood gates of immigration, which has added to
the confusion and given employers an additional weapon
in their efforts to reduce the American standard of living.
"One result is the effort to lower wages. The stupidity
of such policies as these, whether or not apparent to em-
ployers inspired only by a desire for monetary gain, is a
matter which should give the most serious concern to the
American people as a whole. Every reduction of wages
is a reduction in the consuming power of the wage-eaniers
and a direct blow at the prosperity and well-being of the
country.
"Labor not only insists upon maintaining the present
standard of wages and working conditions, but declares
its -solemn purpose to continue its struggle to further im-
prove those standards. Where the unorganized worker's
are concerned, while they benefit by the protests and
progress of the organized workers, they find themselves
unable to meet properly the present crucial situation.
Their recourse is to join the organizations of their trades
or callings, and we demand for them the right freely to
follow such a course and to exercise all of the powers and
privileges which that implies. Collective bargaining is
one of the great stabilizing influences in industry in the
relations betwen employers and workers. It is censurable
that employers have in too many instances dissipated
these friendly and mutually advantageous arrangements:
We strongly urge upon both employers and unions to keep
inviolate the instrumentality of collective bargaining.
TRAGIC PENALTIES OF MALADMINISTRATION
"Another manifestation of the unscientific and inhu-
mane policies of industrial autocracy is found in what is
commonly known as 'labor turnover,' which means the re-
peated hiring and discharging of individual workers with-
out any opportunity for an expression on the part of those
workers in determining the terms or the conditions under
which they shall give service.
"This endless movement of workers from shop to shop,
with its inevitable burden of idleness and loss of produc-
OF Labor and Statistics 163
tion, is the individual protest of the unorganized against
conditions of employment which they have no power to
remedy. Where there is organization of labor and the
opportunity for negotiation and agrement, labor turnover
IS eliminated as a check and drain on industrial life.
"Those manifestations of autocratic policy in industry
already cited are almost entirely of a purely industrial
character. There remain other abuses equally serious, if
not more so, finding expression more often through our
political machinery. Through reactionary decisions of
courts, through the unwarranted and reckless use of the
writ of injunction, through laws establishing industrial
courts and boards, through compulsory arbitration laws,
and through the utter failure of Congress and of State
legislative bodies to attempt anything which might sei've
as a stimulus to labor in these trying times, the welfare
of the entire country and, in fact, the stability of many
of our democratic institutions are most seriously men-
aced. These are matters of paramount interest to every
American.
INDUSTRIAL COURTS DESTROY FREEDOM
• "Through the establishment of industrial courts, em-
ployers are seeking to inject into American industrial
life a device through which they may annul constitu-
tional guarantees and deprive workers of freedom and
of the right to function through their organizations.
Aside from the denial of guaranted rights brought about
by the establishment of industrial courts, these instru-
ments serve to create in industry a disharmony which
inevitably must result in a chaotic industrial condition
and consequent loss of production.
"The joint relationship betwen organized workers and
employers which exists when these two industrial forces
meet in voluntary conference to reach voluntary agree-
ments is a relationship of negotiation; that which exists
when industrial courts are established to determine the
conditions in industry is a relationship between liti-
gants — litigants never voluntarily yield a jot. Trade
unionism establishes a condition of harmony through mu-
tual effort toward a common puiToose, while the industrial
court establishes a condition of antagonism, each party
in hostile suit against the other and each inevitably hos-
tile toward the court itself when the decision is unfavor-
able. Industrial courts and the like, created by law, are
164 Report op^ Maryland Statp: Board
pernicious devices, the fundamental error of which must
become more clear as time passes. The paradox of the
situation is that those employers who look upon them as
devices for their benefit and who are propagating the idea
with the zeal of faddists will, in the long run, suffer equal-
ly with labor as a penalty for their short-sightedness.
INJUNCTIONS RESTORE FEUDALISM
"The revival of the unrestrained use of the injunction
also imperils the stability of our economic structure. • For
six years the Clayton act, accepted on all sides as the
established law of the land, to an appreciable degree
checked the abuse of the writ of injunction. A majority
of the justices of the Supreme Court have swept away
this strong barrier against a feudalistic legal concept and
labor finds itself again at the mercy of an unlimited use
of judge-made law. The injunction as it is now used and
abused in labor disputes is without sanction either in the
constitution or in the fundamental law of the land. It is
a pure usuipation of power and authority. The only pos-
sible and practical remedy in the face of a power so
usurped and so completely unjustified lies in a flat refusal
on the part of labor to recognize or abide by the tenns
of injunctions which seek to prohibit the doing of acts
which the workers have a lawful and guaranteed right to
do, or which seek to compel workers to do those things
which they have a law and guaranteed right to refuse to
do. This is the only immediate course through which
labor can find relief and this course it purposes to pur-
sue. Labor realizes fully the consequences of such a
course, but in the defense of American freedom and of
American institutions it is compelled to adopt this course,
be the consequences what they may.
"The workers maintain that the Constitution of the
United States is a living document, its provisions and
guarantees as applicable today as when they were adopt-
ed. The workers maintain that in their every-day life
and work rights which the Constitution declares to be
inalienable should in practice, as well as in theory, be in-
alienable. Among these rights is the right of liberty —
freedom from involuntary servitude or compulsory labor,
except as punishment for crime. This guarantee of the
thirteenth amendment lives, and the workers are deter-
mined that it shall not be denied them. Nor shall this
guarantee of their freedom be so distorted as to compel a
OF Labor and Statistics 165
group slavery in modern industry as reprehensible as was
the individual chattel slavery of old. Slavery, compulsory
labor, the tying- of men to their jobs, will be no more tol-
erated now than was chattel slavery then. It has no
more right to exist and is just as repugnant under our
democratic form of government as it would be under a
monarchical, bureau^'atic or any form other of govern-
ment.
"The Clayton Act was made law by Congress and by
the signature of the President for the express puipose
of correcting a condition under which cases such as the
Danbury hatters' case were possible. It was made law
for the express puipose of instructing judges in the limi-
tation of their powers. Shortly after placing his signa-
ture to the Clayton Act with its labor provisions the
President of the United States made the following decla-
ration :
" 'A man's labor is not a commodity but a part of his
life. The courts must now treat it as if it were a com-
modity, but must treat it as if it were part of his life. I
am sorry that there were any judges who had to be told
that. It is so obvious that it seems to me as if section 6
of the Clayton act were a return to the primer of human
liberty; but if the judges have to have the primer opened
before them, I am willing to open it.'
TRADE UNIONS DEFEND LIBERTY
"The greatest force in American life capable of re-
straining predatory capital and to that extent capable of
maintaining the democratic institutions of the country is
the trade union movement. The trade union movement
would be false to its tnist, false to the ideals of our re-
public and false to the great public whose confidence it
must have, as well as false to its own members, whose
interests it is organized to protect, if it neglected any
proper effort in behalf of the liberty or well-being of the
great masses of our people.
"To that end this movement of the organized workers
sets its face against all forms of compulsion, including
such devices as so-called industrial courts, the un-Amer-
ican and repugnant idea of compulsorj' arbitration and
the vicious, tyrannical abuse of the writ of injunction.
Through such devices, in addition to the great danger
which they constitute to the general public welfare, leg-
islative enactments are set aside so that the organizations
166 Report of Maryland State Board
of labor may be mulcted, crippled or destroyed. Through
such devices voluntary, democratic and constructive or-
ganizations of labor are practically outlawed.
LABOR RESISTS REACTION
"However great may be the determination of the insti-
tutions of reaction to destroy the organizations of labor
by these means, the resistance of labor will be uncom-
promising and unremitting. The organizations of labor
must not and will not be destroyed. Trade unions foster
education, uproot ignorance, shorten hours, lengthen life,
raise wages, increase independence, develop manhood,
balk tyranny, reduce prejudice, protect rights, abolish
wrongs, and make the world better.
"It should be the purpose of government properly to
stimulate our industrial processes. It should be the pur-
pose of government to make voluntary negotiation more
easily entered into. If, on the other hand, all of the safe-
guards set up in our constitutional and legal structure for
the protection of the workers are to be destroyed by
judicial construction, as the vitality of the Clayton act
has been destroyed, then labor demands the immediate
and sweeping repeal of all of that body of laws known as
anti-combination and conspiracy laws.
"Labor is anxious to serve. It has made this declara-
tion repeatedly. It has lived and practiced that deter-
mination. It has done this in the face of most wanton
and brutal opposition. Government has given little as-
sistance. It has even destroyed the simplest and most
obvious beginning of what might have been an effective
employment service labor repeats it is time for the imme-
diate and comprehensive restoration of this service.
FANATICAL PROPAGANDA AND INTRIGUE
"Converging upon labor from the extreme right is auto-
cractic reaction, while from the opposite extreme is the
insidious propaganda of radical European fanaticism,
which is particularly and peculiarly deadly in its hatred
of the American labor movement because of its demo-
cratic character and its steadfact refusal to adopt revo-
lutionary destructive policies. It is a curious and start-
ling fact that this propaganda of fanaticism has the sym-
pathy and support of many of those in our country who
style themselves as liberals, but who do not distinguish
OF Labor and Statistics 167
between that which is truly liberal and that which is de-
structive and fraudulent,
"Because of its opposition to the American labor move-
ment, this overseas propaganda has even secured in the
United States the support, at times secret, of some of the
most reactionary American employers because of a com-
mon antagonism to the trade union movement. There is
an unscrupulousness and a natural , aptitude for intrigue
in this fanatical propaganda which makes it a most subtle
menace to every democratic ideal and institution in our
country.
"This propaganda, this constant effort to undermine the
constructive organizations of American labor, this con-
stant poisoning of the very foundation of our democi'acy,
finds its expression everywhere and through countless
agencies. It is assisted in its work of destruction not only
by the publications devoted to a pei'verted expression of
'liberal thought, but it' is assisted as well by many of
those who speak from our platforms and who write and
edit our periodical publications and our daily newspapers.
Much of this assistance is involuntary and unconscious,
Avhich testifies to the subtlety of the propaganda and to
the need for constant study and alertness on the part of
all those who have at heart the presei'vation of democratic
life in America.
LABOR'S PURPOSEFUL DETERMINATION
"In face of the situation here set forth, which is still
further embittered by the activities of private detectives
and agents provocateur paid by many employers, the
American trade union movement, speaking through its
duly authorized representatives, offers on the one hand
constructive practical suggestions for relief and remedy,
and on the other hand utters its uncompromising pro-
test against the injustices and the autocratic policies
which reaction seeks to impose. It declares in measured
and emphatic tones its unalterable deteiTnination to re-
sist at every point and with its entire strength the en-
croachments both of industrial tyranny and fanatical,
revolutionary propaganda. The American labor move-
ment is determined at all costs to maintain that freedom
and those liberties which constitute American democracy.
The labor movement believes this policy to be one em-
bodying the highest statesmanship, as the only policy
168 Report op Maryland State Board
than can presei've and maintain and develop that har-
monious relationship in industry without which our pro-
ductive processes must be sacrificed to a reign of chaotic
disorganization. The labor movement offers those volun-
tary and conciliatory methods of negotiation, arbitration
and agrement through which it is possible to develop in
our industrial life the highest degree of good will and the
highest degree of productivity, in order that there may be
for all of our people the fullest enjoyment of life and the
loftiest standards of life.
VOLUNTARY PRINCIPAL IS VITAL
"The effort to crush the voluntary organizations of the
workers may be designed by employers as an effort to
secure their own immediate enrichment, but no such ef-
fort can stop at that point. Whether its sponsors will it
or not, it is an effort to bring upon our whole national
organization of society unprecedented disaster and retro-
gression. The principle of voluntary agreement is the
kernel from which has grown the success of this country
as a democracy. If that is destroyed in our industrial life,
it cannot exist in any other phase of our life, and the
social organization that has made America must crumble
and disappear. Neither the principle of state dictatorship
nor the principle of private autocratic dictation in indus-
try can be permitted to gain a foothold in America, for
where either of these comes in freedom and democracy
must cease to be.
"American trade unionists have long since made their
choice of principles. Their movement is founded upon the
principles laid down in the foundation stones of the re-
public. It is now for the American people as a people to
make a choice. We are confronted with a supreme crisis.
Not even in the days when the nation hovered on the
brink of war was the situation more critical. The path
of progress and constructive peaceful achievement and
evolution is laid down by the trade union movement. The
road to autocracy, unfreedom and chaos is laid down by
its enemies. The choice is now before the country.
"This conference calls for public support and recog-
nition of : •
"The right of the working people of the United States
to organize into trade unions for the protection of their
rights and interests.
OF Labor and Statistics 169
"The right to, and practice of, collective bargaining by
trade unions through representatives of their own choos-
ing.
"The right to work and to cease work collectively.
"The right collectively to bestow or withhold patronage.
"The right to the exercise of collective activities in
furtherance of the welfare of labor.
"This conference proposes and urges public support for:
"Enactment by Congress of legislation which shall pro-
tect the workers in their organized capacity against the
concept that there is a property right in the labor of a
human being.
"No application of the use of injunctions in industrial
disputes where they would not apply in the absence of
such disputes. fp
"Prohibition of immigration for a period of not less
than two years.
'^More general application of the initiative and refer-
endum in the political affairs of the United States and of
our several States.
*
"Removal by Congress of the usui-ped power of courts
to declare unconstitutional laws enacted by Congress.
"Election of judges.
"Immediate restoration of exemption from or the re-
peal of all anti-combination and so-called conspiracy laws.
"Restoration of an adequate federal employment ser-
vice.
"Administration of credit as a public trust in the inter-
est of all the people.
"Repeal by the States of all industrial court laws and
all restrictive and coercive laws, including the so-called
open port law of Texas, and freec^om from decisions of
courts holding trade unions and individual members
thereof liable in damages for the unlawful acts of others.
"Enactment by Congress of a law declaring that labor
organizations are not co-partnerships and shall not be so
treated in law or in equity.
"Investigation by Congress of the activities of so-called
private detective agencies in the field of industrial re-
lations.
"We urge upon the unorganized workers the urgent
necessity of joining the unions of their trades and call-
ings, their haven of refuge and protection.
170 Report of Maryland State Board
"We call upon the workers to resist the efforts to de-
stroy trade unions, whether by the false pretense of the
'open shop,' the usurped authority of courts through
writs of injunction, or otherwise.
"We call upon the trade unions for a closer banding to-
gether, a greater solidarity and unity of purpose.
"We call for united support in the protection of stand-
ards of wages and conditions already gained and we sum-
mon the workers to continued efforts to increase the con-
suming power, raise the standards and improve the con-
ditions of life and work.
"We call upon the workers and all of our people to give
the support, their effort and their combined strength of
righteous pui-pose to this appeal for the preservation of
the spirit and the letter of that great declaration which
was written to guarante to all Americans 'the right to
life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness and' freedom
from involuntary servitude." •
The above declaration and appeal was signed by the
officers and other representatives of the national and in-
ternational trade unions of America, assembled in the
Executive Council Chamber of the American Federation
of Labor, Washington, D. C, February 23, 1921, pledging
themselves and those whom they represented.
SOME EECENT IMPORTANT DECISIONS
It is not our purpose to discuss under this heading
cases which may be important in individual jurisdictions,
says the official report of the proceedings of the confer-
ence, although it is noted that a number of such exist.
We desire to comment briefly upon four cases (two de-
cided and two awaiting decision) before the Supreme
Court of the United States.
HITCHMAN COMPANY CASE
The Hitchman case was decided in 1917. One of the
most deplorable effects of the world war was that the
attention of the community was of necessity largely di-
verted from matters of domestic policy which deserve and
ordinarily receive careful consideration in times of peace.
A decision of the United States Supreme Court dealing
with important phases of the relationship between "capi-
tal" and "labor" arouses wide discussion, not only among
OF Labor and Statistics 171
lawyers but also among the people at large. But the
Hitchman Coal and Coke Company case was handed down
at a time when public attention was distracted and it went
comparatively unnoticed by all but the organized labor
movement and by members of the legal profession, the
latter did not give it the attention it deserved and normal-
ly would have received. As time went on, however, the
far-reaching result of that decision revealed itself, and
the blow which it gave to labor became readily apparent.
In the Hitchman case, the question was presented to
the Supreme Court as to whether or not members of a
labor union could be enjoined from conspiring to persuade,
and persuading, without violence or show of violence,
plaintiff's employes, not members of the union, and who
were working for plaintiff not for a specified time, but
under an agreement not to continue in plaintiffs' employ-
ment if they joined the union, this agi'ement being fully
known to defendants, secretly to agree to join the union
and continue working for plaintiff until enough had
agreed to join, so that a strike could be called, and plain-
tiff be thereby forced to unionize its business of mining
coal. This is the essence upon which the Hitchman Coal
and Coke Company predicated its case.
The Hitchman Company resorted to the practice after
the original case had been started of requiring each of its
employes to sign employment cards to the following
effect :
I am employed by and work for the Hitchman Coal &
Coke Company with the express understanding that I am
not a member of the United Mine Workers of America, and
will not become so while an employe of the Hitchman Coal
& Coke Company; that the Hitchman Coal & Coke Com-
pany is run non-union and agreed with me that it will run
non-union while I am in its employ. If at any time I am
employed by the Hitchman Coal & Coke Company I want
to become connected with the United Mine Workers of
America or any affialiated organization, I agree to with-
draw from the employment of said company, and agree
that while I am in the employ of that company I will not
make any efforts amongst its employes to bring about the
unionizing of that mine against the company's wish. I
have either read the above or heard the same read.
The question of the validity and effect of this agree-
ment was largely discussed in the case under considera-
tion and the majority opinion (Justices Brandeis, Holmes,
and Clarke dissenting) sustained this contract as a valid
172 Rbi'ORT op Maryland State Board
one capable of enforcement against any outsider who
might interfere with it, a strange part of the situation
being that of course it was not enforceable against the
party signing it, if at any time he saw fit at any moment
to quit employment, nor was it at any time enforceable
against the coal company which could discharge its em-
ploye without a moment's notice.
Assuming the contract as valid as we have stated, the
Supreme Court maintained the right of the judiciary to
restrain any person from urging an employe of the com-
pany to break his contract. He might not be solicited to
join a trade union while the so-called contract was in ex-
istence, the solicitor knowing such fact.
Much of the language contained in the case is very
broad, as for instance :
Upon all of the facts we are constrained to hold that the
purpose entertained by defendants to bring about a strike
at plaintiff's mine in order to compel plaintiff, through fear
of financial loss, to consent to the unionization of the mine
as the lesser evil, was an unlawful purpose.
Following the literal language of this decision an em-
ployer has but to enter into psuedo contracts with his
employes and thereafter any attempt to unionize them
may be the subject of an injunction.
In this case the majority members of the court lost
sight of the fact that what the defendants were doing was
done in self-defense and not maliciously, and in view of
recent decisions throughout the country declaring the
right of industrial combatants to push their struggle to
the limits of the justification of self-interest, the decision
of the majority members of the United States Supreme
Court is surprising, but as previously stated it dealt labor
a severe blow and for this reason: It so happens that
the Hitchman case is only binding in the federal court
because no federal statute was construed and no consti-
tutional question was involved, but it is undeniable that
that decision will largely influence every state court. It
has been quoted with approval by the Supreme Judicial
Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and by the
New York Court of Appeals in the case of Auburn Dray-
ing Company vs. Wardel. Hence the importance of some
legislative relief.
Since the employer in the Hitchman case could arbi-
trarily dismiss an employe any time for the most ca-
OF Labor and Statistics 173
*
pricious reason, and had not exacted any agreement by
which the employe agreed not to join a labor union, it
seems incredible that a court should hold it was improper
to lay before such employes the advantages of joining a
labor organization. Yet that is what the decision comes
to when finally analyzed. As it would not be possible for
Congress to pass any law which affects intrastate trade
or business, it is obvious that both national and state leg-
islation will have to be obtained in order to protect labor
adequately.
DUPLEX PRINTING COMPANY CASE
The case of Duplex Printing Press Company vs. Deer-
ing, which was decided by the United States Supreme
Court, January 3, 1921, is even a greater disappointment
than the decision in the Hitchman case, because the opin-
ion of the majority members of the court clearly reveals
that section 20 of the Clayton act has been emasculated
of any protection that labor was supposed to enjoy there-
under.
Section 20 of the Clayton act is as follows :
That no restraining order or injunction shall be granted
by court of the United States or a judge or the judges
thereof, in any case between an employer and employes,
or between employers and employes, or between persons
employed and persons seeking employment, involving, or
growing out of, a dispute concerning terms or conditions
of employment, unless necessary to prevent irreparable
injury to property, or to a property right, of the party
making the application, for which injury there is no ade-
quate remedy at law, and such property or property right
must be described with particularity in the application,
which must be in writing and sworn to by the applicant
or by his agent or attorney.
And no such restraining order or injunction shall pro-
hibit any person or persons, whether singly or in concert,
from terminating any relation of employment, or from
ceasing to perform any work or labor or from recom-
mending, advising, or persuading others by peaceful means
so to do; or from the purpose of peacefully persuading any
person or persons may lawfully be, for the purpose of
peacefully persuading any person to work or to abstain
from working; or from ceasing to patronize or to employ
any party to such dispute, or from recommending, advising.
174 Report of Maryland State Board
or persuading others by peaceful and lawful means so to
do; or from paying or giving to, or withholding from, any
person engaged in such dispute, any strike benefits or other
moneys or things of value; or from peaceably assembling in
a lawful manner, and for lawful purposes; or from doing
any act or things which might lawfully be done in the
absence of such dispute by any party thereto; nor shall
any of the acts specified in this paragraph be considered
or held to be violations of aijy law of the United States.
The Duplex Company sought to enjoin officials of the
machinists' and affihated unions from interfering with its
business by inducing their members not to work for plain-
tiff or its customers in connection with the setting up of
presses made by it. Unlike Hitchman Coal and Coke
Company vs. Mitchell, there was no charge that defend-
ants induced employes to break their contracts, nor was
it urged in the arguments that defendants threatened
acts of violence. The defendants admitted interference
with plaintiff's business but insisted that by the common
law of New York and by section 20 of the Clayton act,
the facts constituted a justification for this interference
with plaintiff's business. Referring to section 20 of the
Clayton act, Mr. Justice Brandeis in his dissenting opin-
ion, with whom Mr. Justice Holmes and Mr. Justice Clarke
concurred, said:
This statute was the fruit of unceasing agitation which
extended over more than twenty years and was designed to
equalize before the law the position of workingmen and em-»
ployer as industrial combatants. Aside from the use of
the injunction, the chief source of dissatisfaction with
the existing law lay in the doctrine of malicious combina-
tion, and in many parts of the country, in the judicial
declarations of the illegality at common law of picketing
and persuading others to leave work. The grounds for
objection to the latter are obvious. The objection to the
doctrine of malicious combination requires some explana-
tion. By virtue of that doctrine, damage resulting from
conduct such as striking or withholding patronage or
persuading others to do either, which without more might
be damnum absque injuria because the result of trade com-
petition, became actionable when done for a purpose which
a judge considered socially or economically harmful and
therefore branded as malicious and economic ideas of
judges, which thus became translated into law, were preju-
OF Labor and Statistics 175
dicial to a position of equality between workingman and
employer; that due to this dependence upon the indi-
vidual opinion of judges great confusion existed as to
• what purposes were lawful and what unlawful; and that in
any event congress, not the judges, was the body which
should declare what public policy in regard to the indus-
trial struggle demands.
By 1914, the ideas of the advocates of legislation had
fairly crystallized upon the manner in which the inequality
and uncertainty of the law should be removed. It was to
be done by expressly legalizing certain acts regardless of
the effects produced by them upon other persons. As to
them congress was to extract the element of injuria from
the damages thereby inflicted, instead of leaving judges to
determine according to their own economic and social views
whether the damage inflicted on an employer in an indus-
trial struggle was damnum absque injuria, because an in-
cident of trade competition, or a legal injury, because in
their opinion, economically and socially objectionable. This
idea was presented to the committees which reported the
Clayton act. The resulting law set out certain acts which
had previously been held unlawful, whenever courts had
disapproved of the ends for which they were performed;
it then declared that, when these acts were committed in
the course of an industrial dispute, they should not be held
to violate any law of the United States. In other words,
th^ Clayton act substituted the opinion of Congress as to
the propriety of the purpose for that of differing judges;
and thereby it declared that the relations between employ-
ers of labor and workingmen were competitive relations,
that organized competition was not harmful and that it
juustified injuries necessarily inflicted in its course. Both
the majority and the minority report of the house com-
mittee indicates that such was its purpose. If, therefore,
the act applies to the case at bar ,the acts here complained
of cannot 'be considered or held to be violations of any law
of the United States,' and hence do not violate the Sherman
act.
As a result of the decisions in this and in the Hitch-
man case it is undeniable that labor has been unjustly-
stripped of important rights to which it is under law and
right entitled in the federal courts and unless there is
some adequate legislative relief it is obvious that certain
employers throughout the United States who seek to
176 Report of Maryland Statk Board
crush labor will take advantage of those decisions and
insist upon the open shop, so-called, which virtually means
that labor will be reduced to the same low standard that
obtained nearly a century ago; that the lot of the work-
ing man will be the same as it was in mediaeval times,
that his wages will be a mere pittance, his hours of labor
intolerable, his home a hovel, his clothes rags, his degra-
dation as base as in the days now happily passed.
THE CORONADO CASE
The Coronado case against the United Mine Workers of
America, District No. 21, of the mine workers and others
was brought originally about eight years ago. After a
legal history not necessary to be detailed, it resulted in a
judgment which was affirmed in the Circuit Court of i*p-
peals for the Eighth Circuit in favor of the plaintiffs for
$625,000, being treble damages under the Sherman act.
In brief, the defendants, including the United Mine Work-
ers of America, District No. 21, United Mine Workers of
America and twenty-seven local unions, were held liable
for acts of alleged violence which had been committed in
Arkansas against some seven mines, although the United
Mine Workers and District No. 21 had no connection with
any of these alleged acts. The international organization
was held responsible because of having failed to discipline
the members of local unions or of District No. 21 and on
scarcely better grounds was District No. 21 held liable.
From such decision as stated, an appeal was taken to the
Supreme Court of the United States and a writ of cer-
tiorari asked. The case was argued in December and no
decision up to the preparation of this report has yet been
announced.
The substantial fact is that if the decision below is sus-
tained any international body may be held liable on the
scantiest suggestion of evidence for the misconduct of in-
dividuals not directed by them and of whose methods
they may have no knowledge and be without special
means of inquiry. For the first time and erroneously, we
believe, a court has held labor organizations directly re-
sponsible as if they were incorporated bodies. Irrespec-
tive of any discussion upon the merits we will anticipate
that the United States Supreme Court will find it neces-
sary to sustain the appeal for this among other reasons
which have their technical as well as legal force. But if
OF Labor and Statistics 177
a different view is taken by the Supreme Court of the
United States no international labor organization may-
consider itself safe irrespective of any precautions it may
take and irrespective of its innocence of even technical
wrongdoing, at least until the federal law has been
changed.
It is therefore in the power and in the hands of the
United States Supreme Court to decide whether the
United Mine Workers of America and all other voluntary
organizations of workers are unlawful organizations and
whether it will be unlawful to belong to them, and sim-
ply because of membership therein their members be sub-
ject to civil and criminal laws. It will also determine
whether any employer or groups of employers doing busi-
ness with a national or international union are violating
the laws. If the court determines that eveiy agreement
held by national or international unions with employers is
unlawful, this decision will, unless remedied by law, make
it impossible for the wage-earners of America to organize
for their protection and the promotion of their rights and
interests upon the constructive basis as the labor move-
ment of America now exists. In that event collective bar-
gaining will be unlawful. Suits will be begun in every
State where coal is mined. The operators who have had
contracts with the. United Mine Workers. may sue this
organization for damages sustained while strikes have
been in progress. Already the coal operators of several
States have refused to operate the machinery of the
agreement for the collection of assessments to aid the
strikers in West Virginia and other States.
Other cases have been brought against the United
Mine Workers of America, based upon the same grounds
as those involved in the Coronado case. One of these is
the suit of the Pennsylvania Mining Company. Through
this persecution, under the guise of prosecution, the funds
of the United Mine Workers of America have been tied
up, in perfecting bonds so that the appeal might be made,
in the sum of over $1,100,000.
The Executive Council recommend to this conention
that every effort be made by the American Federation
of Labor to secure the enactment of a law by Congress
which will bring relief to the workers from such con-
ditions.
178 Rei'ORt of Maryland State Board
TRUAX VERSUS- CORRIGAN
A fourth case (one of those awaiting decision) is that
of Truax vs. Corrigan on appeal to the United States Su-
preme Court from the State of Arizona. This case was
ai-gued last April and indirectly involves the constitution-
ality under the federal constitution of the labor pro-
visions of the Clayton act, including particularly the right
of picketing. After the adoption of the Clayton act, the
State of Arizona pass-ed an enactment similar in all re-
spects. Its constitutionality under the federal constitu-
tion was challenged by the plaintiffs who failed in the
lower court and on appeal in the Supreme Court of the
State, but thereafter brought their appeal to the United
States Supreme Court.
EFFECT OF DECISIONS
The decision in the cases reported seems to deny the
privilege of a union to increase its membership and there-
fore increase its power for collective bargaining by so-
liciting and persuading workmen to terminate their em-
ployment in order to join the union. It is difficult to
reconcile this conclusion with those decisions which per-
mit striking employes to induce by peaceful persuasion
others to quit >vork or withhold their patronage from the
employer. The other cases referred, and still pending for
final decision, go even further and question the validity
of trade unions.
In view of these decisions and the tendency of our
courts generally to restrict rather than to enlarge the
workers' right to promote their own welfare, a conference
was held in the Executive Chamber of the American Fed-
eration of Labor, February 21, 1921. Those present were:
Executive Council, American Federation of Labor — Samuel
Gompers, William Green, W. D. Mahon, Matthew Woll,
Daniel Tobin, Joseph F. Valentine and Frank Morrison.
Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway
Employees of America — W. D. Fitzgerald and L. D.
Bland.
International Association of Machinists — William H. John-
ston.
United Mine Workers of America — John L. Lewis, Philip
Murray, John Moore, Percy Tetlow and Walter J.
James.
OF Labor and Statistics 179
Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel and Tin Workers —
M. F. Tig-he.
Mining Department of the American Federation of Labor —
James Lord.
Union Label Trades Department, American Federation of
Labor — John J. Manning.
International Molders' Union of North America — John P.
Frey.
Metal Trades Department, American Federation of Labor —
James O'Connell.
Legislative Committee, American Federation of Labor-
Edward F. McGrady, Edgar Wallace and W. C. Rob-
erts.
Attorneys — Samuel Montgomery, West Virginia, Miners;
Harry Warrum, United Mine Workers of America;
Frank Mulholland, International Association of Ma-
chinists; Jackson Ralston, American Federation of
Labor; James S .Bryan, Rochester Central Trades and
Labor Council; Gilbert E. Roe, New York.
A thorough discussion of all the angles of these de-
cisions and their effect on the future of trade unions fol-
lowed. Suggestions were made as to the best methods
of combating these decisions and whether it is best to
promote legislation making such individual contracts un-
lawful, to take away the powers assumed by the Supreme
Court, the election of federal judges by the people, or
such other action as would be a protection to labor. Un-
derneath all the discussion was the feeling that the trade
unions will have to adopt some new methods in their ac-
tivities.
As a result of this conference and discussion of these
cases the following proposed legislative measure was
adopted and agreed to and approved later by the Execu-
tive Council:
AN ACT CONCERNING LABOR ORGANIZATIONS
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assem-
bled, That it shall not be unlawful for working men and
women to organize themselves into or carry on labor
unions and to persuade or induce others to join with them
for the purpose of regulating the hours of labor, or regulat-
ing the wages, or otherwise bettering the condition of the
180 Eei'ort of Maryland State Board
members of sush organizations, or doing any act iti pur-
suance thereof not forbidden by law if done by a single
individual. Labor unions and the individual members
thereof shall not be liable in damages for the unlawful acts
of their officers or of other members thereof, unless they
shall have personally aided, counselled and advised the
same.
Section 2. No restraining order or injunction shall be
granted by any court of the United States or any judge or
judges thereof in any case involving or growing' out of a
dispute concerning terms of employment or conditions of
labor which shall prohibit any person or persons, whether
singly or in concert, from terminating any relation or con-
tract of employment or from ceasing to perform any work
or labor; or from recommending, advising, inducing, or per-
suading others so to do; or from attending at any place
where any person or persons might lawfully be for the pur-
pose of obtaining or communicating information; or from
inducing or persuading any person, firm or corporation; or
from recommending, advising, inducing, or persuading
others so to do; or from paying, or giving to, or withhold-
ing from any person engaged in such dispute any sti'ike
benefits or other moneys or things of value; or from doing
any act or thing which might lawfully be done in the ab-
sence of such dispute by a single individual. The acts
specified herein shall not be construed or held to be illegal
or unlawful in any court of the United States.
Section 3. No person shall be indicted, prosecuted, or
tried in any court of the United States for entering into or
participating in any arrangement, agreement, or combina-
tion made with a view of joint! action for the purpose of
regulating the number of hours of labor, or regulating
wages, or bettering the condition of working men and
women, or for any act done in pursuance thereof unless
such act is in itself forbidden by law if done by a single
individual.
Section 4. All acts or parts of acts inconsistent here-
with are hereby repealed.
In the proposal to exert extraordinary efforts to have
the foregoing legislative measure enacted into law in
every State of the Union as well as by our national gov-
ernment, it is not the intention to subordinate the expres-
sions and relief declared for by the labor conference held
in Washington as above noted. In addition to declaring
OF Labor and Statistics 181
for legislative redress this conference likewise declared
for the elimination of all anti-conspiracy laws and doc-
trines as well as all legal fictions designed to prohibit and
restrain combinations of wealth, but which in reality have
only served the purpose of restricting and prohibiting the
organizations of wage-earners in their voluntary and
normal activities to improve their conditions of work and
to promote their standards of life. — Taken from the Re-
port of Proceedings.
President Gompers presided over the balance of the
sessions, which were taken up with addresses, resolu-
tions, reports of committees and the usual routine of
business.
The convention adjourned at 5.50 o'clock P. M., Satur-
day, June 25th, after selecting Cincinnati as the city in
which to hold the convention of 1922.
THE INJUNCTION'S OTHER EDGE
Double-edged is the injunction weapon, and the hitherto
unused side of the blade must henceforth be reckoned
with in labor controversies, say a number of the editors
who point out the significance of the judicial decision in
favor of labor which ended the garment workers' strike
m New York in January, 1922. Organized labor has long
been fighting the employers' use of the court injunction
to restrict strike activities, as witness the hostile nick-
name, "Injunction Bill Taft,' and the epigram, "In case
•of the injunction in labor disputes, contempt of court is
respect for law." For years workers have heard our
courts denounced by their leaders as the seat of "gov-
ernment by injunction." Labor on its part, as the New
York Globe notes, "has refrained from seeking injunc-
tions. Consistency, a belief that on the whole the courts
were prejudiced against them, poverty, and unfamiliarity
with the resources of the law have, with other factors,
explained the reluctance of the unions to go into the
courts." But now, remarks the New York Herald:
"The workers find themselves in possession of one of
those dreadful injunctions. It enjoins their employers
from further abrogating the bi'oken contract. It opens
the way for an employees' suit to recover damages. It
shows the men and women of organized labor that they
may find in the courts the justice which never can be
attained through violence and disorder."
182 Kki'ort of Maryland Statk Board
Considerations like these lead many a newspaper to
look upon the issuance of the gaiTnent strike injunction
by Justice Wag-ner of the New York State Supreme Court
as, in the New York Evening World's phrase, "a milestone
in the development of labor law in the United States."
The facts in the case can be stated briefly. The Cloak,
Suit and Skirt Manufacturers' Protective Association in
New York have a three-year agreement with the Inter-
national Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, covering
wages and working conditions, which terminates June 1,
1922. In October the employers, who wanted to hold their
markets as against other cities, and, as the Brooklyn
Eagle notes, saw no way of doing so "except by less slack-
ing, longer hours, and the piece-price plan," tried to intro-
duce hours and rates inconsistent with the agreement.
The strike ensued. A temporary injunction in another
court was made pennanent by Justice Robert F. Wagner
of the New York State Supreme Court on January 11.
Justice Wagner calls upon the employers to cease from
"taking or continuing in any concerted action involving
the violation or repudiation" of the existing agreement
with the union. He says of the union's request for an
injunction:
"It is elementary and yet sometimes requires emphasis
that the door of a court of equity is open to employer and
employee alike. It is no respecter of persons; it is keen
to prot&ct the legal rights of all. Heretofore the employer
alone has prayed the protection of a court of equity
against threatened irreparable illegal acts of the em-
ploye.
"But mutuality of obligation compels a mutuality of
remedy. The fact that the employes have entered
Equity's threshold by a hitherto untraveled path does not
lessen their rights to the law's decree.
"Precedent is not our only guide in deciding these dis-
putes, for many are worn out by time and made useless
by the more enlightened and humane conception of social
justice. That progressive sentiment of advanced civili-
zation which has compelled legislative action to correct
and improve conditions which a proper regard for hu-
manity would no longer tolerate, can not be ignored by
the courts. Our decisions should be in harmony with
that modern conception and not in defiance of it.
"It cannot be seriously contended that the plaintiffs
have an adequate remedy at law. That the damages re-
OF Labor and Statistics 183
suiting from the alleged violation of the agreement would
be irremediable at law is too patent for discussion. There
are over 40,000 workers whose rights are involved and
over 300 defendant organizations. The contract expires
within six months, and a trial of the issues can hardly
be held within that time. It is unthinkable that the court
should force litigants into a court of law. A court of
equity looks to the substance and essence of things, and
disregards matters of form and technical niceties."
The issuance of the Wagner injunction was followed
by the calling off of the strike and the agreement of the
employers to reinstate the week-work system and the
forty-four-hour week. President Benjamin Schlesinger of
the Garment Workers' Union declares that the decision
"will be hailed as important by organized labor through-
out the whole length and breadth of the country, and
will set a valuable precedent for all similar cases."
Samuel Untermeyer, counsel for the union, is persuaded
by the decision that his own belief in "the justice, wisdom
and efficacy of the injunction in labor disputes" is vindi-
cated. Morris Hillquit, another attorney for the workers,
considers the decision "an impowtant moral victory for
organized labor as a whole." It is an act of "poetic jus-
tice to hurl one of such missiles against its inventors'';
but, he continues, "organized labor will not become recon-
ciled to the use of injunction in labor disputes because
it may occasionally serve its own ends." In fact, Mr.
Hillquit hopes that the decision will "tend to make in-
junctions less popular with employers," and "will lead to
a radical limitation and eventually the complete abolition
of judicial interference in labor disputes by the means of
injunctions."
The Socialist New York Call, which has been strongly
behind the garment workers, trusts that Justice Wag-
ner's sentiments "will be read by his fellow judges
throughout the United States." This decision, it goes
on, "opens the way for other judges to put themselves on
record that in dealing with living things the dead and
musty past shall not be allowed to tyrannize."
184 Rei'ort of Maryland State Board
$608,000,000 EARNED BY ROADS FOR 1921
By HAKDEN COLFAX
(Copyright, 1922, by the P.altiniore Sun)
Earnings of American railroads during 1921, the first
full year of private operation since 1917, total $608,-
000,000, or at the rate of 3.3 per cent on the value of the
properties, taking them as a whole.
The figures are approximate, as December returns are
not yet compiled, but are accurate to within a few million
dollars, one way or the other.
This showing, which falls half a billion dollars short
of what the Interstate Commerce Commission planned
when it raised rates 17 months ago so" that the roads
might earn approximately 6 per cent, on their invest-
ment, was accomplished only by dint of drastic retrench-
ment, which finds a parallel nowhere in the previous his-
tory of American railroading. It is the smallest return
to investors, under private control, since 1908, or within
13 years.
Executives of the carriers believe that the showing in
1922 will be much better, although the winter months
plTobably will be comparatively lean.
The railroad history of 1921, in the light of fairly com-
plete figures for the entire year, discloses that freight
traffic fell oflf nearly 22 per cent from the 1920 volume
and that passenger traffic declined 19 per cent. In all the
years of American railroading there has not been so sharp
a decline.
The last few months of the year, fortunately, showed
a steady trend toward better times — a trend that is car-
rying the roads into 1922 with every indication of a much
more prosperous year.
During 1921 the gross receipts of the roads were
$5,625,000,000. This is $600,000,000 less than they were
in 1920. On its face this showing is disheartening. But,
coming to the next item on the annual statement, we find
that expenses of operation showed a decrease so much
greater as to be startling. Thanks to cutting expenses
down to the quick, it cost the roads nearly $1,200,000,00
less to operate in 1921 than it did in 1920.
Half of this huge economy was eflfected through a re-
duction in what the roads call transportation costs. These
are the cost items of running the freight and passenger
OF Labor and Statistics 185
trains, maintaining the offices and stations and keeping
the machinery of the plant going. In 1920 the roads spent
$2,907,000,000 in transportation costs; in 1921 they spent
$2,300,000,000.
The difference is $607,Q00.000— a sum which equals
the net earnings for the year. It might be said, sui^pris-
ingly, that the roads were able to make their 3.3 per cent
return wholly because of the sharp cut in transportation
costs, but the record shows many other factors entering
into the situation.
For instance, there is the big item of maintaining
equipment in good shape. On this item alone the roads
spent nearly $1,600,000,000 in 1920. In 1921 equipment
was not kept up to the standard set in 1920. The roads
spent $300,000,000 less on that item. They also spent
$250,000,000 less on keeping up their roadbeds and main-
taining the right of way. The total economy effected in
these two items — and many persons question the real
economy, claiming that the day of reckoning is coming —
approximates $550,000,000, or nearly the entire amount
of net operating income.
In effecting their policy of retrenchment the roads laid
off 30 per cent of their working forces in eight months.
The record shows that in August, 1920, there were 2,197,-
000 employes on the rolls. By December of that year the
number had dropped to 1,976,000, and by April to
1,542,000. That was the low mark. Thereafter the em-
ployment figures began to climb. In October last more
than 200,000 more men were on the rolls than in April,
Out of every three men discharged during the period of
retrenchment one had been taken back.
The average earnings of the railroads' employes has
been so much a subject of contention between the roads
and their employes that the record on that phase of op-
eration is of timely interest.
In 1919, before the general and sweeping increase in
wages, the average yearly wage of the man on the rail-
road payroll was $1,486. The following year saw gener-
ous upward revisions of the wage scales, which carried
the average to $1,820 for every man in the railroad serv-
ice. In the first three months of 1921, due to part time
work and other effects of the economic situation, the av-
erage wage dropped to $1,792 per year. During the next
three months it dropped to $1,784.
186 Kei'ORt of Maryland State Board
Then came July and the wage decisions. The drop was
decisive — to $1,573, or at the rate of abot $17 a month
for every railroad employe. In August, the last month
for which the figures have been compiled, the average rose
again, about $54, to approximately $1,627.
The foregoing figures cover the countrys' transporta-
tion system as a unit. The earnings, however, were un-
evenly distributed, the stronger roads earning a higher
rate than others. Of the 201 carriers whose earnings are
included in these totals, more than 40, or not far from
one-fourth of the entire number, operated in 1921 at an
actual deficit. These roads, for the most part, however,
are improving their position.
The following are taken from past and future wage
levels, compiled by Halbert P. Gillette, editor of Engi-
neering and Contracting:
Table I gives the daily wage level for almost every year
for the last 130 years. It also gives the wage level at
five year intervals prior, to 1790.
The last column of Table II gives the relative "real"
wage, or the buying power of the average wage in Amer-
ica for the last 130 years. It is deduced by dividing the
numbiers in the second column by the corresponding num-
bers in the third column. The buying power of the aver-
age wage being 100 for the year 1913, it was 50 for the
year 1860; and 20 for the year 1800. In other words,
within 113 years the "real" wage of the average worker
in America had increased fourfold, until it was fivefold
as great at the end of that period as at the beginning.
The same astonishing increase occurred in Great Britain.
OP Labor and Statistics 187
TABLE I
WAGE LEVEL OR "INDEX" FOR AVERAGE DAY'S WAGE,
THE AVERAGE WAGE IN 1913 BEING 100%
Wage
Wage
Wage
Wage
fear
Level
Year
Level
Year
Level
Year
Level
1752...
._ 15
1846
40
1873
75
1900
76
1755...
15
1847
41
1874
74
1901
80
1760...
„. 11
1848
42
1875
72
1902
82
1765...
16
1849
41
1876
..... 69
1903
85
1770...
15
1850
..... 41
1877
66
1904
85
1775....
,._ 16
1851
41
1878
64
1905
86
1780...
19
1852
42
1879
64
1906
91
1785...
22
1853
... 42
1880
65
1907
92
1790
...:..... 18
„. 25
1854
1855
..... 43
44
1881
1882
..... 69
70
1908
89
1794...
1909
90
1795...
28
1856
44
1883
72
1910
93
1797....
25
1857
45
1884
71
1911
95
1800...
..._ 25
1858
44
1885
71
1912
97
1802..
33
1859
45
1886
71
1913
-.100
1804
35
1860
45
1887
71
1914
102
1805....
40
1861
46.
1888
72
1915
103
1810....
>45
1862
47
1889
74
1916
Ill
1815...
42
1863
54
1890
76
1917
128
1820...
52
1864
61
1891
77
1918
162
1830
36
1865
68
1892
77
1919
184
1835...
36
1866
71
1893
76
1920
220
1840...
37
1867
..... 75
1894
..... 74
...
1841...
36
1868
.... 75
1895
74
1842.
38
1869
76
1896
75
1843...
38
1870
76
1897
75
1844.
38
1871
76
1898
..... 76
1845....
39
1872
76
1899
77
Note: From 1752 to 1840 these wage levels have been deduced
by H. P. Gillette from wage statistics given in the annual report of
the Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor for 1885, as com-
piled in "Comparative Wages, Prices and Cost of Living," by Carroll
D. Wright, and^are based mainly on New England wages paid to
farm labor and to construction labor. From 1840 to 1890, the wage
levels are those given in the Aldrich Senate Report, No. 1394, and
are a weighted average of about 20 trades. According to that
report, the average length of the working dav was 11.4 hours in
1840; 11 hours in 1860, and 10 hours in 1890. * From 1890 to 1920
these day wage levels have been deduced by H. P. Gillette from data
in the monthly Labor Review of the U. S. Bureau of Labor, and in
the monthly Labor Market Bulletin of the New York State Indus-
trial Commission and in the monthly Crop Reporter of the U. S.
Department of Agriculture.
188 Report of Maryland State Board
TABLE II
BUYING POWER OF AVERAGE DAILY WAGE IN
UNITED STATES
•
Wholesale Buying
Year Wage Price Power
Level Level of Wage
1790 18 88 20
1800 28 136 20
1810 45 136 • 33
1820 52 96 54
1830 36 83 43
1840 37 89 42
1850 41 83 49
1860 45 90 50
1870 76 117 65
1880 65 93 70
1890 76 84 90
1900 76 82 93
1910 93 97 97
1913 100 100 100
1920 220 243 91
Note: The Buying Power of the Wage is deduced by dividing
the Wage Level by the Wholesale Price Level.
The seventeenth annual convention of the Maryland
State and District of Columbia Federation of Labor was
convened in Salisbury Monday morning, April 18th, in
the auditorium of the new Young Men's Christian Asso-
ciation Building. Francis J. Drum, president, presided
over the sessions, which concluded Thursday evening.
Secretary James stated that 150 delegates attended.
The visiting delegates were officially greeted in an ad-
dress of welcome by Mayor W. Arthur Kennerly.
On Wednesday Glenn H. Plumb, author of the Plumb '
Plan, delivered a stirring two-hour address dealing with
the present conditions of the railroads, and strongly ad-
vocated his plan as a remedy.
Immediately following the address of Mr. Plumb officers
for the ensuing year were nominated, and, as there was
no opposition slate put in the field, those nominated were
elected on Thursday.
Francis J. Drum of Cumberland was selected to head
the organization for another year, and N. A. James was
renominated for secretary, but later resigned. Henry
Broening was elected secretary. The other officers elected
were: C. C. Coulter, Montgomery County, first vice-presi-
dent; Gertrude McNally, Washington, D. C, second vice-
OF Labor and Statistpics 189
»
president; Thomas A. Cale, Cumberland, third vice-presi-
dent; E. F. Isaacs, Baltimore, fourth vice-president; R.
E. Burlett, Washington, fifth vice-president; R. B. Sny-
der, Hagerstown, sixth vice-president; E. J. Chapman,
Wicomico County, seventh vice-president, and J. E, Toone,
Washington, treasurer.
A lengthy debate ensued over the election of a dele-
gate to the American Federation of Labor convention to
be held in Denver this June. Frank J. Coleman of Wash-
ington, D. C, was finally selected to represent the Mary-
land Federation.
The treasurers' report was as follows:
Balance on hand, April, 1920 $ 905.17
Receipts for year ending April, 1921 1929.35
Total - $2834.52
Expenses for year ending April, 1921 1815.65
Balance in bank - $1018.87
The meeting adjourned in the afternoon of Thursday,
April 21st, subject to the call of the chairman.
BALTIMORE LOCALS
Asbestos Workers No. 11:
Lewis Holland, 223 N. Rose St.
Automatic Machine and Flow Operators No. 118 of Glass
Bottle Blowers' Association:
Wm. A. Murphy, 1927 Hollins St.
Bakers No. 209 :
President, F. Siskis.
H. Hui-witz, 24 S. Washington St.
Bakers and Confectioners No. 67:
President, Hy. Neil, 1606 Clifton Place.
Secretary, Louis Homrighmen, 424 N. Greene St.
Barbers, Jour. International No. 241:
G. W. Sanders, 800 E. 41st St.
Beverage Dispensers No. 532:
Bernard Stern, care Lyric Hotel, Maryland Ave. and
Mt. Royal Ave.
Beer and Soft Drink Bottlers No. 258 :
Geo. Mauler, 719 S. Robinson St.
190 REroRT OF Maryland State Board
Beer Drivers Local No. 173:
John A. Banz, 1122 Harford Ave.
Bill Posters and Billers Alliance No. 36:
P. 0. Box 833, Baltimore.
Edw. F. Raysinger, 1822 N. Rutland Ave.
Bindery Women No. 123:
Mrs. B. McGonigle, 2405 Laurette Ave.
Brotherhood Boilermakers, Iron Ship Builders and Help-
ers No. 193:
J6hn Shallow, 46 E. Williamson St.
James Chaney, 1419 Patapsco St. (Sec.)
Brotherhood Blacksmiths and Helpers No. 240 :
Secretary, B. L. Martin, 1728 Harford Ave.
Book Binders No. 44:
Jesse Griffith, 12 Eutaw Ave., Gardenville.
Brewery Workers No. 8:
John Neietzel, 1918 W. Lanvale St.
Brewery Engineers and Firemen No. 177:
O. H. Smith, 1724 N. Collington Ave.
Boilermakers and Iron Ship Builders and Helpers No. 63:
Pres. and Agent, Jesse Francis, 4118 E. Lombard St.
Secretary, Arthur C. White, 1034 N. Appleton St.
Cigar Makers No. 1 :
Gus Mechau, Electro Mechanical Building, Calvert and
Franklin Sts.
Clothing Cutters and Trimmers No. 15:
Secretary, Gus Franz, 819 S. Paca St.
G. A. Ott, Agent, Emerson Tower Building.
Coopers Local LInion No. 32: •
Henry Kappauf, 329 S. Bentalou St.
Wm. F. Weiss, Treas., 13 Anthony Av., Raspeburg, Md.
Custom Ladies' Tailors No. 101:
Joseph Tichy, 219 N. Gilmor St.
Coopersmiths No. 80:
Henry J. Menning, Secretary, 910 E. Biddle St.
Elevator Constructors No. 7 :
L. 0. Dorsey, 2411 W. North Ave.
Electrical Workers No. 28:
Frank J. Meeder, Secretary, 20 N. East Ave.
Thomas J. Fagen, 1222 St. Paul St.
Eastern and Gulf Sailors' Association:
C. Rasmussen, 1710 Thames St.
OF Labor and Statistics 191
Federal Employes' L. U.. No. 155:
Wm. H. Swann, 23 Custom House Building,
Flint Glass Workers No. 90:
Secretary, John Hulson, 414 E. 26th St.
James F. Hollingsworth, Fin. Sec, Westpoii;, Md.
Federal Labor Union No. 10875:
F. J. Kohrs, 1108 E. Federal St.
Westley Brannan, Bus. Agent, 405 S. East Ave.
Federal Employe Union No. 21, Custom House:
Goodman Isaac, Secretary, 325 Custom House.
Charles L. Wiegand, President, Custom House.
Federal Employe Union No. 147:
Edw. F. Sneider, U. S. Coast Guard, Depot South Bal-
timore P. 0., Md.
Federal Employes Union No. 180 :
Geo. Kell, Secretary, Aberdeen, Md.
James Cpllins, Fin. Sec, Box 142, Ferryman, Md.
Federal Employes L. U. No. 124:
Basil E. Moore, 158 Conduit Ave., Annapolis, Md.
Firemen and Oilers No. 516, International Brotherhood:
W. G. Roberts, Secretary, 3337 Payne St., Hampden,
Baltimore, Md.
Federal Employes' Union No. 193:
J. A. Boyd, 808 N. Calvert St.
Federal Employes' L. U. No. 163:
C. J. Amrheim, Secretary, 500 N. Washington St.
President, B. A. Blain, 339 S. Bouldin St.
Federal Employes' L. U. No. 209:
Clarence M. Diggs, Secretary.
Freight Handlers' No. 17393:
James M. Whittington, 1316 N. Strieker St.
Glass Bottle Packers Branch No. 80:
George Mechs, 709 W. Hamburg St.
George Bartlett, Box 154, Raspeburg, Md.
Glass Bottle Blowers No. 9:
George W. Speaks, Jr., 410 N. Hilton St.
Garment Workers No. 244 (United) :
George Metzger, 1200 N. Central Ave.
Garment Workers' L. U. No. 167 (United) :
G. 0. Ott, 702 Emerson Tower Building..
Hair Spinners No. 12353 :
J. Wieber 3,704 Old Frederick Road. .
192 Rei'ORT of Maryland State Board
Horseshoers, Jour. No. 2:
John T. Keefer, 1208 Cross St.
Hod Carriers' Building and Commission Laborer Inter-
national No. 644:
James A. Nilson, Secretary, 882 Pierce St.
Iron Moulders No. 19:
John Kemper, Secretary, 2815 Parkwood Ave.
Wm. Irwin, President, 2713 Belair Ave.
Iron Moulders No. 24 (Stove) :
Fred Detzel, 2132 Orleans St.
Letter Carriers' Branch No. 176, Natl. Assn. :
M. J. McHugh, 1800 E. Fairmount Ave.
Lithographers' Prot. and Benf . Assn. No. 18 :
Robert Bircher, President, Guilford Ave.
Edw. Miller, 1815 Poplar Grove St.
Longshoremen's Assn. No. 828:
N. H. Ridgeway, 1466 Stevenson St.
W. Zeidler, Treasurer, 1454 William St.
Ernest A. Frestes, President.
Ladies' Garment Workers No. 4 (Intl.) :
Miss Hannah J. Hurwitz, 1441 E. Baltimore St.
Samuel Goldberg, Treasurer.
Ladies' Garment Workers No. 110 (Cutters) :
Edward Sautter, 1441 E. Baltimore St.
Longshoremen's Assn. No. 829:
James Bukourka, Secretary, 2234 Fleet St.
Longshoremen's Assn. No. 858:
N. R. Jones, Secretary, 323 N. Strieker St.
Chas. A. Nilson, 1340 Argyle Ave.
Longshoremen's Assn. No. 921 :
Geo. L. Brigerman, 1503 E. Clement St.
Longshoremen's Assn. No. 953 (Deepwater Talleymen) :
Thomas Dunn, 1502 Belt St.
Machinists No. 405 :
Howard Anderson, 210- E. Lexington St.
Machinists' L. U. No. 186 My Md. Lodge:
Geo. E. Wedmore, VanSant Bldg, 210 E. Lexington St.
Charles Hayes, Secretary, 1662 Gorsuch Ave.
Marine Firemen, Oilers and Water Tenders:
P. J. Keane, Agent, 804 S. Broadway.
Marine Cooks and Stewart Assn. of Atlantic and Gulf:
Harry J. Myers, Agent, 1719 Thames St.
OF Labor and Statistics . 193
Master Mates and Pilots, Rescue Harbor No. 14, Amer-
ican Association:
Robert S. Lavender, 3038 Guilford Ave.
Metal Polishers, Buffers, Brass and Silver Workers:
Adam A. Reed, 1022 Aisquith St.
Moving Picture Operatives No. 181 :
N. Basil Morgan, 419 E. Baltimore St.
G. Kingston Howard, President, 419 E. Baltimore St.
Marine Engineers' Beneficial Association No. 5:
Nicholas S. Harp, 1827 E. Lafayette Ave.
Musical Union No. 543 (Colored) :
Harrison Watts, President, 1607 Riggs Ave.
Alex. Stevens, Secretary, 1412 Myrtle Ave.
Musical Union No. 40:
Thomas Francis, Secretary, 525 W. Lanvale St.
R. M. Packard, 1808 E. Chase St.
Paper Bag Workers' Union :
Miss Loretta Dowd, 1109 W. Franklin St.
Postoffice Clerks' Nat. Fed. No. 101 :
Thomas B. Mevshaw.
Anthony A. Smith, 2226 Cecil Ave.
Paper Hangers No. 295:
Thomas H. Cullington, Halethorpe, Md.
Pattern Makers' Association :
Wm. G. Araal, 1502 N. Madeira St.
John W. Treder, 2808 Philadelphia Ave.
Photo Engravers No. 2:
Harry T. White,
Albert Catelain, 2911 McElderry St.
Plasterers' Union No, 155 (Oper.)
George 0. Barnes, 747 W. Lexington St.
Plumbers' and Gas Fitters' L. U. No. 48:
W. J. Duthie, 704 Knickerbocker Building.
J. N. Meekens, 1462 Woodall Street. .
Printing Pressmen and Assistants No. 61 :
James A. Evans, Secretary, 613 N. Washington St.
Piano-Organ Instrumental Workers No. 4:
Ferd H. H. Rock, 616 N. Lakewood Ave.
Painters' and Decorators' L. U. No. 1:
George N. Fehle, 529 N. Castle St.
Pressmen's Union No. 31 (Web) :
Vernon Smink, 416 Augusta Ave.
194 Report ok Maryland Statk Board
Rammers' Local Union No. 30:
Steve Albright, President 1714 N. Regester St.
Riggers and Machinery Movers No. 223:
Wm. L. Boarman, 2001 E.. Pratt St.
Railway Carmen No. 900:
J. J. Tahaney, 1350 Herkimer St.
Steam and Oper. Engineers No. 272:
Fred W. Heuer, 1004 W. Lafayette Ave.
Steam and Oper. Engineers No. 37:
Wm. H. Hall, 1518 Carswell St.
Stereotypers' Union No. 10:
B. F. Appold, 307 S. Monroe St.
R. A. Gellnes, 1737 Pennsylvania Ave.
Structural Iron Workers No. 16, 37 Franklin Building:
Dan. Scanlon, 1222 St. Paul St.
Sheet Metal Workers No. 122 :
Calvert Jones, 3724 Old York Road. ^
Ship Painters' L. U. No. 148 :
John Quarles, Secretary, 2019 Penrose Ave.
George Eye, President, Raspeburg, Md.
Steam Fitters and Helpers No. 438 :
Harry Leonard, 1623 E. Preston St.
Fred Adam, President, St. Helena.
Sprinkler Fitters No. 669:
J. A. Mitchell, 2522 Ashton St.
James F. Schafer, President, 12 Eutaw St.
Stenographers, Typewriters, Bookkepers and Assistants:
Miss L. Mahoney, 817 N. Charles St.
Street Electric Railway No. 963 Amer. Asso. :
Charles C. Roe, President, 2709 Hampden Ave..
John A. King, 100 E. Wylie Ave.
Taxicab Drivers and Chauffeurs No. 271 :
George Sampson, Secretary, 623 Dunbarton Ave.
Theatrical Stage Employes No. 19:
M. J. Fitzgerald, 1019 McCulloh St.
G. Pittman, Secretary 515 N. Strieker St.
Typographical Union No. 11, GeiTnan-American :
Steven P. Pensky, 1932 W. Mulberry St.
Typographical Union No. 12:
A. W. Rutherford, 210 E. Lexington St.
Upholsterers No. 101 :
Herbert Keene, 1809 E. Gough St.
OF Labor and Statistics 195
Upholsterers No. 104:
Carl J. Lorenz, 2028 Frederick Ave.
United Gamient Workers No. 7:
Mrs. F. Arnold, 517 Streeper St.
Womens' Trade Union League :
Miss Lucille Lippitt, Treasurer 1224 Light St.
Miss Aimee Weber, 1302 W. Lexington St.
Waiters' L. U. No. 717:
W. J. Scorti, Secretary 126 N. Paca St.
Waist, Dress and White Goods Workers No. 72:
Agnes Stein, 1023 E. Baltimore St.
Waiters' L. U. No. 836 (Colored)
George Bell, Secretary, 403 Presstman St.
Yeast Workers No. 323 :
Michael Sweeney, President, 418 E. 20th St.
John C. Nagel, Secretary, 108 N. Belnord Ave.
Carpenters' Local Union No. 101.
J. A. Witt, 715 N. Eutaw St. ' '
Coat Makers No. 36 :
Samuel Rudow, 4 S. Central Ave.
Dock Builders and Pile Drivers No. 1909 :
Joseph Flaherty, 3214 Fait Ave.
Granite Cutters:
Robert Oliver, 613 W. West St.
F. W. Hayden, 36 W. West St.
Longshoremen No. 876 (Lumber Handlers) :
Simon Woodson, Secretary, 1312 N. Strieker St.
Potters' National Brotherhood Oper. No. 11:
George G. Kastner, 736 S. Linwood Ave.
Pants Makers No. 114, U. G. W. of A.:
Miss Anna Mayer, 1803 E. Lombard St.
Ship Carpenters and Joiners No. 318:
Wm. A. Roberts, 439 E. 28th St.
Sign and Pictorial Painters No. 1143:
Charles Smack, 4804 Park Heights Ave.
Slate and Tile Roofers:
W. F. Zucker, 6 S. East Ave.
Stone Pavers No. 20:
J. J. Dulaney, 918 Bennett Place.
Teachers of Baltimore L. U. No. 115:
John A. Kratz, 4302 Springdale Ave.
196 REroRT OP Maryland State Board
Upholsterers No. 102:
Walter Nelker, 1602 Clifton Ave.
Wall Paperers No. 953:
LOCALS NOT CONNECTED WITH THE FEDERATION
Bricklayers No. 1 :
I. Louis Wonder, Business Agt., Gay and Frederick Sts.
Hod Carriers:
Nelson J. Lyles, Secretary, 1902 Etting St.
Wood, Wire and Metal Lathers:
Wm. E. Pennington, Secretary, 2514 E. Federal St.
Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America:
801 E. Baltimore St.
OF Labor and Statistics 197
BALTIMORE CITY
An Outline Of The Origin And Growth Of Baltimore With
A Brief Summary Of Its Present Conditions
And Advantages
(Taken from Baltimore Municipal Journal.)
In 1607 the first pemianent settlement was made in
Virginia by the English. In 1624 King James I arbi-
trarily deprived the Virginia Company of its charter and
made Virginia a royal province; and in 1632 gave to one
of his secretaries, Sir George Calvert, absolute propriet-
ary rights to a portion of it which included not only what
is now Maryland but the whole State of Delaware and a
large part of Pennsylvania.
Sir George Calvert, after obtaining this concession,
never set foot again in America ; but after his death the
grant was confirmed to his son, Cecilius Calvert, the first
lord proprietary of Maryland. He, however, never took
up his residence in Maryland, but sent his brother, Leon-
ard Calvert, with colonists to St. Mary's, where a govern-
ment was established in which absolute religious tolera-
tion was included.
All the rivers that empty into the Chesapeake Bay had
been explored by John Smith in 1608, including the Pa-
tapsco, at the head of which in course of time grew a
village called Baltimore, in honor of the first lord pro-
prietary. Sir George Calvert was made a peer with the
title of Baron Baltimore in 1625.
This little place was not very important at first ; in 1729
Baltimore Town was laid out and in 1768 became the coun-
ty town; in 1797 the population was about twenty thou-
sand, the town was incorporated and the first Mayor,
James Calhoun elected. In 1870 it was made a port of
entry. The excellence of its geographical situation and its
harbor, however, soon caused Baltimore to outsl;iip in
size and in cortimercial importance the other towns of the
State, although Annapolis, the seat of the State govern-
ment, for a long time remained the social capital, and is
today, with its beautiful and dignified old residences,
probably the best surviving example of an old colonial
town in America.
Annapolis is on the Severn river, about an hour's jour-
ney from Baltimore by electric railway and is now famous
198 Report of Maryland State Board
the world over as the seat of the United States Naval
Academy.
From such small beginnings grew the modern Balti-
more, one of the important cities of the world, with a
population of three-quarters of a million, an area of 92
square miles, a taxable basis of more than one billion
dollars and bank resources of four hundred millions.
ADVANTAGES OF BALTIMORE TODAY
SOCIAL
As a dwelling place Baltimore is unsurpassed. Acres of
small, modern houses, for the most part owned by the
occupants, ensure a healthy and contented class of labor.
Many beautiful suburbs, now in the city limits, relieve the
old-time congestion in the residential sections. It is one
of the best paved cities in the United States. Jones'
Falls, once an open sewer, is covered with a driveway
from the harbor to Mt. Royal Avenue, lighted with th*?
system of white lights in common with all the other great
thoroughfares.
The universities, hospitals, theatres, libraries, schools,
churches, markets and parks, together with the prover-
bial courtesy and hospitality of the people, combine in
attracting a good class of population.
INDUSTRIAL
Baltimore leads the United States in the manufacture
of straw hats, fertilizers, cotton duck and canned goods;
and is active in many other fields. The largest copper-
refining, tin-decorating, sulphuric acid and tidewater steel
plants in the world are here. The municipality co-oper-
ates with the citizens in- encouraging industries. All
manufacturing tools, machinery, raw materials, goods in
stock and in process, bills receivable and business credits
due the manufacturer are exempt from municipal taxa-
tion. Baltimore is the center of the bonding, security
and casualty insurance business.
COMMERCIAL
The harbor is Baltimore's greatest asset. Land-locked,
with a maximum tide of fifteen inches only, and a 35
foot channel to the Atlantic Ocean, it is served by three
OF Labor and Statistics 199
trunk lines, two belt railways connecting them, grain
elevators with ten million bushels capacity, 47 railroad
and municipal piers, 4 ore piers, coal piers with a ca-
pacity of 10,000 tons an hour, the largest drydock on the
Atlantic coast and six others, railroad yard capacity for
15,000 and ground storage for 14,000 freight cars, Th6re
are 52 regular steamship liner services operating steam-
ers to more than 100 foreign ports.
Baltimore, being near to the great coal fields, has an
advantageous freight differential and is the nearest At-
lantic port to the center of population, is nearer than San
Francisco to the Panama Canal, has the cheapest gas and
electric power on the Atlantic coast, one of the best sew-
erage and disposal systems in the world, high pressure
service for fire protection, the most modern fire boats,
underground wires and an excellent street car service.
CLIMATE
There is sufficient variation to escape the enervating
effect of an even temperature throughout the year; yet
there is not in Baltimore the extreme heat of the South
nor the bitter cold of the North. The mean temperature
in spring is 53.4, in summer 75.1, in autumn 57.4 and in
winter 35.3 degrees. The average annual rainfall is 42.5
inches, the number of days without rain 245 a year. The
prevailing wind is southwest and the average velocity is
6.6 miles an hour.
The population of Baltimore, according to the census
of 1920, is 733,826; the area of the city is 91.93 square
miles.
GEOGRAPHICAL ADVANTAGES OF THE PORT OF
BALTIMORE
Baltimore is nearer the center of population of the
United States than Philadelphia, New York or Boston.
It is nearer the centers of the greatest proportion of im-
proved farm lands which are located, in order of rank, in
Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Illinois, Iowa and. Missouri;
nearer the leading corn states (Illinois, Iowa, Indiana,
Missouri, Nebraska, and Ohio) ; and nearer the centers of
largest wheat production in the Western and Middle
Western States. Baltimore is closely connected by short
distance rail routes with the chemical plants of New
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Michigan and Ohio ; also
200 Keport of Maryland State Board
with the pig-iron and steel centers in Pennsylvania, Ohio,
Illinois, New York and Indiana. It is also connected
with the important centers of the following industries:
Electrical machinery in New York, Pennsylvania and New
Jersey ; cars and car repair parts in Pennsylvania, Illinois
and Ohio; carriages and wagons in Ohio, Indiana and
Illinois; automobiles in Michigan, Ohio, Indiana and New
York; as well as with the coal mining centers in Penn-
sylvania, Illinois, West Virginia, Ohio and Indiana. In
fact, according to the United States census of 1910, 43.6
per cent of the products manufactured in this country
are located in states which are directly connected with
Baltimore by shorter rail routes than other ports.
The following table of distances vividly demonstrates
Baltimore's advantage over the competitive ports of Phil-
adelphia and New York in shorter rail distances to large
manufacturing points.
SHORTEST RAIL DISTANCES IN MILES
To To To
Baltimore Philadelphia New York
Buffalo 395 415 396
South Chicago 780 802 889
Cincinnati 560 654 744
Cleveland 453 478 571
Detroit 624 649 732
Indianapolis 670 718 804
Louisville 702 796 837
Pittsburgh 328 346 433
St. LQuis 896 959 1046
Toledo 566 591 684
The distance from Baltimore to the Panama Canal is
but 1,901 miles, while from San Francisco to the Canal
it is 3,245.
The short haul from the great Middle Western terri-
tory manufacturing so large a part of this country's ex-
ports makes possible lower inland freight rates than to
and from Boston, New York or Philadelphia. On all com-
modities, except grain, from this territory Baltimore en-
joys a three cent per 100 pounds differential on exports
under New York and Boston and one cent under Phila-
delphia. On grain all-rail from the West the differential
in favor of Baltimore as compared with New York is 1^/2
cents per 100 pounds when for export. On ex-Lake grain
from West Fairport, Erie and Buffalo elevators the dif-
ferential in favor of Baltimore as against New York is
one-half of a cent per 100 pounds when for export.
OF Labor and Statistics 201
PILGRIMAGES THROUGH BALTIMORE TO AMER-
ICAN SHRINES
By WILLIAM M. BRITTAIN
General Manager Export and Import Board of Trade
Below will be found an array of some of the most in-
teresting American historical scenes which are at, or
within easy reach of, the termini of the passenger coast-
wise steamship lines, radiating from Baltimore North,
East and South.
These Baltimore coastwise passenger steamship sei'v-
ices are:
The Merchants and Miners Transportation Company:
To Boston, Mass. ; Providence, R. I. ; Savannah, Ga. ; Jack-
sonville, Fla.
The line to Boston and Providence connects by boat or
rail, or both, with all historical points in New England,
the Eastern and Maritime provinces of Canada and the
State of New York.
The line to Savannah and Jacksonville connects by boat
or rail with all Southern points, the Gulf ports (Mobile,
New Orleans and Galveston), and the West Indies.
The Chesapeake Steamship Company: To Old Point
Comfort, Va.; Norfolk, Va.; Richmond, Va. (via York
River) .
The Baltimore Steamship Packet Company: To Old
Point Comfort, Va.; Norfolk, Va.
These lines connect their Southern termini either by
boat or rail with all historical points located in the penin-
sulas between the Potomac and the James Rivers, as well
as all such points South of the James.
It has been asserted that there are a greater number of
scenes of national historic interest between Baltimore and
the territory served by these lines than any other section
of the United States.
The Baltimore and Philadelphia Steamboat Co.: To
Philadelphia, Pa., (via Chesapeake Bay, Chesapeake and
Delaware Canal and Delaware River.)
Baltimore itself is the nearest Atlantic seaport to the
national capital, with its galaxy of historic landmarks, be-
ing but 45 minutes travel by rail.
The city and harbor of Baltimore, with their environs,
abound in historic interest. Here are Fort McHenry
202 Report op Maryland State Board
whose flag inspired Francis Scott Key to write the "Star
Spangled Banner," our national anthem, also the battle-
field of North Point where the British forces were de-
feated and their general killed in the attempt to capture
Baltimore. The battlefield of Antietam, one of the most
sanguinary of the Civil War, is within a short distance
from Baltimore by rail.
Less than an hour's ride by rail from Baltimore is An-
napolis, the capital of Maryland, and the State House
within which is marked the spot where George Wash-
ington stood when he resigned his commission as Com-
mander-in-Chief of the American Army; and the Naval
Academy, whose chapel contains the body of John Paul
Jones.
Between Washington and the Rappahannock and York
Rivers in Virginia are:
Alexandria, Va., with the Marshall House, the Brad-
dock House, the Lodge of Free Masons of which George
Washington was Master, and Christ Church of which he
was a warden;
Arlington, once the home of General Robert E. Lee, and
now a national cemetery;
Mount Vernon, the home of General Washington, where
he and his wife, Martha Custis, died and the tomb in
which they are buried;
Some of the most important and decisive battles of the
Civil War were fought in this territory, notably Bull Run,
Fredericksburg, Spottsylvania, and The Wilderness.
Between the York and the James Rivers, in Virginia,
may be easily reached from the termini of the Chesa-
peake Steamship Company and the Baltimore Steam
Packet Company:
Yorktown, where Comwallis surrendered and where
may still be seen some of the American fortifications,
the Moore House, in which the articles of capitulation
were formulated, and the Nelson House, whose owner was
one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence;
Jamestown, the first permanent settlement of English
colonists, ^vith its old church in which Pocahontas is said
to have been baptized and its tombstones over the graves
of the founders ;
Williamsburg, with William and Mary College and
Bruton Parish Church. In the latter may be seen the
OF Labor and Statistics 203
communion vessels presented by Queen Anne. George
Washington and several of the leading participants in
the Revolutionary War worshipped in this church and
their names are inscribed on their pews.
All of this territory is intimately associated with the
scenes of the intercourse between the first settlers and
the Indian Chief Powhatan.
Along both banks of the James River may still be seen
several colonial mansions, some of which, such as Shirley
and Brandon, are still in possession of the descendants of
their original proprietors. One of these families, the
Harrisons of Brandon, have given two President to the
United States, one of whom signed the Declaration of
Independence.
At the entrance of the James River, near Newport
News, occurred the world-renowned encounter between
the Monitor and the Merrimac.
South of the James River, the City of Norfolk possesses
several reminders of its bombardment by the British dur-
ing the Revolution. St. Paul's Church still has a cannon
ball embedded visibly in its walls.
Petersburg, Va., with its crater and numberless relics
of the fortifications erected by the Federal and Confed-
erate forces will well repay a visit.
Richmond, Va., probably contains more points of his-
toric interest, particularly in connection with the Civil
War, than any other American City. Here are the Con-
federate White House, occupied by Jefferson Davis as
President while Richmond was the capital of the Con-
federacy; also Hollywood Cemetery, where President
Davis and three Presidents of the United States are
buried.
Somewhat further South is Roanoke Island, N. C,
where may still be seen the outlines of the fort occupied
by Sir Walter Raleighs' lost colony, whose advent to this
continent ante-dated both Jamestown and Plymouth.
Savannah, Ga., contains several interesting historical
landmarks. Here ended Sherman's March to the sea.
Within a few miles distance is Charleston, S. C, with
its famous Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie, where the
first shot of the Civil War was fired. St. Michael's Church
and the burial place of John C. Calhoun attract many
visitors. Here also may be seen the first Huguenot
Church erected in the United States.
204 Report of Maryland State Board
Within easy reach by rail from Savannah is Montgom-
ery, Ala., on the portico of whose State Capital may be
viewed the tablet which indicates the spot where Jeffer-
son Davis was inaugurated as President of the Confed-
eracy, Montgomery having been the first capital before
the seat of the government was transferred to Richmond
when the State of Virginia seceded.
Connection may be made from Jacksonville, Fla., to St.
Augustine, Fla., and New Orleans, La., both of which
cities contain much historic interest.
In Philadelphia, Independence Hall and the Liberty Bell
are the mecca of attraction.
Valley Forge can best be reached from this city.
The battlefield of Gettysburg can be visited either from
Philadelphia, Baltimore or Washington.
The city of Frederick, Md., where Barbara Fritchie
waved the Union flag, is close to Gettysburg.
BALTIMORE'S RISE AS A GREAT OVERSEAS PORT
DATES FROM FIRST DAYS OF WAR
By G. H. POUDER
Export and Import Board of Trade of Baltimore
(Reprinted from The Nautical Gizette of New York)
"Baltimore — the most Western of the Eastern ports,
the most Northern of the Southern ports, the most South-
em of the Northern ports."
With this slogan and a realization of the possibilities in
the development of its unsurpassed natural advantages,
the port of Baltimore has risen from a relatively unim-
portant position in the foreign commerce of the United
States to become a significant factor in the country's
overseas trade and an active competitor for a large pro-
portion of the commerce moving in and out of the North-
ern Atlantic ports.
ACTIVITIES IN COLONIAL DAYS
The maritime history of Baltimore should assure a
shipping and trading future of great promise. In early
Colonial Maryland the records show that in the seafaring
activities of the time Baltimore played no inconsiderable
part, more than 80 vessels owned by Marylanders being
listed in the naval office as engaged in the carriage of
OP Labor and Statistics 205
tobacco alone. An early advantage came when the almost
continuous European wars from 1792 to 1815 largely in-
terrupted trade between Great Britain and her colonies
m the Western Hemisphere, and the United States, the
only neutral country of consequence, entered a period of
trade expansion in the transportation of cargoes between
Europe, South America, and the West Indies.
Baltimore gained a considerable share of this trade be-
cause of its proximity to the wheat regions of Maryland,
Virginia and Pennsylvania, its extensive milling industry
and its geographical location for the service of the West
Indian and South American markets. These advantages
M'ere promoted by the rise of the Baltimore clipper, the
situation of the city and the speed of this type of craft
making it possible to deliver cargoes to the West Indies
and to South American ports at least 48 hours earlier
than the shipment could be made from New York.
When the British Government sought, by its Orders in
Council, to prevent commerce between neutral and Euro-
pean Continental ports without first touching at a British
port, it was the Baltimore clipper, with its superb sailing
qualities combined with the daring of its crews and the
enterprise of the owners, that was able to outwit the
British and French warships endeavoring to enforce these
regulations.
At the conclusion of the European troubles Baltimore's
import and export trade rose steadily, being confined
largely to an exchange of wheat for coffee to and from
South America. Full cargoes were assured both ways
during this period, from 1825 to 1860, and the population
of Baltimore became distinctly one that looked seaward.
During the Civil War the shipping activities of the port
were disrupted by blockades, hostile raids and the com-
mandeering of the railroads by the government. Much
business was lost by the destruction of locally owned ves-
sels and the ports of New York and Philadelphia assumed
a precedence that has never been taken from them.
In late years the first real opportunity for the port of
Baltimore tp become an important factor in the shipping
of the country has presented itself. The gradual drift-
ing of th€ manufacturing center of the countiy to the
Middle West and the shifting of the tide of production
from New England has given prominence to the geo-
graphical location of Baltimore as the logical inlet and
outlet for this great Western territory.
206 REroRT ov Maryland State Board
Baltimore's labor conditions have proved superior to
those of any other Atlantic port. Despite the efforts of
the professional agitators from New York to induce the
Baltimore stevedores and allied harbor workmen to strike
in sympathy with the same class of labor elsewhere, the
local men persistently refused to do so. As a result of
labor difficulties other Atlantic ports have more or less
constant expensive and vexatious congestion of traffic,
and interior exporters and importers have sought, as a
consequence, relief by forwarding their shipments
through Baltimore.
Statistics on the valuation of the ports business may
be condensed in a short statement, and are as follows from
1912 to 1920, inclusive.
' ■ Imports Exports
1912 $26,438,400 $ 92,210,877
1913 32,895,238 116,474,439
1914 34,489,544 109,440,593
1915 ,.. 24,982,898 131,978,498
1916 27,808,916 180,703,374
1917 43,972,790 374,033,121
1918 29,155,693 336,079,033
1919 38,900,433 353,713,139 '
1920 69,824,171 381,560,802
/
With the Export and Import Board of Trade as propon-
ent, an Enably Act for $52,500,000 for port development
was placed before the Legislature of the State of Mary-
land early in 1920, passed by that body, and the first
$10,000,000 portion ratified almost unanimously by the
people at the November elections. The money assures
additional piers, warehouses, and other equipment essen-
tial to a port with such possibilities for expansion.
Baltimore has begun to look seaward and to appreciate
the commercial future assured by its unequaled natural
harbor and its fortunate geographical location. Its citi-
zens are exhibiting an altogether new interest in the sea
and the ships that go down to it, the world that lies out-
side of Baltimore and the possibilities of active, absorbing
lucrative trade. The progress of the past two years has
been notable, but Baltimore's enthusiasm and initiative
are promising even greater things for the future.
. OF Labor and Statistics 207
BUSINESS OF PORT OF BALTIMORE
The growing iriiportance of rhf port of Baltimore has been emphasized
recently by the interest manifested in', it by traders in the Xear East or
the Levant. The Merchants and Manufacturers' Association received a
communication from the American Chamber of Commerce asking them to
prepare an article for circulation through the Levant in the Levant Trade
Review. A number of steamships go directly to the Near Bast countries
from this port.
The task of preparing the article on Baltimore and its port facilities,
as well as a brief history of the city's accomplishments, fell to Georgie W.
W'orsham, Jr. The article is entitled "The Great I'ort of Baltimore Today,"
a,iid is as follows :
By GEORGE W. WORSHAM, JR.,
Merchants and Manufacturers' Asociation.
Baltimore, Md., United States of America, is the eighth
city in the United States, having- a population of 734,205
(1920 census) and an area of approximately 90 square
miles.
As a port it ranks third in the country following New
York and New Orleans. However, it ranks first in the
shipment of corn, oats, rye and live cattle and second in
the shipment of coal.
In manufactures Baltimore ranks seventh in the coun-
try. The volume of business in 1920 was $1,050,000,000.
The city's jobbing trade in 1920 totaled $701,903,000.
The volume of retail trade in 1920 was $400,000,000
(estimated).
The foreign trade of the port totaled $338,909,088 in
exports and $55,884,508 in imports.
Vessels engaged in foreign trade entering the port of
Baltimore in 1920 numbered 1204. They had a combined
tonnage of 3,510,193. Vessels clearing numbered 1,571
with a total tonnage of 4,544,319.
Baltimore's postoffice receipts in 1920 were $3,231,872.
PHENOMENAL GROWTH HJ FOREIGN TRADE
The phenomenal growth of the port can best be shown
by comparative statistics of the United States Depart-
ment of Commerce showing the extent and volume of
overseas trade.
In 1913 the exports totaled $116,474,439 and the im-
ports $32,895,238. Exports fell off $7,000,000 in 1914,
while imports increased $1,600,000. In 1915 exports in-
creasedt$22,500,000, while imports fell off $9,600,000. By
208 REroRT OF Maryland State Board
1917 exports had climbed to $374,044,121 and imports to
$43,962,790. This was the peak year for exports. Then
there was a drop in 1918 of $38,000,000 in exports and
$14,800,000 in imports. Exports increased $17,700,000
in 1919, while imports increased $9,800,000. Exports fell
off in 1921 to the amount of $14,800,000, while imports
jumped to $55,884,508, an increase of $17,000,000. Of
this total $48,159,804 was free and $7,724,704 dutiable.
This was the peak year for imports.
In 1921 a total of 556 vessels engaged in overseas trade,
with a combined tonnage of 1,192,037, entered the port of
Baltimore, while 646 with a tonnage of 1,489,406 cleared.
The increase from that time, with the exception of 1918,
when there was a decided drop as a result of the war,
was regular and heavy. The following figures are given
by the Department of Commerce:
Vessels Vessels
Date Entered Tons Cleared Tons
1913 593 1,593,794 773 1,900,038
1914 672 1,475,688 746 1,652,441
1915 990 2,043,259 1082 2,162,697
1916 1141 2,528,162 1147 2,417,517
1917 1130 2,665,279 1102 2,406,769
1918 698 1,797,571 626 1,575,730
1919 789 1,984,099 1086 2,634.925
1920 1204 3,510,193 1571 4,544^19
Baltimore is closer to the Panama Canal than any other
port of importance on the Atlantic seaboard, being 1901
miles from Colon. It is 73 miles closer than New York,
256 miles closer than Boston, 45 miles closer than Phila-
delphia and 1,387 miles closer than San Francisco. Bal-
timore is closer to the west coast of South America than
San Francisco by from 600 to 700 miles. It is closer to
Rio Janeiro, Brazil and Buenos Aires, Argentina, than
San Francisco by 2,800 miles.
Baltimore has transpoj^tation possibihties superior to
New York, Philadelphia, Boston and other rivals because
the curve on the Atlantic coast puts it on a meridian of
longitude west of the other Atlantic seaports. It enjoys
lower freight rates from the West and South because it
IS closer to both sections. As a consequence it can enter
a large area of the Eastern industrial field on exactly the
same freight basis that New York can, while in the
West and South it can beat not only New York and Bos-
ton, but also Philadelphia. This naturally makes Balti-
OF Labor and Statistics 209
more the best distributing point on the Atlantic seaboard.
The freight differential that Baltimore enjoys over her
closest competitors is. one of the citys best assets.
FIFTY-FIVE STEAMSHIP LINES
Fifty-five steamship lines have regular sailings from
Baltimore, reaching every part of the world. In addition
there are eight coastwise lines and eight other lines oper-
ating steamers to all points on the Chesapeake Bay and
its tributaries.
The ports of various parts of the world to which ships
sail regularly from Baltimore include: Abo, Acagutla,
Alexandria, Algiers, Amsterdam, Antweip, Bahia, Bal-
boa, Baltic ports, Barcelona, Belfast, Bergen, Bombay,
Bordeaux, Bremen, Brest, Bristol, Buenos Aires, Calcutta,
Cardenas, Cherbourg, Christiana, Cienfuegos, Colombo,
Constantinople, Copenhagen, Corinto, Cork, Cristobal,
Cuban ports, Danzig, Dublin, Dundee, Dunkirk, Gefie,
Genoa, Glasgow, Gothenburg, Guantanamo, Hamburg
Havana, Havre, Hawaiian Islands, Helsingfors, Henion-
sand, Helsingborg, Hongkong, Jamaican ports, Kalmar,
Karachi, Kobe, Le Pallice, Libau, Leith, Liverpool, Lon-
don, Londonderry, Los Angeles, Lubek, Madras, Malmo,
Malta, Manchester, Manzanillo, Marseilles, Mayaguez,
Montevideo, Naples, Norrkoping, Neuvitas, Oran, Patras,
Piraeus, Ponce, Progreso, Reval, Reykjavik, Riga, Rio de
Janeiro, Rotterdam, Sagua la Grande, St. Navairre, Sa-
loniki, San Jose, San Juan, Santiago, Santos, Shanghai,
Seattle, San Francisco, Smyrna, Stettin, Stockholm, Tala-
chuano, Tampico, Tacoma, Trieste, Trolleborg, Upsla,
Valencia, Valparaiso, Vancouver, Vera Cruz, West Af-
rican ports, Yokohama. /
The hai-bor of Baltimore has 127 miles of deep water
frontage, 45 miles of which are developed with water-
front warehouse space of 1,120,622 square feet, open pier
space of 921,048 square feet and a terminal storage ca-
pacity of 1,909,920 square feet, together with most mod-
em accommodations for the handling of grain, coal, oil,
sulphur, fertilizer and other specialized shipments.
The ship channel is 35 feet deep and 600 feet wide. The
mean tidal range is only 14 inches. The ice interference
is negligible, and the anchorage grounds are ample.
210 Report of Maryland State Board
HANDLING OF GRAIN AND COAL CARGOES
Baltimore stands unrivaled in the handling of grain
and coal cargoes. The largest and best equipped pier in
the world for the loading of coal is that of the Baltimore
and Ohio Railroad Company in the Curtis Bay section of
the harbor. It has established a record of 3,684 tons
loaded into a vessel in one hour. The total coal-loading
capacity of the port is 67,500 tons in 10 hours, and in
1920 the aggregate dumping (including export), bunker
and coastwise coal, amounted to 6,439,974 tons.
Baltimores' facilities for the handling of bulk grain
cargoes consists of seven modern elevators with a total
capacity of 10,000,000 bushels. One of these elevators,
that of the Pennsylvania Railroad" Company, with a ca-
pacity of 4,500,000 bushels, the largest in existence.
The Western Maryland Railway Company recently es-
tablished a record when 200,000 bushels of rye, of which
64,000 bushels were in bags, were loaded in 18 hours.
During 1920, 55,466,453 bushels of grain of all kinds were
exported from Baltimore.
PROMPT AND EFFICIENT REPAIRS TO SHIPS
No port on either coast of the United States is better
equipped to give prompt and efficient attention to the re-
pairing and overhauling of ships. The Bethlehem Ship-
building Corporation, the Baltimore Dry Docks and Ship-
building Company and the Union and Globe Shipbuilding
Companies are located here, together with numerous
smaller concerns. The fact that this great service is
easily obtainable here is of the first importance to ship
owners and operators.
Exports and imports pass through the port without
congestion or delay and with lower costs than is the case
in New York. The turn-around of ships costs less in this
port than in New York, recent comparison showing an
average saving of more than $4,000 per vessel each time
for similar ships and cargoes in favor of Baltimore, and
even this does not take into consideration provisioning
cost or ship repairs, both of which are conceded to be
lower in this port, nor the more rapid turn-around of ves-
sels with the financial saving this implies.
The absence of dockage assessments and wharfage
charges on freight brought to the port by rail, the free
OF Labor and Statistics 211
delivery of less-than-carload shipments paying a small
minimum rail charge to any point in the harbor, are ad-
vantages which should influence operators in assigning
vessels and exports and importers in routing shipments.
Baltimore has spent $21,000,000 on her harbor, which
has an up-to-date dock system and water deep enough
to accommodate the largest ships in the world. At the
last session of the Legislature an enabling act was passed
permitting the city to float a loan of $50,000,000 to make
the harbor what it should be in order to handle Balti-
more's fast-growing trade, and at the election in Novem-
ber, 1920, the people practically unanimously approved
an ordinance to float $10,000,000 of this loan at once, so
that the work of building new piers and warehouses has
already begun.
SOME FACTS ABOUT BALTIMORE
Baltimore is one of the limited number of seaport cities
that has a 35-foot channel leading right up to its docks.
It matters not what an industrial enteiprise may need,
those needs can be found advantageously in Baltimol^e.
Water facilities, railroad accommodations, reliable labor,
financial institutions, fine shipping terminals, exception-
ally fortunate geographical position, attractive sites for
manufacturing plants, superabundance of cheap power,
and a city delightfully chaiTning to live in.
The Government Weather Bureau's records show that
Baltimore's "average" climate more closely approaches
the ideal climate of certain well known sections of Cali-
fornia than does any other city east of the Rocky Moun-
tains.
Baltimore is called the "gastronomic center of the coun-
try" and is recognized as the greatest food market in the
world. It is situated that all kinds of food are procurable
in season at prices ranging substantially below the aver-
age figures in other cities. It is the home of the best
oysters, the best terrapin and the best wild duck in Amer-
ica, besides being surrounded by the finest trucking belt
in the whole country.
Baltimore exports more corn, oats and rye than any
other port in the United States and ranks next to New
York in the shipment of wheat and barley. It exports
more wheat than Montreal, the great gi*ain shipping port
of Canada. During 1915 Baltimore shipped more grain
212 Rei'ORt of Maryland State Board
of all kinds by 25,000,000 bushels than Philadelphia and
Boston together.
There is an abundance of labor in Baltimore which is
happily distributed so far as residence location is con-
ceited. Industrial entei-prises, as a consequence, can
readily plant themselves right in the heart of labor cen-
ters. All machinery and tools of manufacture are exempt
from city and State taxation.
Baltimore has the biggest and best bonding companies
in the world.
At a cost of many millions of dollars Baltimore has hun-
dreds of miles of improved streets, a modem sewer sys-
tem, filtered water and efficient school and fire-fighting
services, which are being constantly improved.
Fifty millions of people live within 500 miles of Balti-
more and are readily accessible by quick transportation.
Baltimore's metropolitan district contains the biggest
steel plant in the United States on the tidewater, the
Bethlehem Steel Corporation's plant at Sparrows Point.
Baltimore is the greatest fertilizer manufacturing city
in the United States, and contains the largest sulphuric
acid plant in the world.
Baltimore has one of the largest olive oil manufactur-
ing plants and the largest olive oil warehouse in the world.
Baltimore has the cheapest rates for electricity of any
city on the Atlantic seaboard.
Baltimore is noted for the fact that it has fewer tene-
ments than any other large city in the country, and that
the great majority of its people own their own homes.
Baltimore is known as the "Monumental City" and the
"Convention City." The first monument to George Wash-
ington to be erected by any city stands in Baltimore.
Many national conventions, political and otherwise, have
been held in Baltimore. Several Presidents have been
nominated in. this city.
Baltimore is the home of Johns Hopkins Hospital and
Medical School which are known the world over. It also
contains the Walters Art Gallery, the Peabody Conser-
vatory of Music, Goucher- College and the Polytechnic In-
stitute, and is the birthplace of the Vocational School.
The first submarine, known as "Winans' Cigar Boat,"
was launched in Baltimore.
The first commercial submarine, the "Deutschland,"
carrying a full cargo across the Atlantic, discharged her
cargo and took on another at Baltimore.
OF Labor and Statistics 213
It was in Baltimore that the —
First armor plate was made ;
First bonding security business started;
First patent for locomotive secured ;
First ribbon of American silk made;
First steam engine for traction pui-poses operated ;
First steam vessel entirely of iron constructed;
First to construct the full-rigged ships known as the
Baltimore "Clippers" ;
First iron building was erected;
First Peruvian guano imported ;
First umbrella factory established, which is still op-
erated ;
First chain of dairy lunch rooms started ;
First private bank in America established ;
First electric railroad tunnel in United States con-
structed ;
First city in country to erect monuments to Columbus
and Washington;
First day and night national bank established;
First trunk line system in country operated from Bal-
timore to Wheling, W. Va.;
First city to manufacture metallic pens ;
First steam vessel to cross Atlantic sailed from Balti-
more ;
First city in .country to operate municipal band;
First city to provide out of the public treasury music
for municipally regulated street dancing;
First city to inaugurate a municipal symphony or-
chestra ;
National anthem, 'The Star Spangled Banner," written
in Baltimore by Francis Scott Key ;
"The American's Creed," written by William Tyler
Page, a Marylander,
First city in which a national convention was held for
the nomination of a President and Vice-President. This
was in 1^31. The following successful candidates were
nominated in Baltimore: Jackson, Van Buren, Polk, Tay-
lor, Pierce, Lincoln and Wilson.
214 Report of Maryland State Board
SOME STATISTICS OF BALTIMORE
Baltimore has about 145,000 homes, nearly two-thirds
of which are owned by their occupants. More than 600
building associations in the city make it easy for the
people to purchase their homes. The city has 10 colleges
and universities, 163 schools (high, elementary, trade and
normal), 647 churches, 24 banks, 2,600 industrial plants,
10 large first-class hotels and a large number of smaller
ones, 10 regular theatres and 110 moving picture estab-
lishments with a total seating capacity of 87,500; three
armories, one of which has a seating capacity of 20,000 ;
five railroads ; 13 trolley lines with 333,637 miles of track
and per capita wealth of $1,352.81.
The total number of dwellings in Baltimore is 131,806
(1921), of which 80,226 are occupied by their owners, the
remainder being rented. The assessed value of these
homes is $294,342,811. There are 146,765 families in the
city, averaging nearly five persons each.
The percentage of foreign born in Baltimore's popula-
tion is 13.9, the main nationalities being Russian, 4.44 per
cent; German, 4.38 per cent; Irish, 1.22 per cent, and
Australian, 1.17 per cent. The colored population is 17.9
per cent.
The industrial plants alone in Baltimore district employ
175,000 persons, whose average yearly income is $1,462.
FREIGHT RATES
Baltimore is wonderfully situated in the matter of
freight rates, whether it be to bring raw material in or
to send finished products out. The city is midway of the
Atlantic Coast — reaching effectually to the South and
North. Being on the inward bend of the Atlantic Coast,
the city stands inland on a meridian of longitude further
west than Boston, New York or Philadelphia. This happy
middle location on the coast and westward location (west
of her chief Atlantic rivals) gives her lower freights to
many of the best markets, by reason of shorter distance
alone. Baltimore, in freight rates, can compete with
New York City as far east as Syracuse. It can compete
with Philadelphia as far east as Scranton. Wher^ it comes
to the Middle West (beginning at Altoona, Pa.) or with
the South in its entirety, Baltimore can beat New York
and Phialdelphia by a very substantial freight difference.
OF Labor and Statistics
215
In order that this can be readily understood, it will be
well to note the comparative railroad distances. The
table below will disclose why Baltimore enjoys such su-
perior freight advantages over other Atlantic seaboard
cities :
City To Balto. To Phila. To N. Y.
Miles Miles Miles
Buffalo .'. 395 404 396
So. Chicago _ 753 791 875
Cincinnati 560 647 • 744
Cleveland - 447 479 565
Detroit 608 645 628
Indianapolis 670 718 804
Louisville 674 761 ^ 858
Pittsburgh 311 346 433
St. Louis 897 960 1046
Toledo 550 588 678
The whole of the Southern market is obviously nearest to Balti-
more.
SMOOTH STREET PAVEMENTS
Baltimore, once the premier cobblestone city of the
country, has shifted position since 1912 from the foot of
the class of well-paved cities and now leads Washington,
Philadelphia, Chicago and New York.
It had been the plan of the Paving Commission to ban-
ish the cobblestone by 1923. But its estimates for the re-
cent loans were cut more than half and the cobblestone
will remain in Baltimore for several more years.
Since R. Keith Compton became chairman of the Pav-
ing Commission in 1912 the cobblestones have been re-
duced from 5,500,000 square yards to 1,500,000. An aver-
age of about 712,500 square yards of cobblestones have
been replaced yearly since 1912 with sheet asphalt or
other modern paving. Last year the Paving Commission
asked for $7,000,000 for paving the old city and old An-
nex and got $3,000,000 ; it asked for $8,000,000 for paving
the new Annex and got $3,500,000.
At the beginning of this year Baltimore stood seventh
among the 16 largest American cities in the amount of
improved pavement per capita; it stood fifth in the
amount of improved pavement per square yard. Wash-
ington stood fourteenth in the per capita comparison and
thirteenth in the per square yard comparison. New York
was sixteenth in per capita.
216 Kki'okt of Makyland State Board
In 1912 there were 5,500,000 square yards of streets
paved with cobblestones and 1,750,000 square yards with
modern paving. On December 31, 1920, there were
1,700,00 square yards of cobblestones left and 8,900,000
of improved paving in the entire city. Since that time
about 200,000 of improved paving has been laid, bringing
the improved paving to 9,100,000 square yards.
Before the New Annex was added to the city, 70 per
cent of Baltimore's streets had improved paving. But with
the New Annex was added 3,300,000 yards of unpaved
roads and streets, which brought the percentage down to
62.6 per cent.
BALTIMORE HARBOR DEVELOPMENTS
By W. M. BRITTAIN
in the New York Journal of Commerce.
During 1921 considerable progress was made in the de-
velopment of facilities of the Port of Baltimore.
A comprehensive development plan calculated to treble
the berthing capacity of Baltimore harbor and to provide
for the normal growth of the port during the next twenty
years has been undertaken by the Port Development
Coniimission.
This plan includes the improvement of existing mu-
nicipal piers to make them serviceable for coastwise car-
riers; improvement of privately owned piers to make
them serviceable for ocean vessels; the construction of a
large cold storage warehouse adjacent to the waterfront;
construction of an ocean terminal with piers, warehouses,
grain elevator, and free port facilities at McComas street
on the south side of Locust Point; the development of
what is now waste land at the mouth of the Patapsco
River into a modern ocean terminal with piers and ware-
houses; the development of the Canton side of the har-
bor; improvement and extension of the Harbor Belt Line
R. R. ; construction of an outer belt line railway and uni-
fication of the control and operation of the port.
It is believed that this plan, when finally completed,
will allow for every possible development necessary to the
growth of the Port of Baltimore for a long period, and
will, when constructed, give Baltimore facilities surpassed
by no other port in the United States.
* OF Labor and Statistics 217
GREAT PLAN ABOUT TO START
The first unit of this plan will be the construction of a
number of piers with railroad yards and warehouses ad-
jacent thereto on the city property at McComas street
on the south side of Locust Point. The Western Mary-
land Railway, whose Port Covington teiTninal is imme-
diately adjacent to the McComas street property, has al-
ready made formal application to the Port Development
Commission for two piers and it is understood that con-
struction of these will be started very shortly. It is also
possible that construction may start soon on a new
4,000,000 bushel grain elevator to be erected by the Port
Development Commission to be leased to private parties.
Among other developments in the facilities of the port
of Baltimore during 1921 may be mentioned the erection
by the Western Maryland Railway of a modern export
coal pier. This pier was completed in the early summer
and has proved of marked success. The loading capacity
of the pier is estimated at about 20,000 tons in 10 hours.
A further item of interest in regard to new construc-
tion during 1921 in Baltimore was the completion by the
"Western Maryland Railway at its Port Covington terminal
of an additional 1,000,000 bushel unit to its export grain
elevators at the port of Baltimore nearly 10,000,000
bushels. It is understood the Western Maryland Rail-
way contemplates further additions from time to time as
its business "warrants.
A GREAT LUMBER TERMINAL
The 75-acre plant of the Weyerhauser Timber Com-
pany of Seattle, located on the Fairfield section of the har-
bor near Curtis Bay, is rapidly approaching completion.
This property, one of the outstanding features of the
port, is the most modern and best equipped lumber
terminal in the country. During the past year, with the
yard still incomplete, the company handled about 15,000,-
000 feet of Western timber for distribution throughout
the East and Middle West.
The Weyerhauser Timber Company, realizing the fact
that the East will be dependent on the West for its supply
of lumber in the future, decided to develop in Baltimore
its wholesale distributing yard, taking advantage of the
citys' strategic position in regard to the chief markets
%
218 liKroRT OF Maryland State Board
of the Middle West, and of the cheaper water transpor-
tation via the Panama Canal as compared with all-rail
shipments from Seattle. It is the intention to carry at
this plant a large stock of lumber, the volume aggregating
from 45,000,000 to 75,000,000 feet of well assorted stock,
suitable for all purposes.
NEW SUGAR REFINERY
With the completion in the near future of the new
$8,000,000 sugar refinery of the American Sugar Refining
Company on Locust Point, the building of which has pro-
gressed steadily during 1921, Baltimore will not only have
a notable increase in her port facilities, but will be in a
stronger position than ever before in the trade with
the West Indies. After a painstaking survey of the vari-
ous cities on the Atlantic Coast, it was decided that Bal-
timore offered the best advantages for the establishment
of a modern refinery that will be the equal, if not the
superior, of any in the world, in its location and equip-
ment.
BALTIMORE SEVENTH IN CONSTRUCTION -^
ACTIVITY
General construction activities in Baltimore have given
this city seventh place among the larger cities of the
country in the last year. Building has received a notable
impetus along with a slow but steady improvement in-
dustrially.
A national survey and analysis reveals that among 51
leading cities Baltimore is moving ahead at a greater
pace. The analysis is made by the American Contractor
at the request of George C. Smith, director of the In-
dustrial Bureau of the Board of Trade.
During the first six months of this year, it is shovm,
as classified by various kinds of buildings, Baltimore
ranked as follows:
Social and recreational building, first.
Religious and memorial, first.
Industrial, fifth.
Naval and military, sixth.
Public, eighth.
Business, ninth.
Hospital and institutional, fifteenth.
OF Labor and Statistics 219
Educational nineteenth.
Residential, twenty-eighth.
Public works and utilities, forty-ninth.
Relative to industrial building contracts Baltimore's
high rank at this period is notable.
During the first six months of 1920 this city ranked
third, being exceeded only by Buffalo and Chicago. Dur-
ing the latter half of that year Baltimore moved back to
fifth place, trailing Kansas City, New York, Chicago and
Philadelphia, This year Baltimore is led only by New
York, Philadelphia, Chicago and Detroit.
It is explained that the comparatively small showing
made by Baltimore in residential contracts is due to the
fact that so many property developers have maintained
their own organizations and have awarded no contracts.
The large number of churches under construction here
was solely responsible for the leadership in the religious
and memorial class.
In total awards during the first six months of 1921
Baltimore ranked seventh among the cities of the nation,
being exceeded by the following cities in the order
named: New York, $143,636,400; Chicago, $49,812,200;
Cleveland, $42,159,400; Detroit, $37,271,100; Philadel-
phia, $24,466,400; Washington, $17,499,900; Baltimore,
$16,220,400.
MANUFACTURING SPEEDS UP
Industrial progress locally -has been rather slow, but
none the less steady. Unofficially, improvements have
been reported in small numbers, but representing large
interests. These total about $2,500,000. It was an-
nounced that a subordinate body of the American Sugar
Refinery, representing an investment of more than a quar-
ter of a million dollars, would establish a cooperage plant
here. About $25,000 or $300,000 was represented in the
plans of the Becker Baking Company, which will use sev-
eral new manufacturing buildings.
A laundry project was reported during the first part
of August for the Woodberry section. The plant will in-
volve a large investment.
Other new establishments projected at the time were
a chair factory, for Guilford avenue; an ice plant on
Preston street and a clothing establishment.
220 Report op Maryland State Board
Many developments of established firms are under way
or being contemplated. These include a number of com-
paratively small enterprises, and also the project to ex-
tend the Western Maryland Elevator capacity.
WORK TO COST $51,320,000 IS PLANNED IN THE
EASTERN STATES
August building contracts awarded in the Middle At-
lantic States, of which Maryland is part, amounted to
$37,913,000, an increase of 44 per cent over July.
The August total in this section of the country was
divided as follows: $11,693,000, or 31 per cent, for public
works and utilities; $11,044,000, or 29 per cent for resi-
dential buildings; $5,602,000, or 15 per cent for educa-
tional buildings; $5,522,000, or 14 per cent for business
buildings.
From the first of this year to September 1, 1921, the
total value of contracts awarded in this district has
amounted to $224,269,000, which is 5 per cent greater
than the average for the first eight months of the pre-
ceding five years.
During one month contemplated new work was re-
ported in Southern New Jersey, Maryland, North and
South Carolina, District of Columbia, Virginia and Dela-
ware to the amount of $51,320,000, bringing the total
amount of contemplated work reported for the year up
to $490,042,000, which is more than double the amount
of contracts awarded during the same period.
BALTIMORE'S FACILITIES FOR RECREATION
The following information was prepared by the Bal-
timore Municipal Journal at the request of the Carnegie
Institute of Technology, of Pittsburgh, which is engaged
in economic research on the subject:
PARKS
In all there are 68 parks, containing 2,527 acres of
land. These parks may be grouped as follows :
12 parks over 20 acres 2365 acres
12 parks from 5 to 19 acres _.. 114 acres
44 parks under 5 acres '. 48 acres
Total • 2527 acres
OF Labor and Statistics 221
The largest parks are:
Druid Hill 671 acres
Gywnn's Falls 454 acres
Clifton - 279 acres
Total 1404 acres
Clifton Park is the old country residence of the late
Johns Hopkins, who founded the University and Hospital.
In the larger parks there are 600 acres undeveloped.
PLAYGROUNDS
In these parks are: 90 lawn tennis courts, 50 chil-
dren's playgrounds, 10 children's gardens, 12 picnic
grounds, 16 baseball diamonds, 1 municipal golf course,
2 boating lakes, 6 band stands, 1 swimming pool (for col-
ored people), 3 swimming pools (for white people).
Of these last the pool in Clifton Park is the largest
artificial swimming pool in the country, if ^ot in the
world, containing over three acres of water.
Besides these playgrounds and athletic fields in the
parks, there are at the various Public Schools 14 school
yards, 10 for white and 4 for colored pupils. Two very
active associations, partly supported by the municipality,
have been consolidated, the Public Athletic League and
the Children's Playground Association, and their com-
bined work includes not only taking charge of the amuse-
ments at the children's playgrounds in the parks, but at
20 recreational stations at the public schools, 19 at the
branch libraries of the Enoch Pratt Free Library, 11 at
churches and other institutions, and, in short, at about
140 different places.
The Johns Hopkins University has a field with a con-
crete grandstand which, with some portable benches, will
accommodate 8,000 spectators. The baseball ground at
Oriole Park will seat about 15,000.
COUNTRY CLUBS
The Baltimore Country Club is the largest and has over
3,000 members, an 18-hole golf course, many lawn tennis
courts, a swimming pool, 3 squash racquet courts, a bowl-
ing alley and skating pond.
The Elkridge Foxhunting Club has a pack of hounds,
a 9-hole golf course and lawn tennis courts.
222 Report of Maryland State Board
The Green Spring Valley Hunt Club has a pack of
hounds, a 9-hole golf course and lawn tennis courts.
The Rolling Road Country Club has an 18-hole golf
course and lawn tennis courts.
The New Maryland Country Club has an 18-hole golf
course and lawn tennis courts.
The Suburban Club of Baltimore County has an 18-hole
golf course and lawn tennis courts.
All of these clubs are either within the city limits or a
short distance out and easily accessible by electric trolley
or automobile.
There are also smaller country clubs or neighborhood
clubs at Lauraville, Overlea, Pimlico, Stoney Run, West
Arlington and West Forest Park.
ATHLETIC CLUBS
The Baltimore Athletic Club is the largest, with a fine
clubhouse near Union Station, squash courts and Swim-
ming pool. There are also the Maryland Athletic Club,
Mt. Washington Athletic Club, Ruxton Athletic Club and
St. Andrew's Athletic Association.
BOATING AND YACHTING CLUBS
The Ariel Boat Club, the Arundel Boat Club, the Bal-
timore Corinthian Yacht Club, the Baltimore Motor Yacht
Club, the Baltimore Yacht Club, the Maryland Motorboat
Club, all at the foot of Hanover street, and the Maryland
Canoe Club, at Cromwell's Point, Brooklyn.
THEATRES
»
There are 10 theatres in Baltimore, the Lyric Theatre
being used chiefly for symphony concerts, opera, public
meetings and entertainments. The others are strictly
playhouses.
MOTION PICTURES
There are 108 motion picture houses.
AMUSEMENT RESORTS
Inland there ?re three prominent resorts. Gwynn Oak
Park, Carlin's Park and Frederick Road Park; on the
OP Labor and Statistics 223
water there are also three, River View, within the city
limits, Bay Shore and Sandy Beach a few miles from the
city.
MUSIC
There is a Municipal Orchestra, giving symphony con-
certs on certain Sunday afternoons at the Lyric, with a
very small admission fee; a Municipal Band, a Park Band
and periodical concerts at the Peabody Institute, either
free or at a very small price.
ART
The Peabody Institute, the Maryland Institute of Art
and Design and the Charcoal Club give frequent exhi-
bitions during the year. The Walters Gallery is thrown
open at a small charge (for the benefit of certain char-
ities) on Wednesdays and Saturdays during the first four
months of the year. This collection is one of the best in
the United States and many of the pictures are world-
famous.
A COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF TAX COLLEC-
TIONS IN 1921 AND 1911
By A. T. BENZIXGER.
Deputy City Collector.
The City Collector's financial responsibility is growing
by leaps alid bounds, as is shown by the subjoined table
from his most recent annual report. A comparison of the
receipts for the year 1921 with those of an even ten years
«,go brings out very pointedly this enormous increase. In
1911 the gross, including city and State collections, was
a little over ninety-eight hundred thousand dollars, while
the total for 1921 was well beyond the twenty-four mil-
lion mark, an increase of approximately two hundred and
fifty per cent.
The Annexation Act of 1918 enlarged the city area
nearly threefold, bringing into the departments thousands
of new accounts; miles and miles of alley paving have
been laid; streets have ben opened, closed, or their lines
changed to meet present conditions; sewer connection
charges have ben advanced by the city, and sidewalks
replaced ; the collections on all of which have been added
224 Report of Maryland State Board
9
to the already handicapped departmental force. In many
instances the ordinances for the improvements provide
that these payments extend over a period of time, thus
increasing the vast detail work. Where possible these de-
layed payments have been permitted by succeeding ad-
ministrations, without sanction by law, in the interest of
the needy taxpayers.
Realizing that our backs were to the wall and that we
had long since outgrown our allotted floor space, with no
room for expansion, a new system, modern, interlocking
and safe, was installed. This has made for greater effi-
ciency and expediency in handling, under most adverse
working conditions, the ever increasing volume of busi-
ness, but the much desired relief from congestion is yet
to be attained.
The accompanying table shows by months the money
passing through the department, and a comparison in the
yearly total with the figures for a decade ago.
OF Labor and Statistics
225
00 .
o ^
<
TfOCOOOOlOOiC^IOS'-HOOTH
ec'<toooooo5£>o«cooO'^Lra
O «£) C<I «0 M CC rH_O5_00 Tf <0 1-H
oi^-^io t-od cvTr-Tco c- lit. 00 c<i
69^
LO CO
in u5
(N O
«5
00
00
00'
00
'»»-
B
o
<!
o
O-^(Mt>XNt>Lra0ii.0tCO
iOO500iOiO00i-l'^C5(Nt>'-;
o6t>ooi'*cioioo6eot-^o6
eoc^iMoooO'^'^t-c-'-ieooj
CO CO C<1 to ^t-^'^^O CO t>_QO_
c<rc-eocr'^'^t~c<iiriioo05
■^CitCOO'-'C— «Ct~COTfiOiM
00 <-! T-H CO 03 tH I— I
«^
06
^00
Tf
S05
•-I ^ CO
'R,^ CO
t-ooooeooi^C505oo«cc~Ci
»-Ht>coc-oo<>|oooo«ooo
TftcOtccii-HiocJtdcoO'^
COtOOiMt-C<I^HC^t>-*L.O<M
Ci_00 ^T-H 00 O 00 t-;_<i>^(N CO <-<.
C^ 10 cT t-T c^ lO Co" 05" of 00 CO 00
C000C0(M,-((M-*-<3<O'*<«C0
LO'— '1— ('-HCOCOi— l»-lT-H "—I
Oi
00
00
CO
in
10
t>
?o
05
09-
c
a
Om'-'^C^O^'^iMOOOOfNCO
Cit~'*'-HinOLOCi0505dt>
c-oO-^oiMcoiMi-OOiooa:
CO '-H '^ OS l-O (N_C-__O_C^_^rH_CI5^00
o t> -^ 00 o -^ cvf 00 c<f 00 c-^ '^
^Ttt~iOiO<Mt~00C0IMC0m
1-1 i-H 1-1
6I9-
00
IM
00^
i-T
00
Cj
■(->
o
H
LOc^oocooO'^tOfMcoeO'H'-i
i-HOO'-i'^, 50^CO-^t-;t-;CO'^
■5tri^coc4o6co-*(NLra-^t--t>
O-^OOOOoqCOOOLOtO-^-^iO
■<* CO "^ "R, O t^:, t-;. <^ '"1 1^ '^ ^
1-H ^ LO of 00 o 1-h" o of t> oT Ti<"
i-HosC^CJCiOOOOiOi-tOOOOOO
CO 50 ^"-^ '"1'^'^^'^ '^ ^"^ ^
eoi-( i-Tojco 1-1 th
moocD-^cocoiniooioocjTti
i-ic-^tDoo-^c-^-^^oo^coooq
f-^oJ-^ooo-^i-HOOJooi-!^
OC--!j<OOI-^00100000100
1— lOOCSLOOiOOii— IC505'— Id
to ic •<* 10 «o t- «o cTto oTo cT
oooocooostoooacooimoi
Tt O ■* O]^-^_00 t-^oc 00 tr-;,t> 1^
in i-T i-T 1-1 CO -^ T-T rH
60^
X2
§ «dJ5 ^J2 §3 3 cu w ° «
01
■>*
00
oi
Ol
1—1
CO
in
in
Ol
■*
(£1
Tf
00
00
1—1
««-
€«-
05
CO
OI
00
in
1-t
C5
m
■^
to
cT
of
Ol
1—1
00
■>*
oT
Ol
««-
09-
o
H
oi ^
C3 13
o
226
Report of Maryland State Board
0),
I
o
O
a:
H
H
z/i
Q
;z;
o
H
o
Pi
Dm
Oh
»2
C4:3
MO)'-!
O) > O
S ^ M
o -^
TO >
o ta oi kJ
o ^S
13
O O
C CO
03
:r3 be 03 0)
OJ O "^ 03
» >.-C CO
J- O CU ^
'I' ,— jj a;
Co ^
'S "1^ o
^^ ^Z.
c2 S bop
cu o "=^
M
03 4J a>
S«
■13
m
u
CI
I-
o o
to
= C5
2i t; c ' .
o J o
o a^ '■=
50-
S 0^
1
>
5 4^
«■•
cC'
So
o 2 i M
— - C, r- CO
I— I & ^ as-
CI
05
. I-'
— 05
I 3
H in
o
r/1
O
Oj
1
r
O
5
o
©
ira
"a!
a
*
o
<r1
b
ce
C
CI
l-rH
CIM
So
^J
ino
coco
S3 OS
fl M
oci
CO 05
O'l-
X05
^ rt-
ss
»C1
S
o
o
ifid
rt OS
cooo'
t-iin
00 05
^ Og
t.TS c CO
e: C 1- jf
■"2 OS CI. o
o
e
o
o
o-r
3
CO-t
OiCC
r^OJ
CO "-H
cieo
OOI
Qcd
coo
o-^
cfd
oceo
I- CI
S?!
O X
vnci
ci^co^.
co'lo"
X ■ ■
^3
^CJ
wco
x_cq
1-i c !
CO o
oo
i-o'
co-t>
oo
oo
do
oo
TO
cIt
O -f
l--f
O'ffl'
OCI
L-O
X©
xo
0-*
do"
xco
I- CI
oo
o©
TO
oo
oo
tH©"
coo
(-X
o©
TH O
©T
-f ©
CO o
TX
O©
Of
©CO
T
cqco
oot-eo
r-©CI
oo CO
S-roco
oox
d I- 1- T
-f-f OrH
OO -f O
T t-CI O
CO o_ T o^
r4o'r4x*
X T-JO
tXCI
tt'o
l-l-X
TOO
xo'd
CI TCI
OT
cixo.
X_ O T
o' O CI
oox
TCOT
0*0:1-
CO©
CO o
©OCI©
O T X o
© I- x' ©
O I- o o
©_TCI_©_
ci'co'co't
OCIOiX
o CO —
ST©CO
O O05
© l-^ t- T
T T ©tH
00 to:
1-- tA r^
rll-CIO
CO O' T O
XCl rH Ot-lX
>8S
©d
©o
00
o'cf
C)
gggg
0000
05©0_^X_^
cfo'd'co'
TCIXO
OCIOi
cf o"
T ©-
OOC
t-' t- •
TOI
01-:
ci'x";
coco •
Ot-i';
ft
aC
A ®
sj o »
4/ fct 00
j3 a*
3S
^^
®
CI
CIX
I- l-
CO T
-r
ciq
S
CO©
oo
g
)r^t
I—
TX_
ci
©_
ci'o'
TO
©rl
T
cl
COO
T I-
to:
r-
TX
T
CO
^'t
?s
c
SS?";=
"-•TT
P 0'-
to^
^-T
r-l
o'
t-^
S
CO
CO
T
X
l^
T
T
r^
C0_
T— (
CO
6«-
§§g
CO t-'
ocic
l-TX
c.'cfo
X TO
0©T
tc^
:coc
;0iC
i t-'te
:cic
ITOt
: cf u-
: T IT
;©r-
'CN
o
o
co'
o
l-
cf
o
©
o
I-
gi
=e g C
^ ^ - *
||2
a> EC
„-.i^ - n i" - til^ ^. fc. — -— t.
a- _
Ot
T O ^' ^ t] •-■ -t-
C3 > " "
03T"-J5 C-^^
■ O -w •— C — O
S «!
TCI CO T 00 t- X O O
02 m ^
M T 5
I u
> 0/
U o
"3 13
a- s
S O c
0,-5
M^.2
o a^
= ^00
« I'E
■5 = 0:
CCS.
I-
o>
ci
««■
Cl
X
ci
o
o"
o
V5-
o
o
CO
o:
3:
X
o
X
X
»'
X
©
X
t— I
01
CI
«"
©
CO
5^
CI
X
OJ
o
l-
x"
X
©
o"
I CO C
co" a
X !»
CO Oi
si
- 03
CI
fli o
Tl O
la
in «
««■ 01
a
s^ 00
S o
05
CI M
(- c
CO o
X Zi
CI o
SIS- S
o
u
s
o
-3
•a
09
OF Labor and Statistics 227
BALTIMORE'S GOVERNMENT COST
Per capita is only $15,96, the lowest of the 10 largest
cities of the country, according to a survey of the Na-
tional Security League of New York.
Boston -....- - $35.06
Pittsburgh 29.81
New York - 28.34
Los Angeles .„ ^.. 26.62
Philadelphia 24.55
St. Louis 23.37
Chicago 22.52
Detroit 21.13
Cleveland '.. 20.96
Baltimore 1 5.96
BUILDING
Building opeiations in Baltimore during 1921 break all
records, according to the valuation of building permits as
given in applications at the Appeal Tax Court and the
Building Inspector's Office of the City Hall.
Permits aggregating in value $36,833,910 were applied
for during 1921. This is an increase of more than $600,-
000 over the figures of 1920, which totaled $36,027,020.
It tops the figures of 1919, which were $26,768,884, by
close to $10,000,000, and is more than five times as great
as the total building operations of 1918, which amounted
to $6,464,225.
During this year 17,933 building permits of all kinds
were applied for at the Building Inspector's office. In
the home building line two-story dwellings figured to the
greatest extent. There were 1,064 permits applied for
for two-story dwellings to be erected at a cost of $4,-
639,600. Application was made for 844 permits for frame
dwellings to cost $4,420,800.
There were applications for 2,051 garages to cost $1,-
884,190; additions, 1,968, to cost $3,298,344; alterations,
11,817, to cost $4,364,070, and miscellaneous permits
numbering 76, to cost $6,955,506. There were applica-
tions for factories and warehouses, apartment houses and
schools which have been included in the total figures for
the year.
228 Rkport of Maryland State Board
Building operations for which permits were asked is as
follows :
1920. 1921. .
January $2,915,160 $1,737,240 '
February 3,233,880 4,068,660
March 3,772,386 2,673,720
April 5,121,729 9,966,240
May 4,976,040 3,000,336
June .:. 3,011,200 3,328,680
July 3,135,340 1,957,200
Aug-ust 2,595,240 2,301,240
September 1,743,960 2,574,600
October 2,108,400 1,775,760
November 1,968,840 1,790,280
December 1,444,860 1,641,954
FREE PUBLIC BATH COMMISSION REPORT
FOR 1921
By ROBERT F. G. KELLBY, Superintendent.
We are glad to report, that, as has been the case for a
number of years past, the attendance at the Public Baths
shows a substantial increase over the preceding year.
The attendance was as follows :
Indoor Shower Baths 835,537
Public Laundries 34,926
Total - - 870,463
In addition to the attendance at the Public Baths, the
patrons at the Greenmount Avenue comfort station num-
bered approximately 425,000, so that the total patronage
at the bath houses under the Commission's supervision
was 1,295,463.
The increases over last year were : Shower baths 45,888,
public laundries 3,981. -
The receipts for the year were $31,170.84, the largest
in our history, and an increase of $5,170.84 over the
amount estimated for the year.
OF Labor and Statistics 229
The attendance and receipts for the year at the stations
were as follows:
stations. Patrons. Receipts.
Walters Baths, No. 1 _ 267,435 $10,571.40
Walters Baths, Nc, 2 104,177 5,482.54
Walters Baths, No. 3 45.71fi 2,749.35
Walters Baths, No. 4 100,373 4,021.25
Greenmount Avenue Baths 106.887 5,375.72
Roosevelt Park Baths 28,942 1,006.62
Poi table Baths, No. 1 ....._ 36,773 1,130.97
Portable Baths, No. 2 (School No. 70) _ 58.982 . 218.91
School No. 6 _ _.... 46,903 363.40
School No. 47 27,894 163.52
School No. 83 _ 46,381 87.16
870,463 $31,170.84
The expenditures were as follows :
Salaries .^$57, 596.68
Expenses ..- - 28,410.25
Total... _ - „ $86,366.93
Deducting the receipts - 31,170.84
Net cost -._ $55,196.09
.•
Looking- backward over the year's work, the outstand-
ing features were as follows:
1. — The large use made by men of the laundry facilities
at Walters Baths No. 1, located at 131 S. High Street.
Beginning with the year 1920, the laundry at this house
was set aside for the exclusive use of men, as an experi-
ment.
During that year the attendance was 6,799, a slight
increase over the preceding year.
For the past year an attendance of 12,689 was recorded,
an increase of 5,890, proving to the Commission the wis-
dom of the change.
In some respects this is the most needy class who visit
our houses. At a nominal cost, in many cases free, these
men, the floating population of city life, get a bath, spend
an hour in the laundry washing and drying their clothing,
and walk out again, refreshed and clean.
2. — The development of bathing among school children
and adults, in school buildings.
230 Kkport of Maryland State Board
For the year, in the schools in which baths were located,
a total of 180,160 patrons was recorded. Of this number,
many were adults, who used the baths on Saturdays, and
during the summer months, when the schools were not
in session.
In addition, many thousands of school children used the
baths in the portable building at Bond Street and Eastern
Avenue, and through tickets distributed to the school
near them, the baths in our larger houses.
During the present year it is expected that baths in
three new schools, now completed, will be ready for op-
eration.
BALTIMORE'S SAVINGS BANKS' DEPOSITS
In an endeavor to determine the financial outlook of the
"average man," as distinct from that of business and in-
dustrial concerns, one naturally turns to the reports of
the savings banks, whose transactions bear a real rela-
tion to the condition of the average man's purse. An
increase in savings on deposit means that depositors have
spare cash to lay aside, while a decrease means simply
that depositors are drawing upon their reserves. Neither
operation is affected by the inflation or deflation of credit,
from which the resources of commercial banks sa directly
benefit or suff'er, .
It is decidedly instructive, therefore, to learn from the
annual reports of Baltimore's nine mutual savings banks
that withdrawals exceeded deposits during 1921 by $2,-
865,644, whereas in 1920 deposits exceeded withdrawals
by $145,928. This would indicate that the portion of Bal-
timore's population which exercises thrift with the aid of
the savings banks fell short by some $3,000,000 of de-
positing in 1921 the amount which in more favorable
times would be laid aside as protection against the future.
One important fact in this connection is that the with-
drawals of savings during 1921 were decidedly less than
in 1920— the actual figures being $62,509,819 for 1920
and $55,555,996 in 1921. The decrease in withdrawals
would by itself seem to indicate that depositors wer6 not
so hard pushed during the past year as during the year
1920. But, on the other hand, the total funds passed in
over the counters decreased even more than did the with-
drawals — the receipts of the banks being $62,655,747 in
1920 and $52,690,352 in 1921.
OF Labor and Statistics 231
These last figures give an inkling as to what has hap-
pened to the average man in the past year. He has not
rushed to the banks to withdraw any large portion of his
savings, but he has decidedly failed to lay aside his cus-
tomary amounts against a rainy day.
The amount due depositors by the mutual savings
banks of Baltimore on December 31, 1921, was $121,251,-
375, on which the interest would be something more than
$4,000,000, so that the actual net withdrawals, the amount
by which actual withdrawals exceeded actual deposits —
were less than the interest credited to depositors. That
IS to say, gross funds on deposit increased during the
year — astonishing though this fact may sedm.
Such an outcome is encouraging to those who believe
that Baltimore will weather the present economic storm
without difficulty. • It does not mean that many hundred
individual depositors have not ben hard hit, nor that those
in Baltimore who never have aspired to savings accounts
— most common laborers and the like — are having an
easy time. Quite the contrary is true; but it does mean
that most of those who have the 257,046 accounts in the
savings banks of Baltimore are plugging along fairly-
well, and, given a fair chance, will keep their feet until
better times appear.
SEVEN OF EVERY TEN PERSONS HAVE SAVINGS
Six or seven persons out of every 10 in Baltimore, men,
women and children included, carry savings bank ac-
counts. In the city's national. State and mutual savings
banks and trust companies alone there are 441,073 sav-
ings accounts — an average of $395 for each depositor,
according to George C. Smith, director of the industrial
bureau of the Board of Trade.
The most significant item df the study, however, is not
the fact that over 60 per cent of the city's population
have more than $174,000,000 stored away for a "rainy
day," Mr'. Smith points out. The utmost interest at-
taches to the fact that during the first half year, when
business stagnation was at its worst and unemployment
most distressing, the local financial institutions opened
18,595 additional savings accounts for those who had no
such savings on January 1, while the total of money in
the banks for safe keping was just $4,514,465 more than
there was at the beginning of the year.
232 RflroRT of Maryland State Board
Statistics are not available regarding the savings de-
partments of private banks and the 600 and more build-
mg and loan associations.
State Bank Commissioner Page states that on June 30
there were 270,813 mutual savings bank accounts with
deposits of $124,086,446.73 — an average of $459 for each
depositor; also that there were 152,737 accounts with
State banks and trust companies, with deposits of $40,-
331,060— an average of $264.
National banks are not included in the figures showing
the increase in savings accounts and deposits since the
first of the year. On June 30, in reply to a questionnaire
from Mr. Smith, it was found that of the 13 national
banks, seven maintained savings departments. These
reported a total of 17,523 accounts, representing deposits
of $9,757,822.21, with an average for each depositor of
$558.
With 60 per cent of the city's* population carrying sav-
ings accounts in these four classes of institutions, and
with private banks and loan associations omitted, it is
evident that approximately 70 per- cent have provided
against the future with savings accounts. This, together
with the very high percentage of home owners, Mr. Smith
declares, are two of the strongest inducements to outside
capital to invest in Baltimore industrial enterprise.
BALTIMORE CLEARINGS DECLINE
Bank clearings in Baltimore during 1921 declined $1,-
150,709,123, as compared with the previous year. The
total for the 12 months was $3,745,337,258, whereas in
1920 the figures were $4,896,046,381.
Although the Clearing House no longer issues its daily,
weekly and monthly clearings statements, the total for
the entire year was available. In November the mem-
bers voted to substitute the statements of debits to in-
dividual accounts for the clearings report, the belief
being that such statements more correctly reflect the
actual drift of business.
Clearings do not always represent actual condition of
trade. Oftimes the figures are increased by interbank
transactions. For this reason the Baltimore Clearing
House, as well as several other clearing houses through-
out the country, now regards the debits statements as a
time index to the actual state of trade.
OP Labor and Statistics 233
NATIONAL BANKS INCREASE
National banks in operation on June 30 numbered
8,178, representing a net gain of 82 for the fiscal year,
saj^s a statement issued by Comptroller of the Currency
Crissinger. The authorized capital stock of these banks
was $1,277,000,000 and the total circulation outstanding
was $743,000,000.
During the year 212 banks were chartered, 90 with an
aggregate capital of $16,000,000. In the same period 120
national banks were closed, of which 28, with liabilities
aggregating $17,000,000 failed, 84 with an aggregate cap-
italization of $34,000,000 were closed by voluntary liqui-
dation and 18 were consolidated with other national
banks. Three of those closed were restored to solvency.
DEATHS BY WARDS DURING THE YEAR
A table showing deaths in Baltimore last year by wards
was made by Health Commissioner C. Hampson Jones.
The lowest moitality was in the Twenty-eighth ward,
where the deaths totaled 111. The highest was in the
Seventh ward, the deaths there totaling 678.
With a population of 14,987, the smallest of any ward
in the city, with the single exception of the Twenty-
eighth, the Fourth was up among the leaders in deaths,
due to Mercy and the University Hospital, both of which
are in that ward. Figures for these hospitals follow: .
Mercy — Resident, 23; nonresidents, 44; total, 67.
University of Maryland — Residents, 21; nonresidents,
85; total, 106.
Dr. Jones' table follows:
234
Report of Maryland State Board
o
o'
3
pE
W
o
o "^
3 P
1 *~^
73 CO
I-. tn
Jl- CO
pr
3 O
o —
3
en p
■ 3
Hospitals
and
Institutions
72
o
3
1
w
1 33,257 437 13.14 434 13.05 72 • 71. 1
2 20,823 308 14.79 304 14.60 65
3 19,270 299 15.52 290 15.05 97 94 3
*4 14,987 438 20.23 297 19.82 244 110 134
5 17,604 337 19.14 320 18.18 105 96 9
6 31.077 435 14.00 411 13.23 134 115 19
7 33,038 678 20.52 500 15.13 314 144 170
8 37,292 463 12.42 450 12.07 106 104 2
9 31,087 442 14.22 409 13.16 133 106 27
10 20,225 365 18.05 346 17.11 161 149 12
11 21,376 429 20.07 362 16.93 153 108 45
12 36,103 529 14.65 489 13.54 127 104 23
13 33,660 384 11.41 370 10.99 63 59 4
14....'. 25,201 470 18.65 407 16.15 164 110 54
15 48,134 607 12.61 591 12.28 121 117 4
16 35,436 500 14.11 476 13.43 102 94 8
17 20,636 428 20.74 410 19.87 94 89 5
18 20,183 356 17.64 340 16.85 101 91 10
19 23,678 408 17.23 394 16.64 93 86 7
20 36,851 447 12.13 429 11.64 109 102 7
21 19,423 332 17.09 329 16.94 67 66 1
22 15,008 264 17.59 254 16,92 88 84 4
23 16,599 250 15.06 241 14.52 31 30 1
24... . 24,584 372 15.13 325 13.22 107 67 40
25 17,360 276 15.90 238 13.71 89 60 * 29
26 36,873 576 15.62 557 15.11 230 220 10
27 36,153 415 11.48 396 10.95 73 68 5
28 7,908 111 14.04 98 12.39 60 48 12
* In 1910 the population was 16,834, showing a decrease of 1,847
for 1920.
10311 DEATHS IN 1921
There were 10,311 deaths in Baltimore in 1921. Deaths
in 1920 totaled 11,356. The total for 1919 was 11,434.
Births for* the year totaled 19,032, compared with 18,-
787 in 1920 and 17,631 in 1919. As usual, males out-
numbered the females by a good margin.
Notwithstanding the increased population, the annual
death rate per 1,000 in Baltimore last year was 13.8, as
against 15.34 in 1920.
OF Labor and Statistics 235
MARRIAGE LICENSES AND DIVORCES DECLINE
in 1921
The marriage figures show that 7,823 licenses were
issued during this year, and the divorce court figures
show 1,828. Of this number, 1,230 actually received
divorce decrees. In 1920 nearly 2,000 more marriage
licenses were issued than in 1921, and the divorces were
more numerous, too.
r
79 SUICIDES IN CITY DURING YEAR
Financial troubles and ill health were the causes of 75
per cent of the suicides in this city this year, records of
the Police Department show. Seventy-nine men and
women took their lives, while 150 more made unsuccess-
ful attempts.
During the year of 1920 there were 73 suicides and 105
attempted suicides. Of the 79 persons who ended their
lives, 60 per cent were more than 50 years old. Two of
the victims were only 18 years old.
"Love affairs" and domestic differences also claimed
their share of lives, while at least a half-dozen middle-
aged men and women who committed suicide left notes
saying they could give no particular reason for killing
themselves other than that they were tired of this world
and wanted to seek new ventures.
Several years ago, statistics show, bichloride of mer-
cury poison was the most frequently used instrument of
self-destruction, but for the last two years this poison
has gradually lost favor. Firearms and gas, the records
show, are now most used.
More suicides were committed during the month of
September than any other month . Eight men and two
women ended their lives in this month. The month of
April ran a close second, with a total of 10.
Statistics tabulated monthly of the number of suicides
are:
January, 6; February, 7; March, 5; April, 10; May 8;
June, 3; July, 5; August, 5; September 11; October, 9;
November, 6, and December, 4.
236 Rei'okt ok Maryland State Board
4,247 PERSONS MISSING
Where are the missing men, women and children who
disappear from Baltimore, often never to return? Thou-
sands upon thousands of residents of this city — fathers,
mothers, wives, sweethearts, children and friends — who
are sorrowing for lost ones — 4,247 of them in the last
eight years — would welcome the answer.
According to statistics compiled at police headquarters,
about 527 persons disappear every year and are lost to
their families and friends. Some years the number is
greater and again it will be far below the average. This
year, for instance, the number of persons listed "among
the missing'" will be far below the record for the last six
years, probably about 400.
accounted for" follow:
Year. Missing.
1914 966
1915^ - 925
1916 972
1917 1303
1918 - 1275
1919 - 1268
1920 1209
1912 to Dec. 10....„... 702
persons
are still "un-
Being
eturned.
Sought.
691
275
601
324
389
583
447
856
502
773
731
537
696
513
316
386
8620 4373 4247
There may be, the police officials admit, some slight dis-
crepancies, due to some returning home without any re-
port being made to police headquarters. But, to the best
knowledge of those who have charge of the records they
are very nearly correct.
Men and boys are the most frequent runaways. Twice
as many of them disappear each year as do women and
girls. A compilation of the ''missing" for the present
year bears this out.
OF Labor and Statistics 237
Disappeared and
Still Missing.
Men _ 106
Women _ 49
Bovs (under 18) 99
Girls (under 18) :........ 45
Negroes _ ....'. 60
359
Disappeared and later found 316
Negroes 27
343 *
Total reported missing 702
PUBLIC AMUSEMENT PERMITS
Places of amusement in the city increased in number
during the year in the face of a business depression.
In 1920 licenses were issued for 683 theatres, movie
houses and other places of amusement, as compared with
828 licenses this year. The increase of 245 is made up in
part by additional movie houses and other amusement
places. The number of regular theatres has remained
about the same.
In 1920 licenses were issued for 2,352 entertainments,
the total to date for this year is 1,814. The decrease is
attributed to general business depression.
One rather expected increase during the year was in
the number of licensed horse-drawn hacks. During 1920
only one such vehicle has been licensed, while this year
there were 17. It was explained that the jump in licensed
cabs was due to the fact that this style of conversance was
beginning to supplant taxis, but that owners who had
failed in past years to obtain licenses had answered to
pressure this year.
Other horse-drawn vehicles have ben decreasing for
years as automobiles supplanted them, and this decline
continued in 1921, but with a smaller drop than in pre-
vious years.
During 1920 some 6,576 one-horse, 2,679 two horse, 66
three-horse, 12 four-horse and one six-horse vehicles were
licensed. During this year the totals were 6,459 one-
horse, 2,293 two-horse, 51 three-horse, 16 four-horse and
one six-horse vehicles.
There was a slight increase over last year in the num-
ber of licensed street cars, the totals being 1,171 for 1920,
and 1,196 for this year.
238 Report of Maryland 'State Board
Twenty-five pawnbrokers were licensed this year, as
against 23 last year.
In accord with the increase in amusement places there
was a jump in the number of pool, billiard and bagatelle
tables, those in public places being included in the sum-
mary indicating an increase in the number of pool rooms.
Last year there were 1,384 licensed and this year a total
of 1,619.
Bowling alleys, on the other hand, showed a decrease,
20 having been licensed as against 23 in 1920. There was
also a decrease in the number of employment agencies,
the totals being 55 last year and 50 for 1921.
Licensed package carts from 947 in 1920 to 1,024 this
year. The number of Door woman's licenses, costing $5
and issued for a limited vending business in markets, in-
creased from 11 last year to 20 this year.
Licenses to sell coal oil showed a drop. The total was
1,895, as against 2,243 in 1920. ,
There was a big increase in the number of licenses is-
sued to street vendors. A total of 1,705 licenses were
issued to sell from wagons and 852 to sell from baskets,
as against 819 wagon licenses and 307 basket licenses last
year..
Desmte the efforts of the Electrical Commission to re-
duce the number of telegraph and telephone poles in the
city by forcing public sei'vice corporations to put the
wires in the subways there was an increase over last year
in the number of licenses issued for poles of this sort.
The total licensed this year was 9,495, as against 9,159
in 1920.
There is relg,tively little difference in the number of
tags for dog licenses issued this year and last year. A
total of 10,208 new licenses were issued in 1921 and 23,642
were renewed. Last year the totals were 10289 new li-
censes and 22,792 renewals. The licensed dog population
is now about 33,850, and in 1920 was about 33,081.
The total revenue this year from dog licenses was $42,-
213 and from miscellaneous licenses $95,396.75..
STREET RAILWAY RECEIPTS
A loss in gross revenue of more than $1,000,000 was
suffered by the United Railways and Electric Company
during 1921, as a result in a decline of 18.000,000 in the
number of passengers carried, as compared with 1920.
OF Labor and Statistics 239
In 1920 the number of revenue passengers was 253,-
934,179. Totals for 1921 will not exceed 238,000,000,
United officials said.
Officials of the railways company are optimistic regard-
ing the outlook for 1922. The wage 7"eductions, affecting
all officers and employes, will result in a saving of JpSOO,-
00 in the annual pay roll. This, with other economies,,
is expected to be reflected in the net revenues, and -vhen
added to the receipts of heavier traffic with the passage
of general business depression, will enable the company
to earn $1,000,000 during 1922.. This figure is the mini-
mum set by the Public Sei-vice Commission to cover fixed
charges and to insure the financial safety of the company.
PARK TAX
The amount paid the city by the United Railways by
quarters during the year 1921 was as follows:
January 10 $ 205,130.01
April 10 _ 284,686.64
July 10 _.-...- 293,149.64
October 10 - 272,239.60
$1,155,20.5.89
DEEDS AND MORTGAGES
Deeds, mortgages and other land papers filed at the
Record Office in the Courthouse during the year ended
November 30, numbered 70,830, as compared with 87,211
recorded during the same time a year ago. Certified
copies made total 575, as compared with 443 in 1920. The
annual statement as issued by Stephen C. Little, Clerk of
the Superior Court, follows:
1920. 1921.
Leases 2,052 1,078
. Mortgages - - 25,216 20,955
Deeds -....- 18,645 13,121
Assignments 14,618 9,662
Releases of mortgages 15,252 12,499
Short releases of mortgages _ - 4,224 4,362
Short assignments of mortgages 790 975
Agreements 628 427
Bonds of conveyances -.. 11 8
Power of attorney * .- 105 77
Miscellaneous 72 104
Magistrate's judgments 2,930 5,112 ..
Satisfaction of magistrates' judgments 2,667 2,440
87,211 70,830
t
240 Rki'ort of Maryland State Board
NEW INDUSTRIAL PLANTS
A total of 163 new industrial plants and expansions
with plant investment requirements of $21,675,500 has
been added to Baltimore's industrial life during the year
ending May 31, 1921.
This addition to industries is composed of 64 out-and-
out new industries, involving a plant investment of $4,-
633,000, and 99 expansions, representing plant investment
of $17,012,500. A summary of the new industries and
expansions, together with a similar summary for the two
years' activity, is given as follows:
Employes Plant
Second Year. Required. Investment.
64 new industries 2,581 $ 4,663,000
99 expansions 9,461 17,012.500
Totals, second year... 12,042 $21,675,500
Employes Plant
Two Years. Required. Investment.
164 new industries 25,067 $39,354,700
236 expansions 27,775 56,568,000
Totals, two years 52.842 $95,922,700
Commenting on these figures as indicative of the local
industrial growth, Mr. George C. Smith said :
"While the past 12 months have marked a period of
world-wide deflation and depression, the industrial expan-
sion of Baltimore has moved forward at a rapid rate.
The 12,000 additional employes required is nearly 70 per
cent more than the total increase in industrial employes
in Baltimore during the 15-year period between 1899 and
1914. The high character and diversity of the industries
acquired in regard to financial resources, stability and
diversification has been even more important than the
mere figures indicate. Branch plants of a number of
Americas' leading industries are included among those
acquired. Many lines of products not previously pro-
duced in Baltimore are also represented. The record of
Baltimore's progress in the past 12 months is, therefore,
very satisfactory."
Mr. Smith furnishes a table showing that more capital
has been added to Baltimore's enterprises within the last
•* ov Labor and Statistics 241
two fiscal years of the Board of Trade bureau's activities
than the total for the 15 years from 1899 to 1914. This
table is taken from the United States Census of Manu-
factures and, compared with the bureau's two-year re-
sult, is given as follows:
Census Average Number
Year. Wage Earners. Capital.
1899 66,571 $107,217,000
1904 _ 65,050 146,961,000
1909 71,444 164,437,000
. 1914 73,769 177 301,000
Employes. Capital.
Total 15-year increase 7,198 $70,084,000
Average increase per year, 1899-
1914 479 4,672,267
Total increases announced by In-
dustrial Bureau, two years 52,842 75,922,700
HALF OF POPULATION OF BALTIMORE WORKS*
FOR PROFIT
Approximately 50 per cent of the 733,826 inhabitants
of Baltimore, as recorded in the 1920 census, are engaged
in some form of "gainful occupation." This is shown
by occupational statistics for the city of Baltimore com-
piled by the Bureau of Census and covering all employed
persons 10 years of age and over.
During the last 10 years, the bureau also reports, there
has been a marked increase in the number of women who
are at work for pecuniary gain. It is shown that in Bal-
timore women are engaged in almost everything from act-
ing as chauffeurs to the practice of law and medicine.
It is believed probable that the total number of work-
ers given — 337,098 — excludes a few newsboys and other
juvenile workers.
That Baltimore has one woman carpenter is also shown.
The city also has two delivery women, female ministers,
two stevedores, one painter and vamisher and one elec-
trician. There are more clerks than any other class of
workers, the word clerk not including salesmen and sales-
women in stores, these being listed separately.
By "those engaged in gamful occupation," the bureau
says, it refers to "working for salaries, wages, profits or
other form of pecuniary compensation or its equivalent."
242 Report op Maryland State Board
Detailed information, which pays tribute to Baltimore
as a city of business and employment, follows:
The occupational classes for each of which at least
5,000 persons of both sexes were reported in 1920, stated
m the order of their numerical importance, are as follows :
Clerks, except in stores, 14797 males and 5,920 females;
servants and waiters, 4,407 males and 15,699 females;
retail dealers, 12391 males and 1,637 females; salesmen
and saleswomen, 8,747 males and 4,814 females; carpen-
ters, 9,005 males and 1 female; machinists, millwrights
and tool makers, 8,313 males ; laun^Jerers and laundresses,
excluding those employed in laundries, 152 males and
8,070 females; bookkeepers, cashiers and accountants,
4,312 males and 3,086 females; stenographers and type-
writers, 814 males and 6,531 females; general laborers,
laborers employed on buildings and laborers for whom the
line of work was not specified, 6,845 males and 116 fe-
males; tailors and tailoresses, 5,087 males and 1,158 fe-
males; chauffeurs, 5,210 males and 9 females.
The numbers engaged in certain important occupations
for each of which fewer than 5,000 persons were reported
in 1920 are as follows: Physicians and surgeons, 1,145
men and 76 women; lawyers, judges and justices, 1,316
men and 11 women; clergymen, 901 men and 13 women;
school teachers, 604 men and 3,452 women; trained
nurses, 33 men and 1,953 women.
Pronounced increases for females are shown for the
following occupations :
Clerks, except in stores, from 1,282 in 1910 to 5,920 in
1920 ; stenographers and typewriters, from 2,333 to 6,531 ;
bookkeepers, cashiers and accountants, from 1,661 to
3,086; trained nurses, from 1,037 to 1,953; clerks in
stores, from 1,014 to 1,619. On the other hand, the num-
ber of dressmakers and seamstresses, excluding those in
factories, decreased from 7,027 in 1910 to 3,254 in 1920.
Nothing more than the occupational statistics of the
Federal census is needed to show how far Baltimore has
departed from the old standards of normal family life.
It may be that those standards never existed ; but at any
rate there is a popular theory to the effect that the normal
unit in society is the family with at least two children
and that this unit is supported by the efforts of its head,
the husband and father. Thus one might suppose that
in society as it should be not more than one out of every
OF Labor and Statistics 243
four people would be engaged in which the census author-
ities term "gainful occupation," whereas actually almost
half of Baltimore population was working in 1920. No
explanation of this discrepancy is needed if the present
customs of Baltimore are really proper, but one thinks
of the tendency toward late marriage and the increase of
child labor as factors whose significance must be consid-
ered. Women in industry are a new manifestation which
does not fit in any too well with the hypothetical stand-
ards quoted above. Are these some of the reasons why
337,000 Baltimoreans instead of 183,000 are working?
Statistics show that there were 41,609,192 persons 10
years of age and over in the United States engaged in
gamful occupations in 1920. Of them 33,059,793 were
males and 8,549,399 females.
HOUSING CONDITIONS IN BALTIMORE
MARCH 1, 1921
The special committee created at the request of the
Real Estate Board of Baltimore to study the housing
situation in this city made, through the co-operation of
the Police Department, a canvass of all the houses in
Baltimore. The puiposes of the survey were to ascertain :
(1) The number and nature of all vacant houses;
(2) The extent of home ownership, including equities ;
(3) The degree of congestion existing, including both
(a) the number of rooms available per person, and (b)
the number of families accommodated per house;
(4) The size, by rooms and stories, of all occupied and
vacant houses;
(5) The need for and extent of present house building
in Baltimore.
In order to gather the necessary information to serve
several of these purposes, the Housing Committee pre-
pared a form to be used by the city police, one form to be
filled out by them for each house in the city. These forms
were returned, by police districts, to the Real Estate
Board, and were there classified to show whether (1)
occupied by owner, (2) occupied by renter, (3) vacant.
244 Rei'ort of Maryland State Board
The police returned forms covering 131,711 houses,
classified as follows:
Occupied ' Total
District. by Owner. Rented. Vacant. Dwellings.
Northern 12,097 4,048 517 16,662
Northwestern 14,895 12,031 416 27,324
Northeastern 21,023 9,398 486 30,907
Eastern 13,106 4,361 237 17,704
Western 1,921 4,530 76 6,527
Central 1,929 2,103 113 4,145
Southern 5,486 5,975 141 11,602
Southwestern .: : 9,969 6,587 - 284 16,840
Total 80,426 49,015 2,270 131,711
October 1st, 1917, a previous police survey of houses
was made. At that time the following total were ob-
tained: Occupied by owner, 52,499; rented, 59,230; va-
cant, 3,428; total dwellings, 115,157.
Between the time of the two surveys the city of Balti-
more annexed approximately 60 square miles of territory,
containing an estimated population of 93,876 persons.
At that time the average number of persons per house
was approximately 5.4. There were annexed to the old
city, therefore about 17,000 houses.
From October 1st, 1917, to December 31st, 1920, per-
mits were issued for 6,095 dwellings, of which a large por-
tion were built. Making due allowance for obsolescence,
destruction by fire, conversion, demolition, etc., occurring
during the 39 months, it is evident that the surveys of
October 1st, 1917, and March 1st, 1921, agree within less
than three per cent. It may be assumed, therefore, that
the latter survey is correct and that any analysis of the
detailed figures compiled will likewise be correct. The
similarity of the two surveys attests to the splendid work
done by the Police Department.
Without investigation, a total of 2,270 vacant houses
may appear to be a large number and may seem to indi-
cate an actual glut in the real estate market. As a matter
of fact, in pre-war days Baltimore customarily had from
four to six per cent of all dwellings vacant. Records have
been compiled 'showing an actual excess of six per cent'
vacancies.
<.
OF Labor and Statistics 245
Recent surveys show the following results :
Total Per Cent
S-urv'ev. Dwellings. Vacant. Vacant.
October 1st, 1917 _ 115,157 3,428 3.
August 30th, 1918 115,500 1,580 1.4
March 1st, 1921 131,711 2,270 1.7
Of the 2,270 vacant dwellings, approximately 1,300
were new houses, recently completed, and held for sale.
Less than 1,000 represented old houses vacant, and many
of them were in bad repair and virtually abandoned. Of
the normal and usual class of vacant houses not more
than 500 existed on March 1st, representing less than
four-tenths of one per cent, against a usual vacancy of
four to six per cent, in pre-war days. Available vacant
houses, therefore, except new houses for purchase, are
virtually off the market.
From the standpoint of public interest there should be,
at all times, some houses available for occupancy. What-
ever this number might be, whether three per cent or
six per cent, it is needed to make homes available for
newly married couples, to afford an opportunity for those
meeting with success to advance in the social scale, to
provide accommodations for those attracted to the city
from the outside, and to prevent undue profits in the sale
and leasing of residential property.
Without regard to the question of congestion in Balti-
more homes, and only from the standpoint of necessary
vacant houses, there would seem to be a shortage of not
less than 2,000 to 3,000 houses, merely to provide that
elbow room necessary to maintain a normal social con-
dition.
The following table shows the distribution of vacant
houses by police districts. An attempt has also been
made to separate the old froA the new houses recently
completed and held for sale :
Vacant Hcuses
District. Total. Old. New.
Northern 517 101 416
Northwestern 416 162 254
Northeastern :..... 486 234 252
Eastern 237 170 67
Western 76 6 70
Central 113 113
Southern 141 85 56
Southwestern ^ 284 117* 167
Total .' 2,270 988 1,282
246 Rei'ort of Maryland State Board
HOME OWNERSHIP IN BALTIMORE
Of the dwellings occupied, it was found that 80,426, or
62.2 per cent., were occupied by their owners, while
49,015, or 37.8 per cent, were rented. It is probable that
no other large city in America can show so large a per-
centage. Baltimore's excellent industrial conditions are
no doubt due largely to the fact that so many of her
workmen are hpme-owners or are making weekly pay-
ments on a home.
The percentage of homes owned, by districts, is as fol-
lows:
Percentage of Homes
District. Owned. Rented.
Northern 74.9 25.1
N'^rthwestem 55.3 . 44.7
Northeastern 69.1 30.9
Eastern 75.0 25.0
Western 29.8 70.2
Central 47.8 52.2
Southern : 47.9 52.1
Southwestern 60.2 39.8
City _.. 62.2 37.8
It is a splendid commentary on the city that a district
(Eastern) given up largely to the small homes of skilled
arid common workmen and small storekeepers should pos-
sess the highest percentage of homes owned.
For the principal industrial cities included in the sur-
vey, following densities were shown for rented houses:
No. of Rooms
City. Per Person.
Cle vel and 1.2
Detroit ^ ._ 1.1
Buffalo 1.3
Chicaero 1,2
New York J _.. 1.0
Baltimore 1.3
Newark _ : 1.1
Pittsburgh 8
Philadelphia 1.3
Boston - 1.1
St. Louis 9
Cincinnati 9
Indianapolis 1.3
Birmingham _ 1.1
New Orleans ...._ „ 9
Atlanta _ „ 9
Baltimore, with Buffalo, Indianapolis and Philadelphia,
makes the best showing. If owned and rented houses had
OF Labor and Statistics 247
been included, Baltimore, undoubtedly, would have been
in a class by itself.
BALTIMORE IS SECOND IN HOME OWNERS' LIST
Baltimore is the second city of the country in the mat-
ter of home-owners as related to the entire population of
the city, according to figures made public by the Census
Bureau in Washington.
In Baltimore 46 per cent of the population own their
own homes. In Des Moines 51 per cent are home-owners.
St. Paul sho\\'s the same figures that Baltimore shows.
In Buffalo the home-owners form 39 per cent of the total
population ; in Detroit, 38 per cent ; Cleveland, 35 per cent ;
Washington, 30 per cent ; Chicago, 27 per cent ; St. Louis,
24 per cent, and Boston 18 per cent.
Approximately $60,000,000,000, a sum sufficient to pay
the national debt three times over, stands to the credit
of families in the United States owning the homes in
which they live, according to reports to the Census Bu-
reau.
The United States has more property holders than any
other country in the world, it is indicated. Forty-five
per cent of all families own the homes in which they live,
more than 60 per cent without encumbrances. The total
number of home owners is listed by the Census Bureau
as 10,866.960. Five thousand dollars is regarded as a
conservative estimate of the average value.
Home ownership stamps the United States as naturally
anti-Bolshevistic. Radicalism, now interfering with busi-
ness and industry in Italy, England and France, can gain
little support in this country. It is one reason why the
political strike never has been resorted to by organized
labor in the United States, officials say..
Own-your-own-home campaign now being carried on in
many sections of the country are receiving support, not
only from government officials, but also from business
men generally. An interest in land and its imnrovement
makes of the average citizen a species of small business
man who constitutes what is described as a "good risk."
Residents of the cities are beginning to gain as home
owners. Formerly the rural sections boasted of the
largest percentage of home owners.
Cities of the Middle West show a larger proportion of
home owners than those of the East.
248
REroRT OF Maryland State Board
Funds 1921 Required
From Alliance.
00
00
lO
CO
o
cc
00
lO
lO
oi
o
1—1
««-
05
rH
CO
US
CO
1— t
CO
10
00
Wcrk During Year 1920 and
Cost to Alliance.
O M
01
.^^
0) 0)
"S Oi
> .
CO
00 1-1 O
pi
0)
>
OJ ^
rt a)
"in
coo
$00
s^
<V M
u a;
00 <i>
CO
>-i 0)
o btt
.. =« .
o> cs S
>> c3
l|o
.ii >io
'"^^
- S »-
•-2 c3 0)
o S-^
o
+->
O
«
to
0)
>
0)
■3
00
Oi
a; CO CO
3<>iv,
W ^H
!- 01 r^
S §""
CO M'S
^8|
C to
(3 rt g
C3 ^ «^
fi 0) ,
"^ ^ I'
in 0) c
'C o>
1-1
-3 CO
"o) 0;
CO >H
0) >
be 03
CO . <u
oj a> CO
bjo 0) "l*
^-^^
0) eS c
^ "I'
2.S-?
X bjo co^
C a> w
^ '^ S "^
•=■> £-0
•S-w cs c
<u
>>
o
"El
a
o
m
> 73
n! !^ <1>
(N-i-H u:>
©IS
o wtc
O LO ^
jC .-0)
.H . > i
1-1 i-H CO
a3
si
5E 3 01 P.
en cC
,-1 ^ '^ CO
1-1 1-1
Ill 11
CO M 1?
iH 1-1 r-l 05
CO
•^ ^
cotC
tH 1— 1 t-
s
56-3
0<fH
1-1 1-1
a
*s
a
u
O
S
o
w
12;
•r- <
>§
> «
1— 1
• 1— 1
<
m
o
o
■>
.2
'3
o
CO
w
s
nj
m
xn
<
<
M
0)
c
M
'fH
Oh
j
_o
'43
CO
c
c
>.
1
•s
>
•pH
7]
"c«
_o
"o
>
>
1
U
w
(U
c
<v
60
>»
HI
c
4)
OF Labor and Statistics
249
Funds 1921 Required
From Alliance.
in
&9-
1— I
lO
CO
00
in
CO
1— (
CO
CO
1— (
6^
in
i-H
c^
oT
1—1
Work Ddring Year 1920 and
Cost to Alliance.
26 weekly clinics and 101,000 vis-
its by trained nurses to 13,582
babies at an average cost for
the year per baby of under $3.75.
104 cases at an average cost of
$30.50.
1980 in different clubs and classes;
educational work.
4,190 boys taught principles of
American manhood.
33,700 young people aided by su-
pervised recreation and phys-
ical exercise.
o
■p.
s
2 office.
1 supervisor.
24 nurses.
9 part-time doctors.
1 nurse.
1 caretaker.
2 part-time doctors.
2 office.
1 supervisor.
7 field workers.
2 janitors.
2 office.
2 supei-visors.
1 field worker.
8 office.
3 supervisors,
25 full-time and
6 half-time field
workers.
1 full-time and
5 part-time doctors.
c"
o
.1-1
C3
N
1
be
U
O
u
s
.2
'G
o
tn
in
<
3
3
W -
>
o
QJ
C
>
in
a>
w
3
&
u
g
3
(U
o
3
OS
m
-u
3
8
>
o
pq
">
Public Athletic League
(MO
t~
(M
OS
oo
tH
'^
in
(MO
in
1—1
eo
(MO
IM
in
r^
^(M
Oi
•^
CO
60-
CO
<M
CO
««■
6e-
>
o
■%
3
• 1-1
T3
O
3
03
<D
m
3
(U
(U
t/3 a>
o
3
(S
0)
0)
o
0) M
TO ""
5^ ^3
(V
S
•o
3
(V
be
(V
= s
<3W
0)
3
CS
3 -^^
£-?
C O w
.2 M
-3 -g-o
.2- 0^ S
o;3'2
3 .2 -
^- T3 tn"
cS _g 3
"•*^ 'C
(U
bo
13
3
tH
(M
05
-4->
o
250 Report of Maryland State Board
LIST OF CONSULS IN BALTIMORE
ARGENTINA— Hon. Richard J. Leupold, Vice-Consul, 27 S. Gay
Street. Plaza 2374.
BELGIUM— Hon. James G. Whiteley, Consul; Hon. Jphn A. Mc-
Isaac, Chancellor, 223 W. Lanvale Street. Madison 3005.
BOLIVIA— Hon. Raymond M. Glacken, Consul, Fidelity Building.
Plaza 0818.
BRAZIL — Hon. Luis de Magalhaes Tavares, Consul, 11 E. Lexing-
ton Street. Plaza 7529.
CHILE — Hon. Augusto Errazuriz 0., Consul; Hon. J. F. Sandrock,
Acting Consul, 617-A Equitable Building. Plaza 4572.
COLOMBIA— Hon. Robert Forero, Consul, 2 E. Lexington Street.
Plaza 1160.
COSTA RICA— Hon. Wm. A. Riordan, Consul, 305 N. HoUiday
Street. Plaza 2254.
CUBA — Hon. Eduardo L. Desvernine, Consul; 1525 Munsey Build-
ing. Plaza 1943.
DENMARK— Hon. Holger A. Koppel, Vice-Consul, Carroll Build-
ing. Plaza 7050.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC— Hon. Wm. A. Riordan, Vice-Consul, 305
N. Holliday Street. Plaza 2254.
GREAT BRITAIN— Hon. Hugh Alex Ford, Consul; Hon. James
Guthrie, Vice-Consul, HE. Fayette Street. Plaza 6096.
GUATEMALA— Hon. C. Morton Stewart, Consul General, care
Strother, Brogden & Co., Calvert and Redwood Streets. Plaza 3881.
ITALY — Hon. Giovanni SchiafRno, Royal Consular Agent, 417 E.
Baltimore Street. Plaza 6175.
MEXICO— Hon. Roberto Garcia, Consul, 1207 Munsey Building.
Calvert 091 5- J.
NETHERLANDS— Hon. Rodolphe H. Mottu, Consul, U. S. F. & G.
Building. Plaza 0380.
NICARAGUA— Hon. H. T. MaxV^ell, Prov. Consul, 400 Exchange
Place. Plaza 6661.
NORWAY— Hon. Arthur F. Sidebctham, Vice-Consul, 19 South
Street. Plaza 4390.
PANAMA— Hon. H. T. Maxwell, Vice-Consul, 400 Exchange Place.
Plaza 6661.
PERU— Hon. Charles A. Oyague, P. Consul, 1628 Eutaw Place.
Madison 7582.
PORTUGAL— Hon. Adelbert W. Mears, Vice-Consul, 117 Commerce
Street. Plaza 5443.
SPAIN — Hon. Giovanni Schiaffino, Vice-Consul, 417 E. Baltimore
Street. Plaza 6175.
SWEDEN— Hon. Emory H. Niles, Royal Vice-Consul, 925 Equitable
Building. Plaza 3240.
URUGUAY— Hon. A. F. DuPcnt, Consul, 2701 W. Baltimore Street.
Gilmor 2351.
VENEZUELA— Hon. A. F. DuPont, Consul, 2701 W. Baltimore
Street. Gilmor 2351.
CONSULAR ASSOCIATION— Hon. A. F. DuPont, Chancellor, 2701
W. Baltimore Street. Gilmor 2351.
OF Labor and Statistics 251
REPORT OF POLICE COMMISSIONER
The following extracts were taken from the report of
the Police Commissioner for the City of Baltimore for the
year 1921:
The total complement of the Police Department is 1,359,
which includes 164 sergeants and 942 patrolmen.
Under the General Fund the amount appropriated by
the Mayor and City Council was as follows:
Account of salaries .._ $2,056,948.63
Account of expenses _ 220,164.88
• Totul _ „ $2,277,113.51
DISBURSEMENTS
For salaries $2,056,948.63
For expenses 220,164.88
Total $2,277,113.51
SPECIAL FUND
Balance January 1, 1921 $212,032.32
Receipts 180,896.55
Total $392,928.87
DISBURSEMENTS
Payroll, retired officers, patrolmen, clerks,
etc - $182,738.72
Allowance to widows of members killed in service 4,790.88
Balance January 1, 1922 205,399.27
Total _ - ;.. $392,928.87
There were 9,818 complaints made during the year of
lost and stolen property, of which recoveries were made in
7,390 cases. Included in the above were 712 automobiles
with an estimated value of $879,671.00, of which 640 were
recovered with an estimated value of $800,023.00.
The number of arrests made during the year was 54,-
602, compared with 41,988 in 1920, 50,027 in 1919, 62,076
in 1918 and 49,147 in 1917.
There was an increase in the number of arrests in 1921
over 1920 in the following offenses, viz.:
Assault, 1,308; disorderly conduct, 3,869; disturbing
the peace, 1,711; drunkenness, 1,473, and vagrants, 1,337.
The increase in violations of the automobile laws in 1921,
as compared with 1920, was 1,063. The total number of
cases disposed of in the Traffic Court during the year was
15,103, of which 3,781 were dismissed, 1,352 were re-
leased on pajTuent of costs, 9,723 were fined and released,
175 were fined and committed and 72 were committed.
252
Kei'ort of Maryland Statk Board
The number of persons reported injured during the
year was 4,885, of which 317 were fatal and 4,568 non-
fatal.
ARRESTS AND OTHER SERVICE PERFORMED BY THE
POLICE PATROL BOATS
Number of arrests 5
Number of persons saved from drowning 1
Number of dead bodies recovered 15
Number of dead bodies removed 25
Number of sick or injured persons removed 2
Number of fires responded to 5
Number of fires responded to and went into active service 1
Number of horses saved from drowning 1
Number of vessels assisted ^ „ 4
Value of property recovered $5,898.76
POPULATION OF VOTING AGE, BALTIMORE CITY. CENSUS
TAKEN BY THE POLICE, SEPTEMBER, 1921
Male
Ward I White Colored
Total
Female
Total
White
Colored
Grand
Total
1
2
3 „
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15 _
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28 _
Total
7,762
4,727
4,209
2,878
2,577
6,939
7,570
10,743
9,601
4,681
4,052
9,833
10,440
2,864
12,895
8,718
1,096
4,078
5,433
10,350
4,643
1.940
3,950
5,583
4,043
9,838
11,121
2,144
174,709
52
90
677
1,450
2,015
1,084
1,551
414
298
836
2,451
1,444
194
3,543
1,694
1,949
4,233
1,572
1,377
199
794
1,109
586
541
60
401
12
30,626
7,814
4,817
4,886
4,328
4,592
8,023
9,121
11,157
9,899
5,517
6,504
11,277
10,634
6,407
14,589
10,667
5,329
5,650
6,810
10,549
5,437
3,049
4,536
5,583
4,584
9,898
11,522
2,156
205,335
6,488
4,199
3,219
1,794
1,499
6,203
6,921
9,637
8,639
4,039
3,992
9,674
9,874
2,752
10,747
7,166
978
3,531
5,523
9.768
3,004
1,500
2.392
4,148
3.235
8,561
11,510
2,179
37
104
477
1,135
1,413
832
1,343
312
226
724
2,441
1,075
229
3,127
1,078
1,668
4,233
1,293
1,357
179
660
750
261
1
455
37
413
14
153,1721 25,874
6,525
4,303
3,696
2,929
2,912
7,035
8,264
9,949
8,865
4,763
6,433
10,749
10,103
5,879
11,825
8,834
5,211
4.824
6,880
9,947
3.664
2,250
2,653
4,149
3,690
8,598
11,923
2.193
179,046
14^39
9,120
8,582
7,257
7,504
15,058
17,385
21,106
18,764
10,280
12,937
22,026
20,737
12,286
26,414
19,501
10,540
10,474
13,690
20,496
9,101
5,299
7,189
9.732
8,274
18,496
23,445
4,349
384,381
OF Labor and Statistics
253
■•a"
»-(
Oi
1-1
w
-<j
u
<:
.
^
CO
o
a
OS
<u
fH
00
1— t
rs
o
C
OS
o
CO
-u
C
C
Rl
<u
3
(1)
(73
3
CQ
1— (
c
(M
<u
OS
u
^H
'V
^
^
o
X
CO
O
o
•4^
«<H
O
o
i-H
m
T
v<
rr.
01
C
X!
v
O
>
o
c
0)
o
o
-C
a
+->
o
-a
_o —
o
O
Is
S
IS
S
01
fa
t-0000<10C300
C~ t- t- C5 O t- i.t o
c<i 00 i-i oa i-H 1-1
o
Eh
"3
0)
O
O
£
a;
fa
s
fa
u
oeocio-^occoo
i-icoi-itNcgcoiMeo
(MI>i-liH"<J«COWL.O
uOOOCOOO^Ocr(>J
-^toooi-i-^xeo'H
COi— I'^i-li— (COlOOO
005t~000-HXOO
(NCvIC'OOOOJL.'J
O CO CO CO lO (M CO O
CO T-H i-HCO lO ^ Oi •^.
00 Oi -^ CO -"a*" o of -^
T-l (M 1-1 C<1 1-1
i-(00(N-<*COCOOOO
icdiococoocOLTS
i-( o -^ CO L.O CO ■^ o
r-T eo
t-'^COC~-^CDC--0
C-COiOCOOQOCOOJ
tH CO CO <N "tt 0_-^ CO
i-T eo'
05(MCOOSt-(M(M(M
cocoeot-o>i>00i-i
00 oo_ t^ oa CO t-;^ Tt t>
00 c4" CO i-H i-T CD Tf ?o
00(MCOOt~COCO^
coi-icooo-^coioi— I
-^ eo_ cc__ ■*_ 00 05_ L-o -^
OT CO" CO rH i-T CO Tf CO
c
g
0)
a>
£ JJ «i CS
;z; ;z; u :> J2; o! M
w
CO
CO
in
(M-^XtMOiinuOOO CO
1-lCOOlCOOOi-iL.O Tj<
eo (M 1-1 r-Ti-l
CO
CO
05
CO
OS
00
'*-
in
co^
eo
CO
o
lO
co"
OS
o
■<*
os"
CO
CO
o"
lO
o
254
Report of Maryland State Board
o
o
r-;
«5
o
iz;
w
o
Eh
"S-
3
(MT}"00(Ma5iOLO00
e»3
1^
^eooitcomTHio
•^
CD-^OlC^TtO'Ht-
co_^
oH
CC CO 1-1 >-l iH
1— (
iH
3
o
oooot>«oooooa5<N
1— t
eo(Mt»ooeooco
Tf
<N C~ 00 I-H tH Tt CO «D
°\-
H
tH
CO
13
C-0000050C-0
o
CO iH I-H ^ 00
(M
73
0)
(N
><
fe
s
o
a>
OiiOOOOOOOtOOi
Tf
15
■^ tH iH t> »H
00
iH
W
§
4^
o
^
OJOSLOOCOOtD'HCS
00
15
CiCO^^TfCOiOiO^
00
£
LoeoiM t-H I-H CO
00
0)
0)
1— 1
■w
^
s "
^
a>
OOSiOOOOlOO'iD-*
05
13
cot-icco-^cococ^a
"*
«D (N tH .-I t-h iM
CO
§
1—1
TfiHi-HDiHt-fXJ^C
eg
15
I>t-ItH1^0iH0<N
o
•
+j
CO t> CO th CO «:> 00 1-H
t>
o
H
(m"^" t-H
l>
^
0iC0'*Oi-l(N0500
CO
15
CO 1-1 i-H i-H CO iH l«
T^
T3
£
(N
O)
cu
^
fa
T^
^ -
0)
cooit~to^-*o^
'^
o
O
T-I(M coco tH Tf
o
15
IM
"E
S
%
w
^
cooicoocoLccoco
LC
15
ioa5cot-T-i(M05C5
T^
£
00^ I> <M tH (M CO -^
CO
0)
(D
tH
CO
•i-H
fa
-^ ■
^
OJ
coo-^ococoTf-rji
c-
OiLocoorjicoooco
CO
15
O OOCO i-l(M COiO
CO
•
S
1—1
co"
_
-M
o
•FH
^
■W
OJ
•l-l
Q
c
C
C
Q)
^
^
>H
U
(U
<D 0)
, ;
•rH
■ -*J
*; -t^
rt
em
.heas
hern
:al .
;ern
hwes
hern
hwes
-4^
o
4-)
U
o
c
O
3
O
in
OF Labor and Statistics 255
Persons in the care of Station-house Matrons.
Abandoned infants ;. 9
Boys escaping from Reformatory Institutions 29
Boys under 14 years, arrested _ _ 572
Female lodgers 17
Girls escaping from Reformatory Institutions _ 4
Girls 16 years and over, arrested 84
Girls under 16 years, arrested - 70
Insane females _ - 42
Lost children „ _ - 582
Minors destitute - 39
Runaway boys _ _ _.. 61
Runaway girls 63
Women arrested 4007
Total :., 5579
White - ^627
Colored 2952
5579
BOTH EXPORTS AND IMPORTS SHOW SHARP DE-
CLINE IN VALUE
American business houses exported $4,189,343,000 in
merchandise in the first 11 months of this year, accord-
ing to figures made public by the Department of Com-
merce, which also gave imports for the period as valued
at $2,271,797,000. In the corresponding 11 months in
1920 exports totaled $7,507,729,000 and imports $5,012,-
424,000.
The declining trade was shown further in statistics for
November, when exports aggregated $294,437,000, as
compared with $343,597,000 for October and $676,528,000
for November of last year. The imports for November
aggregated $211,027,000, while for October they were
$294,437,000, and for November, 1920, were $321,209,000.
This, however does not mean that American trade has
fallen off. The decrease in the value of shipments is due
primarily to falling value of commodities. The tonnage
of goods shipped has increased in many cases. On the
basis of weight and volume of orders American manufac-
turers and exporters this year sold goods at a faster rate
than in 1920. This, officials say, makes very bright the
prospects for 1922.
Farmers shared in the 1921 export trade in greater
proportions than any other group of business men. Ex-
256 KEroRT of Maryi,and State Board
ports of farm products totaled more than $2,000,000,000,
representing more than one-third of the total volume of
sales abroad.
Europe, as in 1920, drew the bulk of American foreign
shipments, the figures showing that for November mer-
chandise valued at $153,349,000 went there, making the
total for the 11 months $2,209,358,000. Neighboring
North American countries received $71,646,000 in No-
vember shipments and $1,067,446,000 for the 11 months.
Exports to South American countries for the 11 months
aggregated $257,120,000, or about 40 per cent of the
value of commodities sent them in the corresponding
period last year.
To Asia, the figures show, was shipped merchandise of
an aggregate value of $439,476,000 in the 11 months, but
for the same period in 1920 shipments were valued at
$716,737,000.
In 11 months this year Americans shipped $147,104,000
and $68,837,000 to Oceania and Africa, respectively. For
the 11 months of last year the exports amounted to $239,-
938,000 for Oceania and $149,069,000 for Africa.
Imports from Europe for the first 11 months of the
year were $692,263,000, against $1,160,410,000 for the
corresponding period of 1920, while from Canada, Mex-
ico and Central American countries the imports totaled
in 11 months $702,980,000, as compared with $1,573,-
440,000 in the 11 months of the preceding year.
From South America the business houses in the United
States imported in the 11 months of this year $268,607,-
000, while in the first 11 months last year the injports
were $725,114,000.
The imports from Asia totaled $494,501,000 and $1,-
222,874,000 for the first 11 months of this year and last
year, respectively.
Imports from Oceania to December 1 this year were
$79,890,000, while for the corresponding period of 1920
they were $183,755,000.
From Africa there came imports of $33,553,000 in the
first 11 months of this year ,as compared with $146,827,-
000 in the same period of 1920.
IMPORTS AND EXPORTS AT THE PORT OF BALTIMORE
The following tables furnished by the Collector of the
Port of Baltimore are comparative statements of the
OF Labor and Statistics 257
articles imported into the district of Maryland during the
calendar years 1920 and 1921, also the principal articles
exported during' the same period.
The total valuc3 of merchandise entering the port in
1921, free of duty, was $33,428,044, compared with $59,-
374,187 in 1920, being a decrease of $25,946,143, or about
77 per cent.
' The value of dutiable merchandise entering the port
in 1921 was $7,696,284, compared with $10,509,978 in
1920, being a decrease of $2,813,694, or about 36 2-3 per
cent.
The total value of both free and dutiable imports for
1921 was $41,124,328, compared with $69,884,165 for
1920, being a decrease of $28,759,837, or nearly 70 per
cent.
The greatest value of articles imiiorted on the free list
amounting to more than a million dollars are as follows:
Copper, $6,398,360 ; mineral oil, $5,526,939 ; woodpulp, $4,-
723,024; fertilizer, $2,336,260; chemicals, $2,315,877; ni-
trate of soda, $2,253,425; manganes ore, $1,636,282. and
bananas, $1,210,194.
The value of the dutiable articles amounting to more
than one hundred thousand dollars were as follows : China
and earthenware, $1,417,975; licorice root, $750,698; toys
and dolls, $651,768; zinc and manufactures of, $534,675;
molasses, $397,000; glass and glassw^are, $300,020;
bristles, $205,119; olive oil, $184,157; egg yolk, $181,078;
aluminum manufactures, $174,450, and straw braid,
$132,318.
The total value of exports for the year 1921, as shown
by table No. 2, was $142,463,744, compared with $381,
532,145 in 1920, being a decrease of $239,068,401. or
nearly 168 per cent.
The articles exported during the year 1921 and amount-
ing to more than one million dollars, as named as follows :
Wheat, $23,787,508; copper, $18,305,158; rye, $17,824,-
293 ; corn, $15,362.722 : iron and steel manufactures, $12,-
627,461 ; coal, $10,286,736 ; tobacco leaf, $8,999,287 ; wheat
flour, $4,431,024; lard, $2,134,608; oil, lubricating, $2,-
075,887; machinery, $1,919,977; milk, prepared, etc., $1,-
604,649; lumber and manufactures, $1,603,366; starch,
$1,526,815; cars, carriages, autos, etc., $1,416,918, and
barlev, $1,246,068.
258
Report of Maryland State Board
o
<
<
fa
o
O
I— I
-. (M
H ai
W ->
Kg
& W
I— I 1^
< <
w
w
fa
<
fa
>
I— H
H
<;
<^
fa
O
05
o
(D
>
>
2 '^
o
O O) t-H
1-1 o cc
i-T
O
co"
CO
1—1 lO
^ 1-1
i-H_C5_
LO CO
CO 1-1
c4"^
C50
<ID-*
l-^
00 tH
^-*
(N
OOOCSiO-^COCO^OlClr-HK^Oi-O-rtCO
1-1 LO CO CO Cl CO LO L- C-J O "* CC O <M C-] O)
CO CO uo CO rH_ i-'^_ c>o c^ co^ o 5::;^ th aj_ c-^ CO o
co~ i-T l^^ cT 00 c^f o"" lo" «c lo c4" t-^ CO o ^^ 00
'^ O CS t~ CO <M O O O TfODCOXO'iO
CO (MC5 tCLOt-O (N^O) 1-lt-
LO 1—1
<N
tH 00
00
LO
o
CO
o
CO
ioc5QO-^'>]cooot-coi-(LOcoc:DcocO'^LO-^ot--^c^j
iO00ai(MOC0i-l00'^i-llM^OC0t~'^(MOCiC0O05'^
■^ ■^-. ^ '^ ^ '^ '^^ '-'^ '^1 "^ ^ '-^^ "^ '^^ '^ '-'t, ^1 '^^ '^^ "^1 "^^ ^ "^
00 o'co c; LO i^o ooc^T-^i-^^th c^'c^Tt-^cTco ^"cc^^c^rcfi-H
COOO-^LOt^ClTHCaCjC-. CO'^CJOiHi— (t-LOi— IC^OtMt-
OJ^i^ -^ i-H^'^^LO CO -sj*^ CO 1-1 GO o^^'-l, ' '■"^^ "^ ^'^
1-i uoo" -^ O -^ -^"cO 00 T^
&9- tH
00
"^
1-1
CO
co"
CO
1-^
co^
Lt
CO CO
CO 00
LO LC
t-^o"
Ci 00
CO i-(
c^'co
05 LO
-* '^
Oi^
CO oo •
c^j 00 ■■
iH(M :
CJ-Tt'ODOlO-^OOlOClCOCrjO'^
C^C5050^'>JO^-*t-~COCOCOiM
'^^^^^^^'^ oq^Ci^'* iM_^cq iH_co 00 t-^c-_
i-Tlo io'"c<ri-H~'-<"o''oc ^'ooo'^c CO oi -^ lo
o 00 c; CO LO (N cj o o CO 03 ^ CO t- '
tH (M CO LO W (M CO O t-;^
lO CO
CO
o CO
i>oo
eo^o"
mfa
o o
■w- W ^
^fa'^fadn'^^pHfa'^'^fafa'^fafa
o
fa
o
o
cfl^ O
o
.-I TO
-u
O.^
fa
0)
fa
to ?H
S c g & c S O S
a ^ s '^ ^ ?.- s y
fegfi^lS^HMp^jdSfaKfayiSM^OfaChliO
S c 2 - ?'-'■ f^ C
O
fa
o
OF Labor and Statistics
259
>
c
oociL.o-Ti<c<ico'^L.ti'*coooc5t-ir:oooxoot>L.oocooooOL.oooo
t^i-Ht-OOoocc^HONcooocO'-ico-^'-HC5ir;ix>c~»Hr-tcMc— mrf
(t-c5oc05£^?coeo
— 1 »- "^ >>»' ^^^ *•'•/ 1 — I »^ ^-'^ .v *"^' '•^ W'J
CO ^ Oi_ t-;^ 00 t-H_ CO ■<* CJ CS^ OO^ O O lO
o-HO'-iLO(Mooxi-i'*ci CiooLOoieoi-cxtrioo
(M ■* CO "X' 1-1 t- i-H — I
O 00 t-N
COL'S ,-lO
00
Ci
69-
TJ" CO
CO Oi
•CO
00
■ irt)
o
CO
(M
:0
00
: 1— 1
1-1
Oi O CO
00 Tt ^
coco LO
eocTt^
coc-
■ LO
1-1
:lO
iH
. -^
t-
o
00
:00
(M
t-osi-icomo
00 c~ cc C: T-i -^
05^0 O3_CO_C0 (M
lo io"cc CO
CO O rjt C-
1-H 1-1 O CO
>
0)
.5
o
o
pq
o
CO
a
3
Tf'XCO^O'*— iCOXi-'SCOOOC3COO<7iCi005>-<L.OC5->;t-«tOO
^OCiXC<IXXC~C0OCiL-OXL-O— (^C0rHC~i0C5C-O
CO CD lO LO Ol^i-H CO OC ^CO CO CO -rf^^CO^CO O^CO O 0_^_C-J^X_CO ■^00
o c-roc"co 00 -M ^c-^-^ CO loco^lo oco ofeo -H~c<f L.-f 00 c<r»o !>
Tf CO -^ CO CO Ci CO X '^ "* Oi X -* ^ t>- CO O CO I> C-O CO X
€(9-rH CD -sai L.O 1-1 T-t -^COi-l coco COl-OO tHtHXi-I
coco
xco
00 t>
■>^co
cjco
CO
X
o
€«•
xo
oo
oco
ooo
CO
CO
i-':r
o
CO
«
1-1 Ci l-O
c; lO X
coco^oo
CO t-^cT
CD coo
xxeo
cs
o
Lt)
1—1
Ci
CO
cT
CO
L'O
1—1
1* ^ CO lO CO OS
t- X LO Tt CO O
ooa5^coco_^-^o
T-T t^i-Tco'^o'eo
OS CO X CO 1-1 lO
CO ■'3' CO CO t-
C4
CO
C fi
3 3
O O
Pip-.
C
o
&
in
<A o ■A
. « .
c
3
O
Oh
3
o
w c ■-' '^ ^
c o q q c c
^« O ^^ *^ *^ *^
3— 3 3 O 3
O'S O OH c
OhoMIh Ph
O
(U
KJ
• f-i
3
'S
o
£
£
<
c
■(J
O
CQ
.3
V
a
3
C
O
CO
3
Clj
<4-l
3
C
6 o
C C 2iJ
;i5 o
C r5
J3 C
-' t-i C3 -)'»-'?-
3
rt o
— CJ
o tn
Vi u
>H 3 u
=« 3 5
S3
a, .2
a c
- .^ IS
3
Q
£53
3
Q
o
Eh
OCUW^72 5n<iJO
260
Report of Maryland State Board
d
w
PQ
<
H
tf
O
S
1— 1
H
hJ
<«J
CQ
fe
O
H
W
O
P^
H
iH
Oi
S
Q
O
'^
K
<:
fe
o
fM
Q
Ci
W
H
c/l
K «
o <:
On
H
>^ >H
w
K
i72
<:
w
Q
H-l
1— t
^
H
Eh
h-I
S <:
<
O
W
W
ffi
ffi
H
H
fo
O
o
;^
1— 1
H
«
:?;
^
H
a
g
K
H
<t:
H
C/J
H
>
I— (
H
<'J
K
<:
Ph
§
o
o
O
OS
0)
>
0)
>
03
T3
o
o
>HCOOO'*OCCOOLOOO
O O Oq_ t-;^ 00 Oi_ rH_ CO t~ o
1^ -^ T*" t~ CO «r lO ,-T O L-^
iXic^iooiooirHOyjaKM
as Lo <M ^co ^ (M th
C^OO<M'^t-00'-l,-tOOOt-UO(N(Nt-
(M>-i<NIMOit~-Oi.OOeOt~LO^t>00
Ci_ CO L~ O rH_ ,-H rr_ LO <0 00 Oi_ Tf .-< 0_ 00
o t-^ oi" th oT rf L-^ irT ■^'" uo oi" 00 c^' 00 Lo
OOOOCOLCOl'Mt-COOO^'lO coc-
lif-<* (N C^ iH <N
t-05 T-fO
Tt lO i-H O
CO '^^co^^o
i-Ti-rT-ro
o 1-1 ^
co" in"
CO
00
O 00 O CO CTl <M CO
O CO O Cl CO (M i-H
t~ T-j^Cj^LO (M_ C"j_00
i-T 00 c<r rH <ri" oT -^
t^ tH t> O 00 t-I
r)" :
O •;
CO
O i
•^
CO
00 :
'^ •
1—1
lO :
00 ;
t-
<N
CO '
(N
CO i
t~ ■■
CO
y~t
iri ■
(M
1—1
CO 00
00-^
co'eo
oo-<*
C^C^'^OOt^OO'^lOoOLO
CiOO^CDTHOOLOr-ICOCi
^LOc<ic^'-racoi-H_oa_ooi-i
oi c^Too ^00 ^co CO ^
1-1 as CO 'H oj c- 02 CO ^
^ O^ -M ^ ^__O0 CO CO t-
c^ oi coc^cot-^
e/3- 1-1 c<) -^
OCCOCOC5C<!t~-rJ>T!<OCXt-CO(Mt:-
c^oooc^i-iOiCi^oooo-'^cooccsi-'
0_10 C0__0 O OO CO CO rH 1-H i-1^O_C0 l-^^CO
o loco rfi ^o cTlo cTco'oi'-^c'L.'f u-f
COLO-^-^Ci-^CDOOjOOL-rjOC^O
o '^c^i^cg 00 CO 1-H eg oo o O'l^o^iM -^
OOi-TlMOi-H CO COi-Tc-^i-T ltT
(M CO
00 Lo c- CO
o Lo CO
i-<_iM__'*
LO CO lO
^ o L.-:)
00 LC C5^
"^ (N
eg
o
CO
i-H~
00
O 1^ 00 l^ CO t- (M
t- CO ^ O LO O CO
O OS^Oi-I^Oi "^^
-qTi-TTr 1-i 00 CO (M
LO CO 1—1 ^ CO eg CO
CO "-^^ ^^
■^ t- CO 1-1 1-1
o ;
CO 1
'^ ;
CO 1
CJ
uo
t-
(M i
CO
CV. i
CO :
o •■
■00 :
O :
CO
c^ I
C~ :
1— (
o :
CO 1
^
■ I— (
1—1
00 00
co'c'
o t~
i-iO
eg
^ o ^
C IS G PI
o :3 3 3
tH O O O
Ph!1(CU
o
Ph
'T3
O
Ph
o
Ph
o o
M
c
g
:3
bo $
li
s S
O
Oj (U
PQCQ
o
■■5 fH
m
c3
^ cj
a- <D
moooooauoo
^ ^5
ce c3 o
P^P^Q
c c c
g, O O O
03 A! +-> -t-> +J
O C O O
G b-^
5'
CJ
P^
a>
CJ
X
c
g3
C
p
f-.
+->
o
c
c3
O
bJD
&JC
.i: c
c3
o 2 S
^ 5 CJ
|^^5^
P • "75 r— < I— i
«~«CJ3>- „ ,
OF Labor and Statistics
261
(M
05
O
>
S
>
3
Oii0C0i-l(MLCrJ<00«0tr-Q0C00005Cii-HO
CO,-ICOCqOi»-li-ITj<«OOOOOiOTtiiO(MOO
tH 1-^ CO t> Tf^ (» Oi^ !^ 00 C<J_ li^ C^]_ O O l-O rH 00
LO 00 -^ TjT o6" o ^"^ eg" 03 of t>" -rf cc tt o 00 oi"
rHL0OOT}«C^C0OO0500<NTtO00<NLn
r-( t- »H tH Cq in 00 T-(«5_05_C-;_GC C<I_tD '^
iH i-Toc co"t> i-H",-r
<N r-l
00
t-«0<N00OlO0300lO
050CiC<IOOT-iI>01(M
1-1 O^O OO^C^O C^J^OO lO_
L.O ■*" -h" CC t> C^ O -^
r-< O C-05 t- O
m O CO -^ t- CO
00
CO
W3-
eoo CO
LO 00 -^
CD -rfio
CO CO -^
CO
LO O 00 CO
o ooi>o
■^CvJ^CO Tt
rf of of 00
CO C- --I (M
coco o
O 1-1 Oi C- (M
00 rf .-I ^H 00
00 LO C<l^L.O_rr
CO c^f '* co"^
uO O O CO CO
T-; cq^iT TT 00
00 lOi-^r-i Oi
■<* 1-1 tH t-I
00
LTt oq
•^
CO
LQ
coco
o
Ci
00
om
TT
00
00
id
iO
OJ
la
CO
t>
i-t
lO
os
••
ocoi>ooeocooco.-it>X'*ccac;xoo(N
T-i^uO'*iOCO<M<MC-uO^(MCOiMC-^'rHCCO
CO CO_^00 CO_CO 00 T)^C<J_CO C<1 !M_^C0 ■<3'_^rt C-^C^lO -h_0C_
00 oi CO co~ lo ^"" i>^ -th" CO — < cc~ of CO*" c<r cf -^ c<f of o
co05'src<i-*C5 0cocoLO-^c<iojt~xo'* o
rH c^i-j^co ^_c;__ CO lO oo x_x -^^oj 1-1 -^ —j^
i-TrH i-Ti-t'oj" -^oico'c-f -^ i-T
coo-^
t-UOXOIMCOC^CO
COOOO<ICO'*OCOOO
"^ CO_C0_^OJ^uO CO t>
o of coco T-Tx^Lrf
O (M C- CO eg CO t~
X "-"^^CO 05 o^o^ ^
I-T cgi-To"
in
1-1
eg
CO
in
X
CO
««■
05 O X
o m — I
c-;^egi>
CO CO -rf"
CO X C5
L^ in^x
ofi-T
1— ( CO o m
eg eg 050
o ^_oo co_
00 x't^'oo
•^ eg CO CO
0_X_ i-(
t-^co
^ Ol
CO X l-O X Ci
-* CO CO CO ^
C^eO CO_^L-;^t~^
eg'oo of in co"
eg o: t> o-; eg
t- I> CO t~ t~
c- eg 1-.
^ m CO
X T-! O
in c'co"
c- eg CO
CO m
X
eg
C CO
05
o
^
eg
OS
CO
CO
03
m
•^
CO
05
o>
eg
1-1
tr-
*
:
G?
c c c c
= 3 O 3
O O E-l o
<u o o
=; tf. X X -e
>-.
•^ c c
C 3 3
rt c o
3PhPh
3
PQ
£
5
03
, :
o;
<u
S
<ll
III
3
o
C
c3
-^
o
<1>
^-^
c;
en
<1>
?-t
3
u
3
C
c3
?S
rt 3
c3
a>
OO
t/i a; rt
rt rt cs
O Dh Cl, c/2 M
;- o)
rt (1)
3: c
3 3
o
o
=J is
rt
3
u
"3 3 5
a> 3*3
ii C 3 _
.Oi rt rt rt .
>> >_i (D— ■
aj -S w c (l*
05
O
SJ^i-^
.2 S c
3
rt
':i in
m •—
0) a> ^ \j
O 3
I- >- -e s-
-t->
o
262 REroRT of Maryland State Board
CURRENT PRICES OF GRAIN
The following table, furnished by James B. Hessong,
secretary of the Chamber of Commerce, gives the current
prices of grain at Baltimore by months during the year
1921.
The prices of No. 2 Red Winter wheat ranged from
$1,051/4 to $2,101/2 per bushel in 1921, compared with
$1,741/2 to $3.28 in 1920.
The prices of No. 2 Red Winter wheat, garlicky, ranged
from $1.00% to $1.97 in 1921, compared with $1.65 to
$3.23 in 1920.
The prices of No. 3 com ranged from .50% to .89 1/5 in
1921, compared with $1.33 to $2.06 in 1920. The prices
of No. 2 White oats ranged from .41 to 59i/? in 1921, com-
pared with .59 to $1.36 in 1920. The price of No. 3 White
oats ranged from .37 to .58 in 1921, compared with .57
and $1.35 in 1920.
Rye was quoted at .76I/7 to $1.88% in 1921, compared
with $1,561/2 to $2.48 in 1920.
The lowest price for wheat was reached during the
month of November and the highest in January. The
lowest price for com was reached in October and the
highest in January. The lowest price for oats was
reached in August and the highest in January. The low^-
est price of rye was reached in November and the high-
est in January.
OF Laboe and Statistics
263
(M
(U
o w
J I
0.^
v*) ^(M V* v^ -^'
th^ 1-1^ n^ w^ i-i^
ei^T-i^ ^ ^ .. ., „
cx)oooC5THOO?ca50t~oo
00
00
oocooC'-rHCTicgoooocoLrt^oiM o
^OlCU'I-^'^CCfMOOOOt-O t-
C3
o
o
Oi
0)
O-C
CO
6
P-l (U
Ph o;
OOOCOC-ClOOCit-CCOa^
COt-^OOC5L.OLCT-HU-5LO(NTj<
^Tj* "^ lO ^1^ ^^ '^ ^^ ^^ ^J* Tj^ ^^ '^
-,C1 O) -<^ v^l -,X v^l ^ x^ xX v?I
r<^ r^- M^ r-<^ CO^ r-T^ rj^ rt^ O"^ ^~
OLOCO'*Ot^O'-lC~Ci^O
OOXOOt-t>C-t^t-OiC«OC^
c^??J?^
rH^ r5^ 1-f- irt^ M^ r?- vj ■
cococ5Lr^oocxj"^C50c^t-
t>- t~ "— ^ C~ ;0 O ^ LO LTS L.-^ L-S
^ ^' -^ ^ ^1 --" V* vdl
t-~oCiooi-ic<ioa:'T-!^oooC5
oo'-iC2cooo5C~ES
11—) «-4— J I 1^^
CO
CO O (N
O O '-^
o
CI
rH Ci T-< tH O 00 CO S l-O J-. CO
occ^rooco■•^co3<^J'-^'^
CO 1-1 1-1 tH r^ T-H i-H rj-rH y-i -^
•^ L.-. 1-! uo 00 CO t- LO Er: 00 o ^
C^t-^Tj^lOr+COCvI^OO^
C5
1-3 ;-M
^ - S £ !=
-M C ?^ 1*
00
CO
■^
03
00
o
c-
o
o
o
o
o
264
Keport of Maryland State Board
RECEIPTS AND SHIPMENT OF LIVE STOCK
The following tables, compiled by R. L. Showacre, sec-
retary of the Union Stock Yards, show the receipts and
shipment of live stock for the year 1921, by month, also
number of cars.
The total number of cattle received during the year, as
shown by Table No. 1, was 179,806; sheep, 466,212; hogs,
1,238,585; calves, 99,778; horses, 845; mules, 287, and
cars 23,247.
These figures show an increase over 1920 of 1,108 cars;
99,231 sheep, 85,007 hogs and 7,252 calves, and a decrease
of 14,578 cattle, 986 horses and 298 mules.
The shipments for the year as shown by Table No. 2
were: Cattle, 67,499; sheep, 280,582; hogs, 225,403;
calves, 56,191; horses, 1,859; mules, 331, and number of
cars, 8,535.
As compared with 1920, there was an increase of 33,597
sheep and 14,848 calves, and a decrease of 11,799 cattle,
73,589 hogs, 1,498 horses, 708 mules and 1,222 cars.
The receipts for the year exceeded the shipments as
follows: Cars, 14,712; cattle, 112,307; sheep, 185,630;
hogs, 1,013,182, and calves, 43,587; while the shipment
of horses was 1,014 greater than the receipts, and
mules 44.
RECEIPTS OF LIVESTOCK AT BALTIMORE, MD., FOR THE
YEAR OF 1921.
Cattle S'heep |
Hogs 1
Calves
Horses
Mules
Cars
January
February
March . ...
18,190
11,928
13,355
17,816
11,567
10.786
13,627
16,587
19,291
19,628
12,658
14,373
23.191
12,817
14,606
18,365
53,082
68,224
16,551
65,029
34,501
52,670
27,374
19,802
125,216
93,764
94,758
105,852
106,300
96,010
82,220
80,071
97,734
132,852
103,596
120,212
6,754
4,703
8,787
9,085
12,116
11,031
11,566
8,192
9,558
7,766
5,123
5,097
73
45
58
220
56
44
101
37
81
24
79
27
43
17
29
20
14
2
1
5
112
44
2,312
1,543
1,588
April
May
June
2,045
2,026
2,040
July
August
September ...
October
November ...
December ...
1,982
1,920
2,030
2,377
1,630
1,752
Totals
|179,806|466,212
1,238,585
99,778
845
287
23,247
OF Labor and Statistics
265
SHIPMENTS OF LIVESTOCK FROM BALTIMORE, MD., FOR
THE YEAR 1921.
Cattle I Sheep I Hogs | Calves | Horses| Mules | Cars
January ...
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October ...
November
December
6,675
4,348
3,981
8,268
2,129|
2,356
3,246
7,865
8,868
10,245
5,617
3,901
8,441
3,077
2,016
6,324
37,726
54,413
51,107
50,690
16,985
31,665
13,043
5,095
28,656
21,035
17,905
20,641
18,209
10,725
7,731
13,218
16,654
24,407
20,477
25,745
3,087
2,598
5,205
5,823
6,784
7,038
6,355
5,415
5,644
3,789
2,063
2,390
88
138
167
300
155
161
231
159
215
108
93
44
39
25
36
18
6
25
5
6
1
13
113
44
812
534
478
757
640
713
671
961
800
1,042
621
506
Totals I 67,499|280,582| 225,403] 56,191| 1,859|
331
8,535
IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION
The following extracts were taken from the report of
the Commissioner General of Immigration, in which he
states :
"The fiscal year 1921 has added a particularly inter-
esting chapter to the history of immigration to the
United States and its insular territories and possessions.
With the cessation in 1918 of general hostilities in war-
spent Europe, speculation became rife among those inter-
ested in the immigration question as to the quantity and
character of immigration this country would draw from
that continent after it became apparent that peace was
really established and something like normal conditions
of ocean travel were restored. Some predicted that the
stupendous task of reclaiming Europe from the devas-
tation and waste of years of war would appeal to the pa-
triotic motives and claim the time and attention of the
vast majority of those who, at a time other than extraor-
dinary, might be expected to find their way here. Others
were of the view that an irresistible spirit of unrest in
the post-war period, disturbed political and economic con-
ditions, and the reopening of the lanes of travel after a
closed period of some five years would, if unchecked by
266 Keport op Maryland State Board
restrictive legislation, bring upon us an unprecedented
flood of immigration.
"The total number of alien arrivals in the fiscal year
1921 was 991,942. After examination 13,779 of these
were found to be unacceptable for various reasons and
deported. The number of alien admissions for the year
was, therefore, 978,163, as against 621,576 in the previous
year and 237,021 in the fiscal year 1919. Of the total
number of aliens admitted during the past year 172,935
were nonimmigrant (i. e., not coming for permanent resi-
dence). Our true immigration for the year was, there-
fore, 805,228, as compared with 430,001 for the previous
year — an increase of 375,227. The emigrant departures
were 247,718, a decrease of 40,597 from the previous year.
The permanent addition to our alien population was,
therefore, 557,510.
"There was admitted during the year 4,017 Chinese
immigrant aliens. The total number of immigrant aliens
of this race admitted in the fiscal year 1920 was 2,148 —
an increase for the year of 1,869. In addition to those
admitted, 404 Chinese arrived at our ports of entry for
aliens of that race and were reported after examination
had established their ineligibility for admission. Addi-
tionally, 5,815 Chinese were examined for return privi-
lege, on applications made by them, and 5,754 return
certificates were issued.
"The number of Chinese emigrants departing from the
United States was 5,253. A majority of these left only
after securing certificates which, prima facie, entitled
them to readmission upon return.
"Section 2 of the act of February 5, 1917, provides that
a head tax of $8 shall be collected on every alien, includ-
ing alien seamen regularly admitted for the purpose of
residence, entering the United States. Children under
16 years of age, traveling with a parent, are not subject
to the payment of the head tax, and certain other classes
are exempted.
"Under this provision of law there was levied and col-
lected during the year the sum of $5,697,528, which was
paid into the general funds of the Treasury.
"Administrative fines have been assessed against trans-
portation companies or the masters, owners, or agents of
vessels entering United States seaports, in the sum of
$324,340. This is by far the largest sum ever collected
OF Labor and Statistics 267
in any one year as administrative fines for infractions of
the immigration laws by transportation companies, ex-
ceeding the amount collected in the fiscal year 1920 (the
second largest amount thus collected in the history of
the Immigration Sen^ice) by $170,130. Other collections
in the fiscal year totaled $46,528.
"The entire cost of operating the Immigration Sei'vice
for the fiscal year 1921, including the payment of salaries,
maintenance and repair of immigration stations, etc., was
Jfi4,011,2o3. The net revenue to the government for the
year, on account of the enforcement of the immigration
laws was, therefore, $2,057,163. The sum of $3,000,000
has been appropriated by Congress for the conduct of the
Immigration Sei-vice and the administration of the vari-
ous laws pertaining to immigration for the fiscal year
1922. As the act approved May 19, 1921, which limits the
admission of aliens of any nationality to 3 per cent of the
number of foreign-bora persons of such nationality resi-
dent in the United States when the 1910 census was
taken, will be in operation throughout the entire fiscal
year 1922, there is every reason to believe that the ex-
penditures for the year will exceed the collections by a
considerable sum. The official computation shows that
the peiTnissible immigration for the year from the coun-
tries affected by the act will not exceed 360,000."
Another interesting feature of the commissioner's re-
port is the number of aliens who filed petitions for citi-
zenship or made their "declaration of intention." The
number of the first was 198,530 and of the second 304,481,
which represented an increase of 4,375 over the previous
year. Apparently the discussion of the immigration ques-
tion has had its effect upon the minds of resident aliens.
There was always something unjust and indefensible in
the position of the alien who spent many j-ears in this
country and used it merely to avoid military service in
time of peace and as a base from which to go in quest of
money without assuming the obligations of full citizen-
ship or even taking the trouble to leam its language or
try to understand its institutions. That kind of residence
in the United States was bad for all parties and particu-
larly for the individual concerned. In mentioning the
fact of the present restrictive legislation it is only fair
to add that those who do enter the country- with the in-
tention of becoming citizens are not allov/ed to founder
about at random. The Department of Labor tries to keep
268 Report of Maryland State Board
in touch with all who have made the declaration of inten-
tion and to see that they are informed about classes in
English and citizenship which are being held in their im-
mediate vicinity. The department, therefore, is not com-
mitted merely to a selfish or protective policy of exclu-
sion, but recognizes its responsibility to the immigrant
to whom it has permitted entrance.
There were 3,917 immigrant aliens and 294 nonimmi-
grant aliens admitted during the year who gave Maryland
as their intended future permanent residence. There were
also 1,143 emigrant aliens and 183 non-emigrant aliens
that departed who gave Maryland as their last permanent
residence.
There were 265 immigrant and 29 nonimmigrant aliens
admitted during the year at the Port of Baltimore and
one immigrant alien and 9 nonemigrant aliens departed
from the same port. There were also 81 citizens arriving
and 59 departing.
OF Labor and Statistics 269
MARYLAND
THE GOVERNOR'S MESSAGE
Governor Ritchie's message to the Legislature is a mes-
sage of good tidings to the Maryland taxpayer in its an-
nouncement of a reduction of five cents in the State tax
rate for the fiscal years of 1923 and 1924. When the
present Democratic administration began in 1920 the Gov-
ernor recalls that the State tax rate was a fraction over
36 cents. This was reduced to 35 1-3 cents for 1921, and
to 35 for 1922. The 30-cent rate now recommended rep-
resents a total reduction of more than 6 cents. This re-
duction on the basis of the present yield of $150,000 for
each cent, represents an annual saving of $964,573, which
"means," says the Governor, that "this Democratic ad-
ministration, under the present budget, will save the peo-
ple of Maryland" nearly one million dollars every year on
their tax bills.
This will be the sweet kernel of the message to all sorts
and conditions of taxpayers. There may be disagreement
as to whether the kernel is big enough, but even those
who may consider it too small will at least unite in
saying "For this relief much thanks." There would
seem little, if any, ground for cavil as to the size of the
financial achievement accomplished by the tax-rate re-
duction. After a careful study of the Governor's mes-
sage and the figures he presents, the most partisan critic
will probably have to admit that the State's financial
problem has been worked out as satisfactorily as was pos-
sible under the conditions which this administration in-
herited, and which were bound to be considered in all cal-
culations.
The two biggest items in the budget are, of course, the
maintenance and development of the public schools and
the maintenance and the development of the public roads.
As to the former, the Governor shows that he has met
the existing situation as liberally as possible in the face
of a general demand for a reduction in taxation. In 1920
there was an increase of $703,000 in the public school
appropriations for 1921 and 1922, and in the present
budget he recommends a still further increase of $750,000
for 1923 and $780,000 for 1924, which will make an aggre-
gate increase of nearly $1,500,000 each year. The total
270 Report of Maryland Statk Board
appropriation recommended is $3,500,000 for 1923 and
$3,530,000 for 1924. This, the Governor adds, "will put
the State Board of Education in a position where it can
carry into effect the program which, through its most
capable Superintendent of Public Schools, it has worked
out during the past year."
Our good roads system, which more than anything else
in the last decade has made Maryland famous, necessarily
holds a big place in every budget. It is a revenue pro-
ducer, as well as a revenue consumer, but it has not yet
become self-supporting. Indeed, most readers will be sur-
prised to learn from the message that the maintenance
fund, derived from receipts from the Motor Vehicle De-
partment, shows a deficit of $1,179,555.07. The funds de-
voted to maintenance were, it seems, "never sufficient for
the purpose."
This deficit explains the proposition for a gasoline tax,
which it is hoped will pay off the indebtedness to the con-
struction account and will eventually take the place, in
whole or in part, of present motor-vehicle taxes. The
Governor urges this as apparently more satisfactory to
the owners of motor vehicles than any other method of
raising the money and as supported by the experience of
other states.
The Governor's recommendations with regard to the
State police force, looking to the placing of it upon a
definite basis, but not increasing the size of it, for the
present, will meet with general commendation. This
force has demonstrated its great usefulness.
For the rest the Governor deals, for the most part, with
familiar but important subjects of State interest and ac-
tivity relating to the public care of the insane, the dis-
eased or delinquent. He dwells at length on a new topic
in explaining his reasons for not recommending the
"enormous appropriation" requested by the University
of Maryland, which included "$1,215,999 for maintenance
in 1923, and $1,169,999 for maintenance in 1924, and $1,-
421,500 for land and construction during these two years,
making an aggregate for this period of not much less than
$4,000,000," which would have been in addition to $1,-
875,931 which the institution will receive in the same time
from the Federal Government, students' fees, hospital
receipts and other sources. The Governor, while taking
no position as to the policy of building up a great State
OF Labor and Statistics 271
university, suggests a good many questions which he
thinks should be considered before the State embarks on
such a project. He feels it is his "duty to see that the
people of the State do not become committed to the am-
bitious plans for extending the State university's fields
of activity without at least the opportunity and the in-
formation required to enable them to decide as to the
need of such a university in this State, and without a clear
understanding as to what its cost to the taxpayers will
be."
MARYLAND ROADS
STATE COMMISSION CALLS ATTENTION TO INCREASE IN
MAINTENANCE COSTS THROUGH INCREASED USE
The thirteenth and fourteenth annual reports of the
State Roads Commission for the years of 1920 and 1921
make an innovation by presenting in detailed, tabulated
form the apportionment of appropriations to each county
and the expenditures and obligations charged against
such appropriations.
The members of the Roads Commission are John N.
Mackall, chairman and chief engineer; Omar D. Crothers
and D. C. Winebrenner, minority member. L. H. Steuart
is secretary to the Commission.
The report shows that the total for the post and lateral
road funds for the two years in question was $4,984,626,
made up as follows : State 1920 appropriation, $2,350,000 ;
counties, lateral road appropriation, $1,500,000; Federal
appropriation $850,000; county additional road fund,
$281,127; and one item, $3,499, from Carroll county for
additional width of roads through towns.
Of the $4,984,626 total, expenditures and obligations ac-
count for $4,736,501, leaving an available balance of
$248,125.
The post road fund. State and Federal, not available
September 30, 1921, is given as $1,390,000, while this
amount, plus the $248,125 balance, makes the total avail-
able January 1, 1922, $1,638,125.
The report points out that the increasing service being
rendered by the roads has correspondingly increased the
duties of maintenance. On this head the report says :
272 Report op Maryland State Board
"The service which the roads are rendering to the
people of Maryland and to tourists who came into Mary-
land is much greater than was ever anticipated, so that
details of maintenance not thought of a few years ago
have become essential to the proper and efficient use of
the highways. Under subsequent headings the work ac-
complished along these lines is enumerated.
"The removal of snow from the highways is certainly
a service absolutely needed today, but undreamed of a
few years ago. The proper marking of the highways for
direction and distances is obviously essential to the full
use of the highways, but certainly even five years ago this
could not be considered as a function of road maintenance.
Likewise, the widening and banking of curves; the sur-
face markings to indicate the position automobiles should
take on curves and at the top of grades; and the w^hite-
washing of telephone poles and obstructions as an aid to
travel at night are a few of the things which the users of
the roads demand.
"That they should have them is not disputed by anyone,
but that the motorist is willing to pay for what he de-
mands is perhaps refreshing from any class of people.
Usually demands are made far in excess of the ability and
willingness of those making demands to pay. This is
brought about largely by the fact that motorists /^'ealize
that if they do not pay for refinements no one will, and
also by the fact that all the money which they have paid
for automobile registration has been used for road main-
tenance and for other purposes."
Under the head of "Maintenance and Reconstruction,"
the report goes into the complications and the deficit re-
sulting from the changes in the fiscal years of the Roads
Commission and of the Commissioner of Motor Vehicles.
This section of the report says, in part:
"The Legislature of 1920 changed the State Roads
Commission's fiscal year to conform to the fiscal year of
the State, at the same time making the fiscal year of the
Commissioner of M'otor Vehicles conform to the fiscal
year of the State. This was a most necessary change be-
cause prior to that the maintenance account had always
been financed by temporarily borrowing from the con-
struction fund, and the amount available for mainte-
nance and reconstruction was not definitely determined,
whereas now the amount allowed for maintenance and
OF Labor and Statistics 273
reconstruction is definitely stated, and the Commission
should, and for two years actually has kept this expendi-
ture within the appropriation. That this should be done
needs no comment. In changing the fiscal year, however,
no provision was made for paying back the amount which
had previously been borrowed from construction.
"The State Roads Commission's fiscal year of 1920 was,
therefore, nine months long, and as the budget provided
for the expenditure of $1,350,000 for maintenance and re-
construction, the Governor approved of the Commission
expending nine-twelfths of this amount, or $1,012,500.
The Commissioner of Motor Vehicles during the five
months remaining of his fiscal year did not earn a suffi-
cient amount to pay the State Roads Commission's allot-
ment by $533,776.88, which, when added to the deficit of
$645,778.19 of the previous year, made a total mainte-
nance deficit of $1,179,555.07. The Commission has rec-
ommended and the Governor has approved of asking the
Legislature to provide a tax on motor fuel to produce this
deficit, so that in the future the State Roads Commis-
sion's maintenance fund will be on a cash basis.
"With the maintenance funds on a budget basis, the
amount necessary for current maintenance was ascer-
tained and immediate contracts were awarded for the
excess to be used in very necessary resurfacing and re-
construction. Except where very urgently needed, the
excess is used to widen the roads in the interest of safety.
Maryland's road system is undoubtedly the best in the
Union, but widening has improved it in many places.
Not only will the widening materially reduce the cost of
the maintenance on these particular sections, but will ac-
tually save many lives and many dollars which would go
in wrecked automobiles..
"The necessity for widening existing roads is, the Com-
mission feels, a tribute to rather than a reflection upon
the system under which Maryland's roads have been built.
By building the roads wide enough to care for the traffic
expected to come in the immediate future, instead of the
traffic expected to come within, say 15 to 20 years, the
interest on the additional expenditure is saved, and the
roads can be widened, as widening becomes necessary, at
no greater expense per mile than to have originally con-
structed to the greater width, and the interest on the
additional capital charge is saved for this time.
274 Report of Maryland State Board
"The Bureau of Public Roads has approved of the build-
ing of roads of less width in Maryland than in many-
other States, because Maryland has demonstrated that it
can and will widen its roads as the needs of traffic de-
mand.
Prior to 1918 there were no restrictions as to loads.
Since then the maximum gross load permitted has been
20,000 pounds. Since the enforcement of this law, which
has been vigorously done during the last year and a half,
the road failures because of overloads have absolutely dis-
appeared in this State and perhaps never to reoccur un-
less the overloaded truck is permitted to return.
That the overloaded truck is a menace is denied by no
one. That the overloaded truck, contributing as it does
less than .01 per cent of the total traffic on the roads, re-
lieves anyone of the necessity of arguing that this traffic
should or should not be eliminated. No one will argue
that 99.99 per cent of the users of the road should be de-
nied their use because .01 per cent desires to carry loads
larger than the roads will carry.
OF Labor and Statistics
275
\
TABLE SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF ROADS FUNDS
AMONG COUNTIES
The following table carries the State Roads Commis-
sions' figures on how the lateral and post-road funds were
distributed among the counties during the past two years :
County.
3
Pi
-4- tH O
0<M OQ
— 2
^ >
as a
P3
^2 S?
1-1
«! — >• n
o5«M
2 - «
0.0 -
■t- eS"-!
Allegany
Anne Arundel....
Baltimore
Calvert
Caroline
Carroll
Cecil
Charles
Dorchester
Frederick
Garrett
Harford
Howard
Kent
Montgomery
Prince George's
Queen Anne's ...
St. Mary's
Somerset
Talbot
Washington
Wicomico
Worcester
176,720.00
181.420.00
447,150.(X)
71,440.00
176,074.63
335,649.40
254,402.00
172,960.00
193,170.00
401,980.00
248,630.00
252,390.00
135,360.00
134,890.00
399,310.00
299.360.00
166.380.00
145.230.00
123,610.00
107,6.30.00
2.57,560.00
189,410.00
183,300.00
154.292.831$
175.993.471
436.012.161
40,764.591
176.674.631
335.414.36
254.042.00
135.210.21
192.062.57
401,272.53
257,258.45
189,394.30
134,941.70
134,253.75
380.065.42
207.590.28
162,670.56
131,711.08
123.610.00
102.175.44
235,724.50
182.705.81
183,300.00
22,427.17|.$
5,426.531
11.137.841
21.675.411
I
235.i4|
37,749.79
1,107.43
707.47
8,628.45
62,995.61
418.30
636.25
19,244.58
21,769.72
3.709.44
13,518.92
5,454.56
21.8.35.50
6,704.19
52,265.00
53.655.00
117,455.00
21,130.00
49.900.00
90,490.00
60,605.00
51,155.00
57,130.00
115,925.00
73,530.00
74,640.00
40,030.00
39.895.00
77.420.00
67.830.00
49,205.00
42,9.50.00
36,560.00
31,835.00
76,170.00
56,015.00
54,210.00
74,692.17
59,081.53
128,592.84
42,805.41
49.900.00
90.725.04
60.605.00
88,904.79
58.237.43
116,632.47
64,901.55
137,635.61
40,448.30
40.531.25
96,664.58
89,599.72
52,914.44
56,468.92
36.560.00
37,289.56
98,005.50
62,719.19
54,210.00
$4,984,626.03
$4,736,500.73
$ 248.125.30
$1,390,000.00
$1,638,125.30
276
Report op Maryland State Board
/
Table showing road mileage by counties, percentage of
roads in each county and the annual county apportion-
ment of Lateral Road Funds.
County
Per Cent of
TotalCoupty
Road Mileage
Coiinty
Road Mileage
in State
Annual Lateral
Road Fund
Apportionment
•
Allegany
Anne Arundel
Baltimore
557
572
1251
225
532
964
645
545
608
1235
783
796
427
425
823
723
525
457
389
339
812
598
579
3.76
3.86
8.45
1.52
3.59
6.51
4.36
3.68
4.11
8.34
5.29
5.37
2.88
2.87
5.57
4.88
3.54
3.09
2.63
2.29
5.48
4.03
3.90
$28,200.00
28,950.00
63,375.00
Calvert
Caroline
Carroll
Cecil
Charles
Dorchester
Frederick
Garrett
Harford
11,400.00
26,925.00
48,825.00
32,700.00
27,600.00
30,825.00
62,550.00
39,675.00
40,275.00
Howard
21,600.00
Kent -
Montgomery „
Fringe George's
21,525.00
41,775.00
36,600.00
Queen Anne's
26,550.00
St. Mary's
23,175.00
Somerset
19,725.00
Talbot
Washington
Wicomico
Worcester
17,175.00
41,100.00
30,225.00
29,250.00
Total
14810
100.00
$750,000.00
OF Labor and Statistics 277
REPORT OF AUTOMOBILE COMMISSIONER
AUTOMOBILE RE<^EIPTS TOTAL NET REVENUES FROM
LICENSES $2,408,399.18
A compilation of the receipts from the various sources
is as follows:
Motor Vehicle Licenses:
Pneumatic _ $1,405,142.29
Solid - 371,061.30
Hiring _ 110,790.05
Dealers 39,756.25
"In transit" :..-. 547.00
Trailers 4,342.25
Traction :..... „ - .._ 225.00
Motorcycles - _ - 19,836.75
Motorcycle dealers _ 485.99
Side cars - 5,470.00
Motor wheels _ _ _ - 721.50
Bus lines -.. — - 44,734.18
Duplicates :Duplicate cards $4,411.00
Transfers - 20,341.65
24,752.65
Operating Licenses:
Chauffeurs $88,642.00
Motor vehicle operators - 54,472.00
Motorcycle operators — 1,444.75
Instruction 49,839.00
194,397.75
Miscellaneous:
Subscription to monthly lists $3,268.25
Notary fees in office - 19,039.00
Fines „ - 143,386.95
Interest on deposits -.. 3,202.42
168,896.62
Tctal - $2,451,166.08
Less license money refunded - 42,766.90
$2,408,399.18
TOTAL OF DISBURSEMENTS
At the same time the disbursements were as follows :
Office Expenses:
Tags $31,860.42
Salaries (office) -- - 40,944.25
Salaries (motorcycle officers) — 20,186.8o
Publishing monthly lists - — 4,332.80
General printing - - i'^^l'^a
Stationery -■- n'-fAn
Postage - /,ob4.b/
Telephone and telegraph - - 1,028.34
278 REroRT of Maryland State Board
Light - - 663.75
Maintenance, Washington office 4 232.26
New equipment - 3,268.41
Alterations to office - 2,586.90
Miscellaneous 799.87
Patroling- Expenses:
Investigations _ $1,957.17
Motorcycle officers' expenses _ 9,869.79
Purchase and exchange of motors 6,255.20
Motor maintenance 13,602.95
$127,890.31
31,685.11
Remitted to State Treasurer.,... 2,248,823.76
Total accounted for - ....$2,408,399.18
Likewise was the title department a revenue producer,
which provided for the maintenance of the newly created
State police. All title receipts are retained under the law
in a separate fund, and may be expended only under the
terms of the law for "employment of additional assist-
ants, deputies and measures to prevent, as far as possible,
the theft of automobiles and the disposition of stolen au-
tomobiles within the State."
After all these expenses were taken care of the title
department had a balance in bank of $56,417.16. The re-
ceipts were as follows:
Balance in Bank on October 1, 1920 $73,116.72
Cash on hand on October 1, 1920 146.71
Titles
October $6,388.00
November 3,824.00
December 4,516.00
January 5,268.00
February 5,393.00
March .._ 5,715.00
April .: 8,818.00
May 7,050.00
June 8,059.00
July 7,201.00
August - 7,485.00
September 5,906.00
i
Duplicate
Affidavits
Titles
Total
$399.25
$7.00
$6,794.25
258.25
3.00
4,083.25
303.50
5.50
4,825.00
342.25
11.00
5,621.25
266.75
8.50
5,668.25
371.75
16.50
6,103.25
543.25
26.00
9,387.25
406.25
29.00
7,485.25
373.50
27.50
8,460.00
407.25
35.00
7,843.25
348.00
30.00
7,863.00
290.25
33.50
6,229.75
Totals ...$75,623.00 $4,308.25 $232.50 $80,163.75
Interest _ $1,981.19
Total receipts for fiscal year $82,184.94
Total to be accounted for $155,408.37
OF Labor and Statistics 279
Disbursements of the Title Department were :
Office salaries _ $25,199.62
Road salaries _ _._ _. 13,762.95
Investigation 2,093.90
Officers' expense 21,731.50
Wearing apparel 2,355.19
Motors _ 17,329.44
Printing and stationery _ 4,586.66
Telephone _ 1,909.14
Light and power 322.50
Postage _ 1,134.11
Miscellaneous _ ._ 504.14
Office equipment 6,033.71
Total disbursements $98,991.21
Balance in bank 56,308.92
Cash on hand 108.24
Total accounted for $155,408.37
The following figures represent the number of licenses
of all kinds issued during the past five fiscal years :
1916-17 _ ...111,208
1917-18 .- ...161,691
1918-19 231,541
1919-20 318,315
1920-21 ...418,495
Gross receipts of the department for the last 11 years
are given as follows:
1910-11 _ $56,204.00
? 1911-12 85,016.49
1912-13 - 170,626.02
1913-14 222,854.67
1914-15 - 337,754.26
1915-16 493,993.80
1916-17 773,091.10
1917-18 1,080,878.08
1918-19 1,690,693.43
1919-20 - 2,051,135.07
1920-21 2,451,166.08
During the year 3,950 cases were tried for alleged vio-
lations of the motor vehicle law, an increase of 22.7 per
cent over the preceding fiscal year. "I believe," says the
Commissioner, "that the policy of making the motor
vehicle laws respected by suspending or revoking the
licenses of this class of (careless and reckless) operators
is the correct one. A comparison of action taken upon
the various cases of the past three years follows :
741
1392
138
277
186
273
1560
1876
280 REroRT OF Maryland State Board
1918-19 1919-20 1920-21
Licenses suspended 1528
Licenses revoked 389
Licenses refused 1043
Reprimand 1240
Total 4200 2623 3950
602 CARS STOLEN
"The following figures show the number of the cars
stolen, recovered and missing during the past five years:
Year Autos Stolen Recovered Missing
1917 555 347 208
1918 635 526 109
1919 922 709 213
1920 ^0 417 179
1921 602 525 77
"In 1920 you will note that the number of cars stolen
is almost one-half of that in 1919. I feel that the title
law, coupled with the Federal law, forbidding the inter-,
state transportation of stolen cars, has struck a vital
blow to the stolen car traffic, inasmuch as it has prac-
tically closed the market for stolen cars in this State,
and made it perilous to transport them to another State.
Commissioner Baughman states that probably the big-
gest adjunct to the State's forces for the proper control
of all motor propelled vehicles, as well as the detection
and prevention of general crime, created during the year
is the new State police force.
The annual report of the Commissioner devotes con-
siderable space to the accomplishments of the State police
during the seven months of 1921 they were in existence.
It shows a large number of benefits and instances of as-
sistance given to motorists on the roads in all parts of the
State. In addition, it shows how many stolen automo-
biles and motorcycles have been recovered; how accident
victims have been aided; how those causing fatal and
less serious accidents have been brought to justice, and
how many other aids have been rendered the motorist.
In the concluding pages of the report, a strong appeal
to the Governor and Legislature to make the State police
a permanent organization, with increased powers, per-
sonnel and remuneration. Of the force the Commissioner
states :
"I am convinced that, due entirely to the efficient serv-
ice we have been able to render under adverse circum-
OF Labor and Statistics 281
stances, there is a steadily growing demand in rural
Maryland for a legalized State police force, with State-
wide criminal jurisdiction."
After devoting much space to reciting how the mobile
organization has benefited rural Maryland in the detec-
tion and suppression of crime, fires, etc., he calls atten-
tion to the fact that the "fines collected for motor vehicle
law violations met the daily running expenses and salary
of the force."
In the section of the report covering actual services
rendered he records that in less than seven months the
members of the force have patrolled 423,956 miles of
highway, covering approximately 100,000 hours of active
duty. During that time close to 6,000 arrests were made
for motor vehicle law violations, 67 stolen automobiles
and two motorcycles were recovered. The value of the
cars is placed at $67,200.
WOMEN DRIVERS AIDED ON ROADS
Cases of assistance to inexperienced motorists, in many
cases women, who came to grief through a punctured
tire, a failure of the gasoline supply or engine trouble,
are cited. How traffic has been kept clear of congestion
at race meets, county fairs and similar gatherings in the
suburban and urban sections are mentioned.
To the running down of those who caused accidents
there is some space given, in which it is reported that
those responsible for 329 accidents, in 141 of which one
or more persons were injured, were apprehended. There
were 94 fatalities resulting from these accidents. The
report adds that these cases are those in which only the
State police operated, and do not include cases handled by
Baltimore city police nor local peace officers. Close to 200
fraudulent or suspicious title cases also were cleared up
through the efforts of the force.
Other activities benefiting the motorists, include such
instances as assisting in extinguishing fires in automo-
biles on the highways and three cases of rendering as-
sistance to persons taken sick on the highways in which
the first-aid training of the men proved valuable.
The concluding section of the report shows the total
cost of maintaining and operating the force during the
seven months it existed in 921. Total outlay, including
282 Rei'ORT of Maryland State Board
the cost of the initial training camp, is given as $77,-
490.80. Of this amount, $69,585.72 was expended for
equipment and expenses of patrol and maintenance of
the uniformed force, and $7,905.08 for equipment and
maintenance of the investigating or plain-clothes force.
Of the grand total, $55,130.21 was disbursed from the
receipts of the title department, and the balance of $22,-
360.59 from the legislative appropriation.
BOARD OF PRISON CONTROL
The following extracts were taken from the report of
the State Board of Prison Control for the fiscal year end-
mg September 30th, 1921 :
The earnings at the Penitentiarj^ for the year were
$215,158.66 and the earnings at the House of Correction
were $120,000.00. The earnings were underestimated by
$28,341.34 at the Penitentiary and by $23,000 at the
House of Correction or a total loss of $51,341.34 at both
institutions. The appropriation from the State Treasury
for the current year was $50,000. The report shows that
there was a considerable increase in the population at the
House of Correction over that estimated and also over
previous years. The population on September 30th, 1919,
was 399, on September 30th, 1920, 350, and on Septem-
ber 30th, 1921, 498. During the year ending September
30th, 1921, the daily average was 526, and at one time
they had as many as 678.
During the year the board was obliged to expend about
$75,000 more than their receipts from contracts and ap-
propriations, the greater portion of which was borrov.ed
with the approval of the Board of Public Works. It is
expected that the board will be able to paj^ it back out
of future earnings of the institutions.
The earnings of the Penitentiary for the fiscal year
ending September 30th, 1921, exclusive of appropriations
and the amount earned bv prisoners for themselves v.ere
$215,158.66, as compared with $285,197.10 for the pre-
vious year. The expenses were $282,633.77, as com-
pared with $269,657.50 for the previous year, leaving a
net loss of $67,505,11. The amount earned by the pris-
oners themselves by overtask and bonuses was $91,775.16,
as compared with $119,685.69 for the previous year.
OF Labor and Statistics 283
The board had difficulty with one of their contracts at
the Penitentiary during the year, resulting in a suit for
the collection of $12,985.31 due them.
The earnings of the House of Correction for the fiscal
year ending September 30th, 1921, exclusive of the ap-
propriation and the amount earned by the prisoners for
themselves, were $119,685.74, as compared with $139,-
230.27 for the previous year. Of these earnings $13,-
289.22 were profits of farm operations, as compared with
$12,907.25 for the previous year. The total expenses
were $179,413.53, as compared with $138,191.86 for the
previous year, leaving a deficit of $59,727.79. The earn-
ings for the prisoners for themselves at the House of
Correction were $29,850.33, as compared with $27,212.44
for the previous year.
The Board recommended that the next session of the
Legislature appropriate sufficient funds for the establish-
ment of plants for the manufacture of clothing, shoes,
automobile tags and road signs and printing, where pris-
oners of both institutions can be employed in producing
articles which are consumed in the necessary work of the
State without competing with outside free labor to any
great extent. During the year ending September 30th,
1920, the prisoners under the control of the Board earned
for themselves $146,898.13.
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS
Growth of the work of the State Industrial Accident
Commission is shown by a comparative summary of busi-
ness handled in the years ending October 1, 1916, and
October 1, 1920, and made public by Chairman Robert E.
Lee. Some of the figures are as follows :
Accidents reported to the Commission 31.324 53,678
Claims made and passed upon 3,443 6,770
Hearins-s held 336 528
Amounts paid beneficiaries _ $704,939.38 $1,353,487.62
Employees of the Commission 35 " 36
Commenting on these figures Chairman Lee said : .
"With an increase of only 3 per cent in personnel, the
commission has been obliged to increase salaries 22.1 per
cent and expenditures 14.5 per cent, while the awards un-
der the industrial accident law have increased expendi-
ture, however, means no additional burden on the tax-
284 KEroRT of Maryland State Board
payers, for the actual cost of operation is paid by the in-
dustries themselves."
603,373 WORKERS IN STATE IN 1920
According to the returns of the fourteenth census, there
were 603,37o persons 10 years old and over in Maryland
engaged in gainful occupations in 1920, constituting 41.6
per cent of the total population of the State (1,449,661)
and 52.1 per cent of the population 10 years old and over.
In 1910 the 541,164 gainful workers were 41.9 per cent
of the total population of the State, and 52.9 per cent of
the population 10 years old and over.
Of the gainful workers of Maryland in 1920, 466,208,
or 77.3 per cent, were males and 137,165, or 222.7 per
cent were females. The male gainful workers constituted
80 per cent of all males 10 years old and over in 1920, as
against 81 per cent in 1910, while the female ^gainful
workers constituted 23.8 per cent of all females 10 years
old and over in 1920, as against 25.2 per cent in 1910.
Of the gainful workers of Maryland in 1920, 95,930, or
15.9 per cent, were engaged in agriculture, forestry and
animal husbandry; 6,670, or 1.1 per cent, in extraction
of minerals; 207,264, or 34.3 per cent in manufacturing
and mechanical industries; 55,970, or 9.3 per cent, in
transportation; 66,161, or 11 per cent, in trade; 21,744, or
3.6 per cent, in public service; 30,464, or 5 per cent, in
professional service; 66,524, or 11 per cent, in domestic
and personal service, and 52,646, or 8.7 per cent, in cler-
ical occupations.
There are 9,249 more males in Maryland than there
■are females. The figures are: Males, 729,455; females,
720,206.
In the census of 10 years ago the women were in the
majority. In the last 10 years the total population of
Maryland increased by 11.9 per cent, the male population
by 13.2 per cent, and the female by 10.6 per cent. The
ratio of males to females in 1920 was 101.3 to 100, as
against 98.9 to 100 in 1910.
The distribution of the population in 1920. according
to color or race, was as follows: White, 1204,737; negro,
244,479; Chinese, 371; Japanese, 20; all others, 45.
The foreign-born white population numbered 102,177 in
1920, as against 104,174 in 1910. This element of the
OF Labor and Statistics 285
population constituted 7 per cent of the total in 1920, as
against 8 per cent in 1910.
5,323 MALE MAJORITY IN STATE ELECTORATE
The males of voting age in Maryland exceed by 5,323
the females entitled to vote, according to figures made
public by the Biireau of the Census. In Maryland, the
1920 census reveals, there are 433,857 males of voting
age and 428,534 women who have the right to cast the
ballot.
Of the voting males in Maryland, 251,197 are of native
parentage, 39,196 of foreign parentage and 18,936 of
mixed parentage. There are 50.363 foreign-born white
voters and 73086 negroes of voting age. Thirteen In-
dians, 315 Chinese, 20 Japanese and 11 of all other na-
tionalities have reached the age of 21. The number of
foreign bom naturalized is 26,216.
Of the women in the State who are 21 years of age and
over, 252,535 are of native parentage; 42,993 of foreign
parentage and 20,811 of mixed parentage. There are
43.261 foreign-bom white women, 68,905 negro women,
8 Indians, 15 Chinese and 5 Japanese of voting age. The
number of foreign-born naturalized citizens is 23,724.
FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION
According to a bulletin issued bv the Census Bureau,
the 1,449,661 population of Maryland includes 102.177
foreign-bom whites, of whom 93,624 are 21 years of age
or older.
Of this number 21.604 were born in Germany, 21.514
in Russia, 11,045 in Poland, 8,341 in Italy, 6,499 in Ire-
land. Of the natives of Germany 76.4 per cent were
naturalized, of Russia 46.2 per cent, of Poland 31.7 per
cent, of Italy 26.7 per cent, of Ireland 69.2 per cent.
The figures for foreign-born residents from other coun-
tries than those named were as follows :
Eneland 5.09o France 818
Austria 3,620 Sweden 630
Czeohvi- Slovakia 3..5.=^3 Rumania 537
Lithuania 2.206 Norwav _ 536
Hungary 1,947 Switzerland _ 509
Canada 1,864 Wales 499
Scotland 1,692 All other countries 2,700
Greece _ 964
286 Rei'drt ok Maryland State Board
NATURALIZATION
Of the foreign-born persons in Maryland, 52.016 have
been naturalized, and 9,700 foreign-bom have taken out
their first papers in the State.
In the State there are 37,249 aliens and 4,214 persons
whose citizenship has not been reported,
In the whole country there are 13,920,692 foreign-born
persons, 6,493,088 of whom have been naturalized, and
1,223,490 have taken out first papers. Throughout the
country there are 5,398,605 aliens.
IMMIGRANT BIRTHS
Women born in the United States of white parents
stand at the foot of the list in child-bearing, according
to the report of the Bureau of Census. According to the
figures gathered in 23 Eastern States and the District of
Columbia 42 children were bom last year to every 1,000
women of this class. Women born in Italy head the list,
with 160 births to every 1,000 women.
In Maryland the native-born women average about the
same as in the other States canvassed. The total birth
rate was 49.2 per 1,000 for all the population. Other
figures follow: Native-born, 47.1; Canada, 44.8; Denmark,
Norway and Sweden, 52.7; England, Scotland and Wales,
43.3; Ireland, 28.2; Italy, 160; other countries, 72.9.
All told there were 1,395,523 white babies born in the
United States in 1920 and 103,796 colored. Of these
29, 452 whites and 6,753 colored were born in Maryland.
The abnormally high birth rate of Italians in Mary-
land and Italian and Japanese in other States is explained
in part by the large percentage of females between the
ages of 15 and 40 of those nationalities in this country.
There was no Japanese birth in Maryland during the year,
but there were 576 Italians born and 2,564 babies of
countries other than listed above, including the countries
of Central Europe.
The negro birth rate was highest in North Carolina
and lowest in Maine, where only six births were recorded
during the year. The Indian birth rate varied widely,
being 16.7 in Maine and 114.7 in Virginia.
OF Labor and Statistics
287
STATE ILLITERACY SHOWS DECREASE y
There are 64, 434 illiterate persons 10 years old and
over in Maryland, "illiterate" meaning unable to write,
according to the 1920 census. Of this number 13,884 are
native whites of native parentage and 13,575 are of for-
eign or mixed parentage and 13,575 are of foreign birth.
Tne number of illiterate negroes is 35,404.
In the total population 10 years of age and over the
percentage of illiteracy is 5.6, which shows a diminution
since 1910, when it was 7.03. In the case of the negroes
the percentage declined from 23.4 to 18.2 and in the case
of the native white of native parentage from 3 to 2.
There is more illiteracy in the rural districts of the State
than in the cities, the percentage being 7.4 for the rural
population and 4 for urban.
By counties the percentage of illiteracy ranges from
18.2 in St. Mary's county to 3.3 in Allegany county.
Infants or children under 15 years old make up one-
third of the population of Maryland, while 182,147 chil-
dren between 7 and 13 years old are recorded by the cen-
sus as attending school. The population of IMaryland is
83.1 per cent white and 16.9 per cent negro. In 1910 the
negro percentage was 17.9, about one-fourth of the white
population of the State of foreign birth or foreign paren-
tage, there being 102,177 foreign born whites and 143,203
natiev whites who had foreign-born parents. There are
893,088 persons born of American parents.
POPULATION OF MARYLAND
(Census cf 1920)
Baltimore Citv 733.82G
Alle£?anv County 69.938
Anne Arundel * 43 ,408
Baltimore 74,817
Calvert 9,744
Caroline 18.652
Carroll 34,245
Cecil 23,612
Charle-s _ 17,705
Dorchester 27,895
Frederick .,.. 52,541
Garrett 19,678
Harford 29,291
*Includes 4,313 at Camp Meade.
Hovard 15,826
Kent 15,026
Montgomery .; 34,921
Prince Geor,!?e's 43,347
Queen Anne's 16,001
St. Mary's _ 16,112
Somerset 24.602
Talbot _.. 18,306
Washington 59.694
Wicomico „...._ 28.114
Worcester _.... _ 22,309
Total in State 1,449,610
288
Rei'ort of Maryland State Board
COMPARATIVE POPULATION OF STATE
Population of the State of Maryland at given periods.
Figures of the United States Census show how the* State
has numerically developed since 1790 to 1920 :
1790 319,728
1800 341,548
1810 380,546
1820 407,350
1830 447,040
1840 470,019
1850 583,034
18G0 687,049
1870 780,894
1880 934,943
1890 _ 1 ,042,390
1900 1,188,044
1910 1,294,450
1920 1,449,610
COMPARATIVE POPULATION OF BALTIMORE CITY
Population of Baltimore at stated periods. Figures of
the United States Census from 1790 to 1920 that shov/
how the city has grown.
1790 13,503
1800 26,514
1810 46,555
1820 62,738
1830 80,620
1840 102,313
1850 169,054
1860 212.418
1870 267,354
1880 332,313
1890 434,439
1900 508,957
1910 558,485
1920 _ 733,826
TAXABLE BASIS OF COUNTIES WITH TAX RATES
FOR 1921-22
Basis Rate
Counties Taxable Tax
Allegany _ $56,093,544 $1.37
Anne Arundel 24,000.000 2.65
Baltimore 93,000,000 1,91
Calvert 3,631,266 2,265
Caroline 13,497.875 1.35
Carroll 28,446,3.50 1.40
Cecil 18,655,000 1.50
Charles 6.905,090 1.50
I>orches(er 16,775,956 1.60
Frederick 40,424,909 1.41
Garrett 14,526,545 1.66
Harford 26,086,149 1.60
Bas
Counties Taxa
Howard $14,741
Kent 13,078
Montgomery 34,450,
Prince George's 28,664
Queen Anne's 12.960
St. Mary's 6.089
Somerset 10,662
Talbot 14,066
Washington 50,000
Wicomico ..._ 17,885,
Worcester 14,446
■As
Rate
ible
Tax
.827
$1.25
1,447
1.48
1.610
1.40
,627
1.28
1,000
1.41
1,339
1.46
!,719
1.47
1,000
1.39
1.000
1.105
1,211
l.«5
1,464
1.40
INTERNAL REVENUE RECEIPTS
Details showing the amounts collected from various
sources which make up the $90,876,652 taken in by the
Collector of Internal Revenue of the Maryland district
for the year ended June 30, 1921, were announced at the
Custom House as follows:
Aside from the income tax receipts and the tax on
freight transportation, excise taxes on distilled spirits
OF Labor and Statistics 289
withdrawn from bond for "nonbeverage" purposes show
the largest item on the books. For the entire Maryland
district, which inckides the District of Columbia, the
total receipts from this source were $7,711,628. For
Maryland alone the receipts amounted to $6,894,701.
Since the tax rate is $2.20 for every gallon withdrawn
the figures indicate that 3,133,955 gallons of spirits for
nonbeverage purposes were withdrawn from bond in
Maryland alone.
Only $22,874 was collected from the entire district, and
$15,655 from Maryland for spirits for beverage purposes,
the tax being $6.40 a gallon. The taxes collected in wines
and cordials was $2,379 for Maryland, none on wines be-
ing collected in the District of Columbia.
Non-alcoholic beverages brought far greater revenue
than alcoholic beverages last year. The manufacture and
sale of them netted in taxes $1,181,546 for the entire dis-
trict and $946,547 for Maryland. The difference between
the two figures is due chiefly to the tax on soft drinks and
ice cream served at soda fountains, which amounted to
$386,145 in Maryland and $155,008 in Washington.
The 5 per cent tax on the manufacture of candy
brought $366,141 in Maryland alone, indicating that $7,-
323,024 worth of candy, wholesale, was manufactured in
the State.
The 15 per cent tax on the manufacture of near-beer
brought in Maryland $333,783, showing that $2,225,225
worth, wholesale, was manufactured. The manufacture
of unfermented grape juice, gingerale, root beer, mineral
waters and other soft drinks sold in bottles brought an
income to the Government of $224,227 in Maryland, in-
dicating that the v holesale value was ten times as great.
Next to income tax collections the revenue derived from
a 3 per cent tax on freight transported by rail or water
was the most important source. For the entire district
this tax yielded $8,674,151, and for Maryland alone, $5,-
884,325. Passengers who were forced to pay an 8 per
cent tax on 'railway tickets furnished $5,538,555 in the
district and $2,876,539 in Maryland alone, meaning that
$57,530,797 was paid for passenger fares in Maryland
during the fiscal year.
Telegraph, telephone and radio messages yielded $708,-
372 for the district and $702,617 for Maryland. Trans-
portation facilities taken all together yielded revenue of
$14,970,033 for the district and $9,504,812 for the State.
290 Report of Maryland State Board
The sale and manufacture of tobacco was an important
item, netting $2,868,465 for the district and $2,840;031
for the State alone. Cigars furnished the largest pro-
portion of the tax, $1,189,333 being collected in Maryland
through their sale. The sale of cigarettes in the State
furnished taxes amounting to $659,280, and the sale of
tobacco in other forms $973,131 in Maryland.
Some of the other items shown in the report of the
Collector are :
State of Entire
Maryland District
Total manufacturers' excise tax $602,411 $725,317
Tires, inner tubes and auto accessories 95,924 100.700
Articles made of fur 47,398 76,696
Toilet soap 15,185 15,241
Stamp taxes on bonds and capital stock
issues _ 373,066 577,100
Narcotic tax 46,811 55,436
Sales of jewelry 343,541 592,712
Transfer of net estates of decedents 1,668,594 3,933,500
Insurance taxes .:::. 579,580 602,975
Admissions to places of amusement 1,418,219 2,196,071
Corporations were taxed $1 for each $1,000 of fair value
of their capital stock exceeding $5,000.. This tax netted
$1,233,715 for the entire collection district and $914,288
for the State alone.
RACE BETS IN MARYLAND
The amount of money bet in the pari-mutuel machines
at the four one-mile race tracks in Maryland in 1921 was
$54,121,702, according to the report of the State Racing
Commission.
The report does not give the total amount bet in the
figures stated, but the result is obtained by an examina-
tion of the "take" or "cut" of the tracks, which is 5 per
cent and breakage (amounting to nearly 6 per cent in all.
On the amount bet, the tracks took as their toll the ag-
gregate sum of $3,200,676. This takes no account of the
revenue of the tracks from admissions or from other
sources.
The number of admissions was 634,405. The amount
paid over to the State in the shape of special taxes was
$805,185.
OF Labor and Statistics 291
A most interesting feature of the report is the amounts
paid by the track owners for "legal and other professional
services." These items are as follows :
Havre de Grace, $14,753.52 ; Laurel, $9,346.09 ; Pimlico,
$28,686.67 ; Bowie, $15,667.33. Total for legal and other
professional services, $68,453.61.
The amount taken as betting toll by the various tracks
inn 93 days of racing was as follows, Pimlico having 24
days and each of the other three tracks 23 days:
Havre de Grace — Commissions, $628,835.80; breakage,
$112,021.35.
Laurel — Commissions, $625,626.40; breakage, $116,-
435.20.
Pimlico — Commissions, $819,493.55; breakage, $152,-
730.15.
Bowie — Commissions, $632,405.05; breakage, $113,-
129.35.
BALTIMORE COUNTY COURT CLERK PAYS STATE
$32,255
The Clerk of the Court of Baltimore County turned
over to the State for the year ending December 1st, $32,-
255.85, according to his annual report. The receipts of
the office were $75,808.94, including $21,032.04 from
traders' licenses, $9,469.20 from hunting licenses and
$45,307.70 from other sources. The expenses, including
recording, amounted to $43,553.09.
During the year 10,039 instruments were received for
record as follows : Deeds, 4,812 ; mortgages, 4,296 ; bills of
sale, 715; bonds, 141; mechanics' hens, 41; incorporations,
34 ; civil commissions, 21 ; plats, 79. Licenses were is-
sued as follows: Marriage, 546; hunting, 6,434; traders,
1,451. There were docketed 611 law cases, 291 equity
cases, 288 criminal cases. Declaration of intention of be-
coming citizens of the State were filed by 261 persons.
BALTIMORE COUNTY TAX RATE
Residents of Baltimore county are complaining about
the high tax rate, which has jumped since the first year
after annexation from 92 cents on the $100 to $1.91 on
the $100, levied for 1922, or more than a 100 per cent in-
crease.
292 Report of Maryland State Boaru
Those called on to pay taxes assert that, with the re-
duction in the territory to be administered, which ought
to mean fewer schools, fewer teachers, fewer policemen,
fewer firemen and fewer officials generally, there should
be a corresponding reduction in expenses.
They say the territory cut off from the county was the
thickly populated section, which demanded the best
schools, good pavements, more fire and police protection
than the purely rural sections, and that, therefore, there
should have been a curtailment of these employes, and a
consequent reduction in the tax rate.
In explaining the present tax rate, the president of the
Board of County Commissioners said :
"Before annexation 1 cent of the tax rate produced
$16,500, while now it produces only $9,350. Our taxable
basis is $74,000,000 less than before annexation. Before
annexation we had 45 policemen on the payroll, receiving
$80 a month. Now there are 31 men receiving $100 a
month, with the pay of the marshal and sergeans $150
and $110, respectively.
"There were 55 firemen, receiving $75 a month before
annexation, and now 42 men receive $110, with one man
getting $125 and the chief $175. In 1919 the appropria-
tion for the Fire and Police Departments was about one-
half what it is now. We had not at that time built the
new houses.
'That the appropriation is more than before annexation
is due to increased salaries and incidental expenses. In
1917 we appropriated $838,000 for schools for running
expenses; now the item is $682,000. For roads in 1917
the appropriation was $358,000; now it is $560,000. The
roads also get $125,000 from miscellaneous receipts.
"Election expenses in 1917 amounted to $28,000. Last
year it was $60,000. The court expenses are about the
same as before annexation. There is not much noticeable
decrease in any department. One item in the miscellan-
eous receipts before annexation was $210,000 from liquor
licenses and other sources. Now it is $125,000. Care of
the insane and upkeep of the Home for Indigent and In-
firm is about the same as before annexation. We pay $45
for water for fire plugs now and they cost $25 before an-
nexation. To produce the amount of money to run the
county in 1922 on the same .basis as before annexation
the tax rate would not be over $1.
OF Labor and Statistics 293
A set of figures gathered from the county records is
regarded as significant by those who are complaining.
These figures are as follows:
Taxable basis prior to annexation, $165,418,772.
Taxable basis now, $93,495,800.
Tax rate for three years prior to annexation, 1915,
$1.04; 1916, 01.06; 1917, $1.06.
Tax rate since annexation, 1918, $.92; 1919, $1; 1920,
$1.13 (eight months); 1921, $1.78; 1922, $1.91.
Total annual revenue before annexation, $1,823,626.
Total revenue since annexation, 1919, $1,101,045; 1920,
$1,108,215; 1921, $1,769,190; 1922, $1,914,637. .
Budget before annexation, $1,823,626.
Budget since annexation, same as revenue since annex-
ation.
Employes before annexation, 100, not including roads
and schools.
Employes since annexation, 100, not including roads
and schools.
Salaries before annexation, $120,000 a year.
Salaries since annexation, $144,000 a year.
Number policemen before annexation, 45.
Number of police since annexation, 31.
Number teachers before annexation, 575.
Number teachers since annexation, 400.
Number firemen before annexation, 55.
Number firemen since annexation, 42.
Population before annexation, 130,000.
Population since annexation, 75,000.
Salaries of teachers before annexation, $720,000 a year.
Salaries of teachers since annexation, $720,000 a year.
Salaries of police before annexation, $43,200 a year.
Salaries of police since annexation, $37,200 a year.
Salaries of firemen before annexation, $49,500 a year.
Salaries of firemen since annexation, $55,400 a year.
INCREASE OF INDUSTRIES IN BALTIMORE
The census of manufacturers for Baltimore city by the
Bureau of Census in Washington shows remarkable in-
creases in manufactures in Baltimore during the five-year
period, 1914-1919, particularly in respect to capital in-
vested, the value of the articles manufactured and the
number of persons engaged in industiy.
294 KEroRT of Maryland State Board
Capital invested in local industries during this period,
the census figures reveal, increased from $177,301,000
to $434,244,000, or 144.9 per cent.
The value of products increased from $215,172,000 to
$677,878,000, or a 215 per cent increase.
The number of persons engaged in industry increased
from 87,453 to 117,140, an increase of 33.0 per cent. The
percentage of increase in the number of workers compares
with an increase of 31.4 per cent in the population of Bal-
timore during the 10-year period 1910-1920, shows a very
substantial growth in the relative importance of manu-
factures in the community.
The increase in capital invested was made while the
number of establishments increased 11.8 per cent, show-
ing a much greater amount of capital per establishment
than in 1914,
While it is true that some of the increases result from
higher price levels than prevailed in 1914, the increases
in persons engaged represents a flat increase, unaffected
by changes in price levels.
The increase in manufactures for the 1914-1919 period
contrasts favorably with the increases from 1909 to 1914,
during which period there was no increase whatever in
the number of establishments and almost negligible in-
creases in the number of persons employed, capital in-
vested and value of products. For example, during the
past five years there has been an increase of 215 per cent
in the value of products as against 15.1 per cent for the
earlier five-year period. Capital invested increased 144.9
per cent, as against 7.8 per cent during the earlier period.
Wage earners increased 32.6 per cent, as against 3.2 per
cent.
The statistics for 1919 do not include the activities of
any of the large new industries which have been brought
to Baltimore through the efforts of the Industrial Bureau
of the Board of Trade, among which may be included the
American Sugar Refining Company, Columbia Grapho-
phone Manufacturing Company, Locke Insulator Com-
pany, Republic Boiler and Radiator Company and the
Steinmetz Electric Motor Car Corporation. These indus-
tries will not affect the totals until the census of 1924.
OF Labor and Statistics 295
MANUFACTURES IN MARYLAND
A preliminaiy statement of the general results of the
1920 census of manufactures, covering the year 1919 for
the State of Maryland was issued by the Bureau of Cen-
sus, Department of Commerce. >
,'The census of manufactures, 1919, like that of 1914,
excluded the hand trades, the building trades and the
neighborhood industries and took account only of estab-
lishments conducted under the factory system.
The word "establishment" as used in the census reports
may mean more than one mill or plant, provided they are
owned or controlled and operated by a single individual,
partnership, coi-poration or other owner or operator and
are located in the same town or city.
The reports were taken for the calendar year ending
December 31, 1919, or the business year of the estab-
lishment most nearly conforming to that calendar year.
The census inquiry calls for the total amount of cap-
ital, both owned and borrowed, invested in the business,
but excludes the value of rented property.
In addition to the component materials which enter into
the value of products, the cost of materials in this sum-
mary includes the cost of fuel, mill supplies and rent of
power and heat.
The value of products represents their selling value or
price at the plants as actually turned out by the factories
during the census year and may have little relation to the
amount of the sales for that year. The value added by
manufacture represents the difference between the cost
of materials used and the value of the products manufac-
tured from them.
A comparative summary for the State for 1914 and
1919 follows :
296
Report of Maryland State Board
Pet. of
Census Census Increase
1919 1914 1914-19
Number of establishments 4,937 4,797 2.9
Persons engaged in manufac-
tures 165,757 131,391 26.2
Proprietors and firm members... 4,993 5,005 "0.2
Salaried employes 20,394 14,801 37.8
Wage earners (ave. number) 140,360 111,585 ^.8
Primary horsepower 406,768 263,753 54.2
Capital $619 607,000 $293,211,000 111.3
Services 189.871,000 71,801,000 164.4
Salaries. 42,012,000 18,009,000 133.3
Wages 147,859,000 53,792,000 174.9
Materials 549,347,000 238,972,000 129.9
Value of products 873,945,000 377,749,000 131.4
Value added by manufacture
(value of products less cost
of materials) 324,597,000 138,777,000 133.9
*Decrease.
MANUFACTURES IN CITIES OF MARYLAND— CENSUS
BUREAU'S SUMMARY FOR 1919
A preliminary statement of the general results of the
1920 census of manufactures, covering the year 1919, for
cities of Maryland having a population of 10,000 or more,
issued by the Bureau of the Census. The figures are pre-
liminary and subject to such change and correction as
may be found necessary from a further examination of
the reports.
COMPARATIVE SUMMARY FOR THE CITIES OF MARY-
LAND— 1919 AND 1914
ANNAPOLIS Pet. of
Increase
1919 1914 1914-19
Number of establishments 15
Persons engaged in manufac-
tures 143
Proprietors and firm members... 14
Salaried employes 34
Wage earners (ave. number)... 95 Annapolis had less
Primarv Horsepower 151 than 10,000 popu-
Capitaf $504,000 lation in 1914 and
Services 112,000 datawerenot seg-
Salaries 22,000 regated.
Wages 90,000
Materials 183,000
Value of products 369,000
Value added by manufacture
(value of products less cost
of materials) 186,000 . .
OF Labor and Statistics 297
BALTIMORE
Number of establishments 2,787 2,502 118
Persons engaged in manufac-
„ t"^e.s - 117,140 87,453 33.9
-Proprietors and firm members 2,706 2 548 6 2
Salaried employes 16,620 11^136 492
Wage earners (ave. number) 97,814 73,769 32 6
Primary horsepower „ 184,865 99,869 85 1
Capital $434,244,000 $177,301,000 144.9
Services 137,144,000 48,978,000 180.0
Salaries 34,015,000 13,469,000 152.5
Wages 103,129,000 35,509,000 190.4
Materials 427,756,000 120,533,000 254.9
Value Qf products _ 677,878,000 215,172,000 215.0
Value added by manufacture
(value of products less cost
of materials) _ 250,122,000 94,639,000 164.0
CUMBERLAND
Number of establishments 82 74
Persons engaged in manufac-
tures 4,128
Proprietors and firm members... 70
Salaried employes 305
Wage earners (ave. number) 3 753
Primary horsepower 10,317
Capital $10,282,000
Services 5,436,000
Salaries 712,000
Wages _ 4,724 ,000
Materials 8,292,000
Value of products 15,842,000
Value added by manufacture
(value of products less cost
of materials) 7,550,000 3,120,000 142.0
FREDERICK
Number of establishments 77 57
Persons engaged in manufac-
tures 1,599
Proprietors and firm members... 82
Salaried employes 209
Wage earners (ave. number) 1,308
Primary horsepower _ _ 3,204
Capital - $4,498,000
Services - 1,275,000
Salaries 324,300
Wages - ~ -.- 950,700
Materials - -.. 4,883,000
Value of products 7,141,000
Value added by manufacture
(value of products less cost
of materials) 2,258,000 1,053,000 114.4
3,169
30.3
64
288
5.9
2,817
33.2
8,098
27.4
5,135,000
100.2
1,809,000
200.5
290,000
145.5
1,519,000
211.0
3,993,000
107.7
7,113,000
122.7
1,357
17.8
63
148
41.2
1,146
14.1
2,681
19.5
$2,788,008
61.3
675,000
88.9
155,000
114.2
520,000
81.3
2,114,000
131.0
3,167,000
125.5
298 Report op Maryland State Board
HAGERSTOWN
Number of establishments 122 113 8.0
Persons engaged in manufac-
tures 4,598 4,030 14.1
Proprietors and firm members... 107 101 5.9
Salaried employes 462 355 30.1
Wage earners (ave. number) 4,029 3,574 12.7
Primary horsepower 9,532 6,425 48.4
Capital $13,968,000 $6,713,000 108.1
Services 4,926,000 2,150,000 129.1
Salaries 817,000 417,000 95.9
Wages 4,109,000 1,733,000 137.1
Materials 10,401,000 4,318,000 140.9
Value ot products 17,663,000 7,412,000 138.3
Value added by manufacture
(value of products less cost
of materials) 7,262,000 3,094,000 134.7
Percentages omitted where base is less than 100.
• WILD FOWL SEASON
Under the Migratory Bird Treaty act, migratory game,
which includes wild fowl, may be taken from November
1 to January 31, inclusive, with a gun only — not larger
than a No. 10 gauge — fired from the shoulder. From the
land and water, with the aid of a dog, decoys and from a
blind or floating device. However, it is unlawful to shoot
from an aeroplane, a powerboat, sailboat, any boat under
sail or any floating device towed by a powerboat or sail
boat. The State law prohibits shooting from boat, except
when same is anchored in blinds.
It is unlawful to kill wood duck, eider duck and swan at
any time or in any manner.
The bag limit on ducks is 25 in the aggregate of all
kinds; geese, 8 in the aggregate of all kinds; brant, 8;
jacksnipe, 25; woodcock, 6.
Persons desiring to take ducks out of the State may
take the daily bag limit; however, it is unlawful to take
more than 50 migratory birds out of the State during any
one calendar week. Every person who hunts game of any
species is required to first procure a hunter's license and
have the license in possession while hunting. The cost of
a resident county license is $1.10; State-wide license,
which is good in all counties of the State, $5.10; a non-
resident license, $10.25. These licenses can be secured
from the Clerk of the Circuit Court of any county of the
OF Labor and Statistics 299
State or from the Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas,
Baltimore city.
The State Game Department has 24 salaried deputy
game wardens, one in each county of the State, and about
700 fee deputy wardens. Therefore, State Game Warden
E, Lee LeCompte advises every person who intends to
hunt game, either on land or water, to first secure his
license, thereby saving embarrassment both to himself
and the State Game Department.
AGRICULTURE
The following editorial appeared in the Baltimore Sun
of January, 1922 :
THE PRESIDENT AND THE FARMER
The President's address to the National Agricultural
Conference, which opened in Washington yesterday, can
scarcely be said to outline any new solutions for old prob-
lems. Organization of farming as a business, with credit
instrumentalities designed to put the agriculturist on an
even basis with the business man; co-operative market-
ing; control of production with a view to price stabiliza-
tion — these are high lights in the President's program.
The President admits the soundness of the criticisms of
the so-called anti-railroad bloc in Congress when he says :
"To this time railroad construction, financing and opera-
tion have been unscientific and devoid of proper consid-
eration for the wider concerns of the community." He
advances no constructive proposal for the carriers as to
the future, however, with the exception of his suggestion
of electrifying the lines, which is not new. Nor is there
novelty in his suggestion as to the importance of internal
waterways, extending "the sea many miles inland," put-
'ting "the heart of the continent in communication Mith
all ocean routes, by such projects as the proposed St.
Lawrence Canal.
The significance of his address is to be found in his
frank recognition of the "grim reality" of the agricultural
situation and the necessity of meeting it by legislative
policies that will give the farmer an equality of business
opportunity with other interests. There seems to be a
sort of warning, however, in his remark that "in the last
analysis legislation can do little more than give the farmer
300 Report op Maryland Statk Board
a chance to organize and help himself," and that the work
of the conference "will be of value precisely as you ad-
dress yourselves to the realities, the matters of fact, the
understanding of conditions as they are and the proposal
of feasible and practicable methods for dealing with these
conditions."
The farmer's plea for a square deal, for a deal that will
relieve him of present handicaps, so far as these handi-
caps are due to lack of proper legislation, or to inequal-
ities in legislation, is on a solid econoniic basis. It is true
that all forms of business have suffered severely in this
country in the past eighteen months. The farmer lost
his foreign market, and the prices of his products fell be-
low prewar levels. What happened to corporate busi-
ness? It also lost much of its market, but through or-
ganization it was able to control production and to con-
trol prices. There have been price recessions in all com-
modities, but none to compare with the farmer's, simply
because he was defenseless, "individualistic," unorgan-
ized, unprepared. If the law of supply and demand had
full and unrestricted operation in all corporate forms of
business — as it has in farming — Americans might now
be buying necessities and luxuries for a song. But it is
a commonplace to say that despite business depression
prices have been fairly well maintained.
A graphic illustration of the farmer's position is seen
in an excerpt from the report of the Joint Commission on
Agricultural Inquiry: In 1913, a given group of farm im-
plements could be bought for 716 bushels of corn ; in 1920,
farm prices were so high that the same implements could
be bought for 583 bushels of corn. But in 1922 it takes
2,027 bushels to buy them. Price fluctuations of this kind
do not reflect credit on the organization of credit or busi-
ness in the country. They show that the poor farmer has
been left to shift for himself, and that in a crisis he and
city consumers are outstanding examples of business un-
preparedness. It is high time, as the President advises,
that something should be done about it.
THE FARM CONFERENCE
The following article, written by Clyde L. King, ap-
peared in the February (1922) number of "The Survey."
The farmer's dollar is worth what his products will pur-
chase in terms of the products of other industries. Judg-
OF Labor and Statistics 301
ing by this test, the farmer's dollar for over a year now
has been worth from sixty-three to seventy-five cents,
depending upon whether or not one includes in the com-
modities to be purchased food and farm products. If
food and farm products be excluded from the index of
all commodities, the farmer has been able to purchase for
each dollar of the product he sells about sixty-five cents
in the dollars of other commodities, with as low as sixty-
three cents last April, If we include food and farm
products, the farmer's dollar has been about three-fourths
the size of the dollar of all other industries, and this for
many months. The significance of the present agricul-
tural crisis is shown by the fact that this is the lowest
purchasing povv-er the farmer has had in any year since
1890 and probably in any year since the Civil War period.
But taking the last thirty years, the purchasing power of
the farmer's dollar was lowest in 1896, when it stood at
eighty-one, as compared with around seventy cents in the
past year.
The very economic situation that brought forth popu-
lism and Bryanism has caused the agricultural West and
the cotton South to take on a political pinkness quite in
contrast with the dull grays and blacks that character-
izes the present political complexion of the East. Cer-
tain representatives in Congress have been hearing the
call from back home, and this appeal for economic redress
has been the creative factor in the farm bloc. The symp-
toms were becoming so widespread that the President felt
it imperative to call a national conference for a discussion
of the matter.
The long-term factors in our agricultural situation add
to the distress at the present time. The output of our
farms for the last twenty years particularly has not in-
creased as rapidly as has our population. The quantity
output of other major industries has increased much more
rapidly than the population. In other words, we are rap-
idly becoming a nation dependent on other nations for
our food. The situation in the agricultural industry as
compared with transportation and urban industries gen-
erally was tending to improve during the first years of
the present century and up until the break in prices in
the spring of 1920.
Of the people gainfully employed in the United States
30 per cent are engaged in agriculture. This 30 per cent
302 Kki'ort of Maryland State Board
for the past several years have received but 18 per cent
of the national income. And in the last year they have
received prices that did not represent production costs, no
matter how those production costs may be figured.
Few people in the East can begin to appreciate the suf-
fering the farming population in the West and South have
undergone in the past year. It is difficult for the average
urban resident to realize that the farming peoples have
been under greater stress than they were in the hard
times of the nineties. The result is a political situation
very disturbing to those in control of the Republican
party at this time.
The problems tackled by the Farm Conference can be
grouped under four heads — those having to do with (1)
prices, (2) credit, (3) markets and (4) co-operation.
PRICES
There was a strong demand, fathered by the cotton
farmers and wheat growers and the cattle raisers, for the
return of price stabilization. The chief arguments were —
first, that much of the present disturbance came from
price stabilization in the war period, to the disadvantage
of the farmer ; and second, that the war was not over and
that the need for agricultural products may prove to be
as urgent in the next few years as it was during the war
period. In no committee did prize stabilization secure a
majority report. At least two committees considered the
matter, and the result of the deliberation was a resolu-
tion strongly urging the President and the Congress to
adopt those public policies that would tend to put the
purchasing power of the farmer's dollar on a basis com-
parable to the purchasing power of other groups. Many
delegates believed that price stabilization would have
been endorsed had the vote in the conference been limited
solely to representatives of the farm. The conference had
before it a plan for price stabilization championed by the
former secretary of agriculture, E. T. Meredith.
CREDIT
Every student of the problem knows that the plans
adopted by the government for manufacturing the credit
with which we purchased the goods necessary to win the
war had something to do with the price debacle which
engulfed the farmers. The farmer is well aware that the
OF Labor and Statistics 303
govemment somehow or other through this control of
credit caused the downward trend in prices at just the
period that cost the farmers most heavily; that is, after
one crop was out of the farmer's hands mainly and in the
hands of the middleman, and before the next crop could
be moved (the farm prices broke from April to August of
1920). The result was a demand, felt through the con-
ference and finding expression in .many resolutions, to the
effect that national credit and monetary policies should
be directed with agricultural interests in mind as well as
the interests of other groups of the population.
Some of this demand was straight inflation doctrine.
Other discussions had to do more with representation of
farmers on the Federal Resei've Board and such other
measures as would make future crises impossible for the
same causes.
Another question as to credit had to do with the need
of the farmer for short-time credits based on his crops
or his live stock and not primarily on his real estate. The
farmer felt and felt rightly that bankers forced farmers
to sell their grains at prices ruinous to the fanners in
order that bankers might protect their loans ; thus taking
from the farmers the real control over the marketing of
their products. Another phase of this question much
discussed and much ''resoluted" upon was the develop-
ment of adequate warehouse facilities so that the fanners
could store their products, receiving credit thereon, and
thus be in a position to withstand the efforts made so
successfully in the autumn of 1920 to place on the farmer
all the losses and risks due to the falling price period.
MARKETS
There was throughout the conference a careful discus-
sion of the markets of the farmer. Inasmuch as certain
products, such as wheat, cotton and meats, must find
markets for their surplus products abroad, particularly
in Europe, attention was focused upon the European situ-
ation. The feeling throughout was that the United States
had bungled its handling of the European situation in
such a way as to destroy in part and imperil the future of
the farmers' market in Europe. The international situa-
tion played an important part in the deliberation of the
committees. In the opinion of the writer of this article,
304 Rei'ort of Maryland Statk Board
only the known wish of the President prevented the con-
ference from passing a resolution demanding that the
United States be represented in Genoa. Certainly anyone
who- knows the frame of mind of the farmers of the West
and South at this time must know that they are in no
mood to tolerate further bungling of market opportun-
ities. This fact makes the European situation loom up
as a campaign issue of first importance this coming au-
tumn,
CO-OPERATION
The development of co-operation in the past two years
In American agriculture is nothing short of revolutionary.
This development has taken, place in numbers of fanners,
in amounts of goods handled, and in the morale C070pera-
tors. The War Finance Corporation through Eugene
Myer has extended millions of dollars of government
credit to farm co-operative organizations.
Moreover, the farmer is aware that the prices of those
commodities in which there are strong business associa-
tions broke much later than did the prices of farm
products and then did not break so disastrously. Such
is the case with steel, building materials, coke, petroleum
products, coal and house furnishing goods. The conclu-
sion the old farmer draws is that had he been as well or-
ganized he too could have prevented the suffering and the
monetary losses that have totaled into billions of dollars.
Hence he is organizing. Hence the Capper- Volstead bill
legalizing co-operative marketing. The whole spirit of
co-operative marketing and the determination back of it.
are such that an issue of outstanding importance has
shaped itself for the country.
There were of course the usual political rumors. Thus
it was stated freely that the President called the confer-
ence in order to transfer credit for farm legislation from
the farm bloc in Congress to the President and his cabi-
net. He no doubt made a political blunder of outstanding
importance in his presidential address when he turned
aside from his manuscript to say that the needs and
deserts of the farmer were not a matter of concern solely
to any minority or "bloc." The intonation in the word
"bloc" was such as to leave no doubt in the minds of the
audience as to the deep feeling of the President on the
matter. The result, however, was the passage of a reso-
OF Labor and Statistics 305
lution expressing appreciation for the President's services
in calling- the conference, and for his able address, ex-
pressing appreciation to the Secretary of Agriculture for
his work in calling the conference, and then going on to
express the appreciation of the conference for the work
of those members of the Senate who had long foreseen
the emergency and had so resolutely stood for remedial
legislation.
The results of the conference will be felt in many years
to come. It will no doubt be felt first of all in legislation
and in the extension of credits for farm exports. The in-
fluences emanating from the conference will be felt pro-
nouncedly in the next campaign. The conference no
doubt made a contribution of no small import by simply
calling the attention of the country to the urgent needs
of the farmers at this time. Many of the participants
remarked that certain of the allied interests present were
more radical than were many of the farmers' representa-
tives. The farm crisis is now being felt in the city, for
with farmers' losses totaling into billions of dollars many
urban industries must close down at least in part. The
other reason for believing that the conference will yield
a goodly harvest in the future is the type of present-day
farm leader. The author, who was a member of Mr.
Hoover's Unemployment Conference as well as of the
Farm Conference, noted a remarkable contrast in the
ability of the rank and file of the members of the two
conferences. The Farm Conference had a type of repre-
sentatives with broader vision, with sounder economics,
with less selfisKness and with greater determination than
had the representatives in the Unemployment Conference
as a rule. This contrast is made solely to emphasize the
equipment of the present-day farm leader. He stands out
as superior to the average industrial leader of the times.
These farm leaders had a chance to confer with each other
and to confer with the experts called into the conference,
and the result of such a conference alone can but have
permanent influence of outstanding importance. It sym-
bolized issues which the American public will have to face
squarely in the next Congressional and Presidential elec-
tions and throughout the next decade.
306 Keport op Maryland State Board
REWARD OF AVERAGE AGRICULTURIST IN 1920
ONLY 465, OR $219 ON BASIS OF VALUE
BY JOHN CARSON
Washington Correspondent of The Evening Sun
The average farmer had a reward in 1920 of $465 for
his labor, risk and management, according to compilations
made by the special commission of the Senate and House
which is investigating agriculture. Estimating this re-
ward on the basis of the value of the "farmer's dollar,"
the commission holds that the average reward to the
farmer in that year was only $219.
Although the commission does not offer any compari-
sons with the returns for labor in other industries in 1920,
comparisons are offered for other years. The compari-
sons, according to the investigators, supply the anwser to
the question as to why boys leave the farm.
To obtain accurate statistics on the money reward
which goes to the farmer, the commission called on Dr.
Williford I. King, who had just completed a scientific
analysis of the distribution of the national income of the
United States for the National Bureau of Economic Re-
search. It is upon statistics compiled by him that the
commission made its findings.
The comparisons are made in two forms. The first is
a comparison of rewards and earnings at current money
rates. The second is made on the value of money in 1913.
In other words, the price conditions of 1913 were taken
as a basis for estimates and then the money reward of
1920 was translated into the amount a dollar would have
purchased at the prices current in 1920.
The figures, as prepared for the commission, show that
the farmer had a return for his labor, risk and manage-
ment in 1909 amounting to $311. With some fluctuations
this increased to $586 in 1916, to $903 in 1917, to $1,278
in 1918 and $1,466 in 1919. In 1920 it fell to $465. On
the basis of 1913 prices the return was $326 in 1909 and
$826 in 1919. It then fell to $219 in 1920.
Taking the year of 1918, the last year in which the
commission was able to make comparisons with the earn-
ings in other industries, the figures show the farmer got
less for his labor, risk and management than did employes
in other industries. In all the years from 1909 to 1917
the farmer got much less for his labor, risk and manage-
OF Labor and Statistics 307
ment than did employes for their labor in mining, trans-
portation, factories, banking. Government sei^vice or in
all industries.
Had the average farmer in 1918 abandoned his farm
or rented it and gone to work in the mining industry he
would "have obtained earnings amounting to $1,280. Had
he gone into other industries his earnings would have
been as follows: Factory, $1,147; railway transportation,
$1,394; water transportation, $1,532; banking, $1,461;
Government service, $895, and all industries, $1,094.
In view of the fact that invariably the conditions of
1913 are accepted as "normal" for all economic compari-
sons the condition of the fanner is shown in that year.
At current money rates the farmer got for his labor,
risk and management a reward of $444. The earnings
of employes in other industries was as follows: Mining
industry, $755 ; factory, $705 ; railway transportation,
$782; water transportation, $825; banking, $930; Gov-
ernment employes, $823, and all industries, $723.
"Wages and incomes in agriculture have been below
those in other industries," the commission declared, "and
hence the greater increase in the quantity output of other
industries as compared with agriculture."
CONGRESSIONAL SURVEY OF FLUCTUATIONS SHOWS PUR-
CHASING POWER AT HIGHEST IN 1896, WAS FOUR
TIMES GREATER THAN IN 1920
To show how the farmer — and incidentally the con-
sumer — has suffered through fluctuating prices, the Con-
gressional Commission on Agriculture has made public a
history of the purchasing power of the American dollar
from 1890 to 1920.
The story told by this inquiry also proves that the days
when a dollar would purchase the weekly meat supplies
for an ordinary family were days of fact and not fiction.
The story also tells how the dollar became so weak in
f uiTiishing a home that it was of only a little greater value
than the American 25-cent piece in 1920.
The story is based on the American dollar of 1913. In
other words, that is fixed as a "normal year" for the pur-
poses of showing how prices moved. And the figures are
of the wholesale prices, so, it can be seen, there might be
308 Keport of Maryland State Board
an even greater fluctuation in the prices charged to the
consumer.
Considering all commodities, the dollar reached its
highest point of power during the Bryan free-silver days
of 1896. It was then worth $1.50, whereas in 1890 it was
worth $1.23. From the year 1896 on down to 1920 there
was a steady climb in prices and a steady decline in the
purchasing power of the dollar, until in 1920 it was worth
only 41 cents.
In the purchase of foods the dollar reached its greatest
value in 1896, when it was worth $1.49, and it reached its
lowest value in 1920, when it was worth only 35 cents. In
other words the dollar in 1896 purchased more than four
times as much food as it did in 1920.
Taking the other items in which the average housewife
or home owners is most interested, the story is not greatly
diff'erent from that related with respect to foods. In the
purchase of cloth and clothing, the biggest dollar was in
1896 when it was worth $1.33, and the smallest in 1920,
when it was worth 33 cents. In the purchase of fuel and
lighting the dollar was worth $1.64 in 1898 and was worth
42 cents in 1920. In respect to lumber and building ma-
terials the dollar was biggest in 1897, when it was worth
$1.61, and smallest in 1920, when it was worth 32 cents.
In house furnishing it was worth $1.80 in 1897 and only
28 cents in 1920.
This shows that in 1896 the dollar purchased four
times as much cloth and clothing as in 1920 ; four times as
much fuel and lighting, more than five times as much
lumber and building materials, and almost seven times as
much house furnishings.
The dollar recovered rapidly during the "buyers'
strike" and the deflation period, which began with the
first of last year. By July, in the purchase of all com-
modities, it had risen in value from 41 cents to 66 cents.
The increased power in the purchase of other commodities
was as follows: Farm products, 87 cents; food, 75 cents;
cloth and clothing, 56 cents; fuel and hghting, 54 cents;
metals and metal products, 80 cents; lumber and build-
ing materials, 50 cents; chemicals and drugs, 61 cents;
housefurnishings and goods, 43 cents, and miscellaneous
products, 66 cents.
The farmer, according to these pHces undoubtedly suf-
fered as did few others. When the farmer sold his
OF Labor and Statistics 309
products in . 1896, for every dollar he received he gave
$1.85 worth of farm products. Gradually the prices he
received increased, until in the feverish days of 1919 when
land was being- quoted in Iowa at $100 an acre and when
economists were warning the farmers to put away some
money for a rainy day, and warning as a rule in vain, the
farmer was giving only 43 cents' worth of products for
every dollar he received.
During the closing months of 1920 the bubble was
pricked and prices hit the landslide. By January of 1921,
he had to give 73 cents' worth of products for every dol-
lar, and by July he was giving 87 cents' worth. At the
same time, the things he had to purchase in order to live
refused to respond to the drive on prices as did his
products. He was caught between rapidly falling prices
for his products and prices which remained high for the
things he had to purchase.
Loans aggregating nearly $200,000,000 were approved
by the War Finance Corporation during the year just
ended, according to a summary of the organization's ac-
tivities issued by Eugene Meyer, Jr., managing director.
Of the total advances made by the coiporation during
the year, $145,082,039 was for agricultural and live stock
purposes, and $50,946,375 was to assist in financing ex-
ports. Of the export loans $33,000,000 on cotton was the
greatest single item, with $6,000,000 on grain as the next
largest.
1921 FARM PRODUCE WORTH TWELVE BILLIONS
The Department of Agriculture estimated that the
gross wealth produced by farmers in 1921 had a value
of $12,366,000,000, or about two-thirds of the aggregate
value of farm products of 1920, and little more than one-
half the aggregate for 1919. During the same period,
1919-1921, production of 10 crops, which represent about
95 per cent of the total crop acreage, fell 8 per cent.
The total value of crops, the Department said, declined
from $15,423,000,000 in 1919 to $10,909,000,00 in 1920,
and to $7,028,000,000 in 1921. The decline of the total
value of animal products on the farm was from $8,361,-
000,000 in 1919 to S7,354,000,000 in 1920, and to $5,339,-
000,000 in 1921.
Four crops of 1921 together had a value greater than
one-half of the total value of all crops for that year.
310 Report of Maryland State Board
Com was valued at $1,303,000,00, or 18.5 per cent of the
total; hay and forage, $1,165,000,000, or 16.6 per cent;
cotton lint and seed, $755,000,000, or 10.7 per cent; wheat,
$737,000,000, or 10.5 per cent, and the four crops, $3,960,-
000,000, or 56.3 per cent.
Several groups of crops are prominent, the Department
added, the cereals, $2,563,000,000, or 36.5 per cent of the
crop total; the vegetables, including potatoes and sweet
potatoes, $1,104,000,000, or 15.7 per cent; fruits and
fruit products, $525,000,000, or 7.5 per cent, and fruits
and vegetables together, $1,629,000,000, or 23.2 per cent.
Of the total value of animal products in 1921, the dairy
products were nearly one-half, $2,410,000,000, or 45.1
per cent; the animals raised, $1,937,000,000, 36.3 per cent,
and the poultry raised and eggs produced, $943,000,000,
or 17.7 per cent.
HOW OUR CORN GIVES THE WORLD HALF ITS PORK
Our big corn crop means that the world is to have
plenty of pork in the near future, for a large part of the
corn grown in the United States is fed to swine and the
meat thus produced is distributed to other countries in
far greater values than that of the corn in its natural
state. In the first nine months of the current year, it is
noted in The Trade Record of the National City Bank of
New York, we have exported more corn than in any full
year since 1906, and we are sending abroad a fifth more
pork than we were last year. In the last ten years the
United States exported $3,000,000,000 worth of pork
products and $400,000,000 of corn in its natural state.
American pork has ben sent to as many as ninety dif-
ferent countries. The fact that we produce three-fourths
of the world's corn accounts for the fact that we lead the
world in swine production, "for swine are the most con-
venient process of transforming com into human food,
especially for exportation, and com is the most useful
food for swine, except for the production of the "bacon
hog" which is chiefly fed on the smaller grains, wheat,
rye, barley, etc., with an admixture of dairy products, and
as a consequence the "bacon hog" producing areas are
those lying north of the corn belt of the world, but pro-
ducing ample supplies of smaller grains above named.
This close relation of the number of swine to the supply
of com as their best food for fattening purposes has re-
OF Labor and Statistics 311
suited in a growth in the number of swine in the United
States coincidental with the growth in corn production,
and as a consequence the United States alone has about
one-half of the swine of the world, while it produces
about three-fourths of the corn of the world. A few
further facts are noted by the writer for the New York
bank:
It is only in very recent years that our com crop has
crossed the 3,000,000,000 bushel line or the worlds' crop
output the 4,000,000,000 bushel mark. The world was
slow in adopting this new food grain which Columbus
carried back from Haiti under the native name of "mahiz"
on his first return voyage, but it gradually spread through
southern Europe, where it was designated as "maize" in
recognition of its Haitian title above named, and after
its introduction in Southern Europe extended slowly over
the other continents. At present the corn crop of the
world is noi-mally: United State 3,000,000,000 bushels,
Europe as a whole 500,000,000, Argentina 300,000,000,
Asia as a whole 100,000,000, and Africa about 75,000,000.
After the com crop of the United States in value hay
ranks second, cotton third, and wheat fourth. This year's
corn crop is estimated at 3,152,000,000 bushels.
Iowa led ^11 the States in the value of farm crops pro-
duced in 19zO; Texas, with twice as many farais, came
second, and Illinois, a grain-growing State like Iowa, came
third. As taken from Capper's Weekly (Topeka), the
Department of Agriculture figures, based on market
value, are:
312 Report of Maryland State Board
WHAT OUR FARMS EARNED LAST YEAR
Value
of
Farm Products
1. Iowa
2. Texas
3. Illinois
4. Missouri
5. Kansas
6. New York
7. Ohio
8. Pennsylvania ....
9. Wisconsin
10. Indiana
11. Nebraska
12. California
13. Michigan
14. Minnesota
15. Oklahoma
16. North Carolina..
17. Kentucky
18. Tennessee
19. Georgia
20. Virginia
21. Arkansas
22. South Dakota
23. South Carolina.
24. Alabama
25. Mississippi
26. North Dakota
27. Colorado
28. Washington
29. Louisiana
30. Oregon
31. West Virginia
32. Montana
33. Maryland
34. New Jersey
35. Massachusetts ...
36. .Idaho
37. Maine -
38. Vermont
39. Wyoming
40. Florida
41. .New Mexico
42. Connecticut
43. Utah
44. New Hampshire .
45. Arizona
46. Delaware
47. Nevada
48. .Rhode Island
$1,258,201,000
1,101,610,000
1,074,879,000
942,092,000
888,056,000
876,207,000
831,009,000
733,971,000
708,100,400
700,121,000
689,169,000
665,741,600
570,995,000
538,161,600
532,490,600
509,348,000
500,383,800
453,468,000
412,934,000
380,572,000
348,545,000
343,241,000
324,563,000
317,559,000
300,118,000
267,070,000
248,007,000
225,683,000
210,756,000
202,903,000
201,059,000
178,282,000
167,388,000
164,888,000
152,646,000
152,165,000
148,958,000
124,182,000
122,922,000
108,376,000
100,144,000
97,333,000
78,871,000
67,737,000
64,803,000
33,042,000
32,838,000
18,426,000
Number iTotalAv.
of Per
Farms Farm
Total _ 1 $19,176,015,000
213,312
435,666
237,153
263,124
165,287
193,060
256,699
202,256
189,196
205,124
126,309
117,690
196,647
178,588
191,731
269,740
270,676
252,691
310,737
186,011
232,602
74,564
192,664
256,023
272,437
7^693
59,991
66,288
135,455
50,188
87,289
57,441
47,808
29,672
31,982
42,109
48,228
29,072
15,611
54,006
29,841
22,655
25,664
20,523
10,816
10,128
3,164
4,084
$5,899
2.528
4,532
3,582
5,372
4,538
3,327
3,062
3,742
3,413
5,456
5,656
2,903
3,013
2,777
1,888
1,848
1,794
1,328
2,078
1,498
4,603
1,684
1,240
1,101
3,437
4,134
3,040
1,555
4,042
2,303
3,103
3,493
5,557
4,772
3,613
3,088
4,271
7,874
2,006
3,355
4,296
3,073
3,300
5,991
2.048
10,378
4,511
6,449,998
$2,973
OF Labor and Statistics 313
FARM DEVELOPMENT
Plans for the development of Maryland's agricultural
and farming- interests during the present year were dis-
cussed by numerous speakers at the annual meeting of
the 23 county agents at the Southern Hotel. In addition,
reports were received from a majority of the counties
showing some of the flattering results of the last year.
The county agents gave reports showing that the de-
velopment in the counties during 1921 was along lines
peculiar to the life of the particular county. The im-
provement of dairy herds through cow-testing associa-
tions; substantial saving to farmers through co-operative
buying and selling; a more extensive use of leguminous
crops and the introduction of much pure-bred stock, were
among the outstanding achievements.
Harford county, as reported by B. B. Derrick, county
agent, had an interesting year, importing 37 pure-bred
calves for boy club members; introducing 24 pure -bred
sires and two car loads of pure-bred dairy cattle. Har-
ford countians also bought co-operatively supplies valued
at $101,000 with an estimated saving to the buyers of at
least $20,000. This county also showed a remarkable
growth in the tuberculin testing work, 900 herds in the
county having been completed.
Mrs. Evelyn Harris, wife of a Kent county farmer, ap-
peared before the county agents and asked that more
attentio"n be given to the diet of the children of the farms.
She declared that while children are the most expensive
crops grown in the State, less attention is paid to their
food than to that of the cattle and swine.
The directors of the Agricultural Corporation met and
elected the following officers: C. E. Bryan, Havre de
Grace, president ; J. W. Henderson, Germantown, assist-
ant president; J. E. Patten, East New Market, vice-presi-
dent, and D. Fred Shamberger, secretary-treasurer.
After the election of officers the following executive
committee was chosen; C. E. Bryan, D. G. Harry, D. S.
Pearse, David Zentz and J. E. Patten.
After the meeting C. E. Bryan of Havre de Grace,
president of the Horticultural Society and also president
of the Agricultural CoiT)oration, declared that under the
present system a dollar spent for farm products is split
up in the following manner: 37 cents goes to the cost of
production, 14 cents profit and 49 to that vague and in-
314
Report op Maryland Statk Board
definite thing called "service," but which in reality means
middleman's share.
Under the system which Mr. Bryan has inaugurated,
the farmer will ship direct from the fai-m to the con-
sumer and where the amounts of farm products are too
small to ship individually the various lots will be loaded
and sent to the nearest dealer to the consumer, thus cut-
ting out extra haulage, warehousing, commission fees and
the hundred and one obstacles which raise the price of
foodstuffs to the ultimata consumer.
GRAIN EXPORTS IN 1921
Grain exports from Baltimore during 1921 exceeded
records of the previous year by nearly one-half million
bushels, according to statistics issued by the Chamber of
Commerce grain exchange. The increase is due to a vast
increase in com exports and is made despite the fact that
exports of rye, oats and wheat declined during the year.
The overseas movement of corn totaled 19,591,319
bushels^ as compared with exports of 1,909,658 bushels
during 1920. Germany has been a heavy buyer of Amer-
ican com during the past five months, it is said, and grain
dealers see prospects of shattering the 1921 record next
year with heavy relief shipments to Russia. Russian
shipments will mark the first exports of the year, as
$20,000,000 is being spent in this country for foodstuffs
to be shipped to that country,
A table showing the comparative figures for- various
commodities traded on the floor of the Chamber of Com-
merce, published in the Baltimore Price Current, is re-
printed below.
Receipts
Exports
1921
1920
1921
1920
Flour, barrels ..
Wheat, bushels ,
Corn, bushels
Oats, bushels
Rye, bushels
Barley, bushels
Malt, bushels
Buckwheat
Hay, tons
Straw, tons
Millfeed, tons ...
1,505,919
23,229,056
22,168,762
1,655.278
13,407,239
1,256,163
42,136
3 925
14,512
1,276
17,149
2,089,765
33.544,501
5,310,433
3.816,077
20,933,270
1,251,328
363,560
2,604
26,484
1,889
16,363
667,038
21,935,950
19,951,319
629,331
11,755,119
1,451,257
1,871,210
29,780,569
1,909,658
2,030,833
19,835,779
853,779
OF Labor and Statistics 315
Receipts of all grains, as shown by this table, were
about 3,460,000 bushels less than in 1920. The decrease
in rye shipments is attributed to the more favorable rail
rates enjoyed by Montreal on the North and the Gulf
ports on the South. The light weight of the 1921 crop
of American oats, which caused foreign buyers to deal
at home or in Canada, is blamed for the decline of trade
in this cereal.
Flour receipts and exports were the lightest recorded
in 36 years. Rail rates making it cheaper to ship grain
to seaboard than to ship the milled product, is largely re-
sponsible for the decrease.'
The increased use of motor trucks in the transporta-
tion of hay, delivering their loads directly to the con-
sumer, is held responsible for the falling off shown in the
hay trade.
FARM VALUES
Figures issued by the Census Bureau covering farm
values in the United States place the total value of farms
in Maryland at $386,596,850 in the year 1920. Then years
ago Maryland farm properties were valued at only $241,-
737,123. This shows an mcrease in valuation of 60 per
cent in ten years.
The figures given cover both land and buildings there-
on. In Maryland the Census Bureau finds that the aver-
age value of a farm and buildings thereon is $8,070, com-
pared with $4,941 in 1910.
The value of all farms and buildings thereon in Virginia
is estimated at $1,022,886,216, compared with $532,058,-
062 10 years ago. In the Old Dominion the average value
of a farm and buildings thereon is $5,492, against $2,891
in 1910. While Virginia, because of its size, has a greater
fami valuation, the average monetary value per farm in
Maryland is larger.
In 1920 Maryland had 4,757,999 acres in fai-ms. Vir-
ginia had 18,561, 112 acres in farms.
"The value of all farm lands in the United States on
January 1, 1920," says the Census Bureau report, "mean-
ing value of land and buildings, was $67,795,965,384, as
compared with $34,801,125,697 on April 15, 1910."
This shows an increase in farm values of nearly $33,-
000,000,000 in the decade, or 941/2 per cent.
316 Kei'ort of Maryland Statk Board
"While there was only a slight increase in the number
of farms between 1910 and 1920," continues the Census
Bureau, "and an increase of less than 10 per cent in farm
acreage, the value of lands nearly doubled.
"Due allowance must be made, of course, for the fact
that farm values in many localities were abnormally high
at the beginning of the year 1920 and that present values
might be considerably less than those reported at the time
of the census."
For the entire country the census report shows that on
January 1, 1920, there were 6,448,336 farms in the United
States, compared with 6,361,502 ten years before. In
1920 there were 955,676,545 acres in farms, compared
with 878,798,325 acres in 1910.
WOMEN FARMERS
Of the 47,908 farmers in Maryland 1,828 are women,
being 3.8 per cent of the entire number. Of the total
31,127 men are owners and 1,678 are women. But there
are 1,254 male managers of farms and only 8 represen-
tative of the fairer sex ; there are 13,699 male tenants and
142 female. Of the total acreage of 4,757,999, males op-
erate 4,613,728 and females 144,271.
The total number of farms in the United States on
January 1, 1920, according to the fourteenth census, was
6,448,366. Of this number 6,186.813, or 95.9 per cent
were operated by male farmers and 261,553, or 4.1 per
cent, by female farmers.
The States which reported over 10,000 female faraiers
were Mississippi, with 18,932 ; Alabama, 16,128 ; Georgia,
13,982; North Carolina, 12,151; South Carolina, 11.579;
Kentucky, 11,399; Tennessee, 11,374; Arkansas, 11,027,
and Virginia, 10,028..
Of the 6,186,813 male farmers in the United States,
3.737,326 were owners, 67,762 were managers and 2,381,-
725 were tenants.
The 261,653 female fami operators were distributed as
follows: 187,769 owners, 763 managers and 73,021 ten-
ants. In 1920 71.8 per cent of all female farmers were
owners, 0.3 were managers and 27.9 per cent were tenants.
The average size of the farms with female operators
was 98.6 acres, while the average for the farms of male
operators was 150.3 acres.
OF Labou and Statistics 317
NEGROES TAKE TO FARMS
That farming opens up a lucrative field for negroes in
Maryland is indicated by a report made by the Census
Bureau on "Farms operated by Negroes in 16 Southern
States."
The report shows that negroes in Maryland operate
6,208 farms, or 13 per cent of all farms in the State. The
farms run by the negroes in Maryland have an acreage
of 351,527, the value being $21,651,121, compared to a
value of $10,267,284 in 1910.
WILL MAKE OWN BLANKETS
Baltimore county wool growers held a meeting at the
Court House at Towson and decided to continue the plan
of having their own wool manufactured into blankets and
robes. County Agricultural Agent E. E. McClean pre-
sided, and it was ascertained that those present had 1,600
pounds of wool on hand. All farmers of the county have
been invited to send their wool to Towson, and it will be
forwarded together to a factory to be transformed into
blankets,
FARM LABOR REDUCED
Farm labor in Maryland has decreased 30 per cent in
the last 10 years, due in a large measure to the introduc-
tion of modern agricultural machinery and the exodus of
young men who have sought other occupations in the
cities.
Of the State's total population of 1,449,661, there were
466,255 males and 137, 218 females over 10 years of age
employed for pecuniary compensation.
Of the men and boys occupied in the State, 37,186, or
8 per cent, were farmers and 39,543, .or 8.5 per cent, were
farm laborers, either working out or on the home farms.
The number of fanners represents a decrease of 2 per
cent, as compared with 37,954 in 1910, and the number of
farm laborers shows a decrease from 56,657 in the last
decade.
Of the total population of the State, 1,449,661, 466,255
men and boys and 137,218 women and girls were reported
to be gainfully occupied, working for salaries, wages or
other compensation. Of the number of females occupied
318 Rei'ort of Maryland State Board
1,340 were reported as "farmers," as compared with 1,383
in 1910, while women employed as laborers on farms de-
creased considerably, from 3,375 to 1,124.
The remaining occupational classes for each of which
at least 7,500 persons of both sexes were reported in 1920,
stated in the order of their numerical importance, are as
follows :
Servants and waiters, 6,859 males and 26,305 females;
clerks, except in stores, 19835 males and 8,287 females;
retail dealers, 19394 males and 2,117 females; salesmen
and saleswomen, 11,574 males and 6,169 females; car-
penters, 17,003 males and 3 females ; launderers and laun-
dresses, not including those employed in laundries, 253
males and 12,418 females; machinists, millwrights and
tool makers, 12,275, all males; general laborers, laborers
employed on buildings and laborers for whom the line of
work was not specified, 11,249 males and 298 females;
soldiers, sailors and marines, 10,569, all males; stenog-
raphers and typewriters, 1,145 males and 8,617 females;
bookkeepers, cashiers and accountants, 5,648 males and
4,106 females; school teachers, 1,282 males and 7,254
females.
The numbers engaged in certain important professions
were as follows: Physicians and surgeons, 2,253 men and
100 women; lawyers, judges and justices, 2,100 men and
18 women ; clergymen, 2,079 men and 23 women ; trained
nurses, 68 men and 2,782 women.
Pronounced increases for females are shown for the fol-
lowing occupational classes:
Clerks, except in stores, from 1,698 in 1910 to 8,287
in 1920; stenographers and typewriters, from 3,134 to
8,617; bookkeepers, cashiers and accountants, from 2,228
to 4,106; school teachers, from 5,850 to 7,254; clerks in
stores, from 1,464 to 2,538; trained nurses, from 1,721 to
2,782. On the other hand, the number of dressmakers
and seamstresses, not including those employed in fac-
tories, decreased from 10,805 in 1910 to 4,949 in 1920;
the number of laundresses, not including those employed
in laundries, decreased from 16,189 to 12,418, and the
number of servants and waitresses decreased from 32,292
to 26305.
OF Labor and Statistics
319
CENSUS REPORT SHOWS VARIOUS OCCUPATIONS
OF MARYLANDERS
Here is how Marylanders fill the various occupations
which the recently issued census report describes as
"gainful" :
Occupation.
Male
Female
1920
1910
1920
1910
Al 1 occupations
Blacksmiths, forgeman and
hammermen „
Bookkeepers, cashiers and ac-
countants
Carpenters _
Chauffeurs
Clergymen
Clerks, except in stores
*Clerks in stores
Coal-mine operatives
Draymen, teamsters and ex-
pressmen
Dressmakers and seamstresses
(not in factory) |
Electricians and electrical en- 1
466,255 1410,884
3,028 I 3,700
gmeers
Engineers ( stationary )
Farmers (general farms)
Farm laborers (home farms) ...
Farm laborers (working out)..
Fishermen and oystermen
Foremen and overseers (mfg.)
Gardeners
Laborers, building, general and
not specified
Laborers, steam railroad
Launderers and laundresses
(not in laundry)
Lawyers, judges and justices
Longshoremen and stevedores
Machinists, millwTights and j
toolmakers i
Manufacturers and officials !
Painters, glaziers and var- |
nishers (building) j
Physicians and surgeons j
Plumbers and gas and steam [
fitters -
Retail dealers -
Salesmen and saleswomen
Servants and waiters
Soldiers, sailors and marines
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailors and tailoresses _
Teachers ( school ) —
Trained nurses
5,648
17,003
6,925
2,079
19,835
4,274
5,168
5,306
4,007
3,363
37,186
7,927
31,466
4,457
4,109
4,684
11,249
6,160
253
2,100
4,349
12,276
3,778
"3,860
2,253
4,753
19,394
11,574
6,859
10,569
1,145
5,454
1,282
69
4.274
12,517
580
1,894
12,053
5,988
5,490
5,765
11
1,809
2,187
37,954
15,021
41,636
7,045
1.878
2,887
13,791
5,814
448
1,989
2,975
5,575
4,479
4.109
2,121
2,739
18,030
10,728
8,125
1,978
1,112
5,618
1,394
94
137,218
4,106
3
11
23
8,287
5
5
14
4,949
1
1,340
394
730
24
656
149
298
165
12,418
18
15
136
2
100
2,117
6,169
26,305
■■■■—-
1,224
7,254
2,782
130,280
2,228
1
"5
1,698
4
4
4
10,805
1
1,383
1,623
1,652
45
418
144
454
72
16,189
9
2
"'86
3
94
2,214
5,080
32,292
37134
1.375
5,850
1,721
* Probably includes some salesmen and saleswomen incorrectly
reported as clerks.
320 RBroRT OF Maryland State Board
STATE CROPS SHOW DROP IN VALUE
Just what has happened to the buying power of the
Maryland farmer in the past two years is strikingly
shown in figures on the principal crops grown in the
State, compiled by F. W. Oldenburg, specialist in agron-
omy for the University of Maryland Extension Service,
from statistics gathered by the United States Bureau
of Markets and Crop Estimates.
In 1919 the agricultural crops grown in the State, in-
cluding practically all the important grain, forage, vege-
table and fruit products, returned to the farmers more
than $110,000,000. In 1920 falling prices had reduced
this figure to slightly more than $90,000,000. In 1921
unfavorable weather conditions, affecting chiefly the fruit
crops, and additional price declines reduced the total farm
value of these crops to approximately $48,000,000, a de-
cline of almost 57 per cent from the high figure of 1919.
The difference between the 1919 and 1921 values, Mr.
Oldenburg points out, is more than $62,000,000, which
would represent a reduction of more than $1,200 in the
annual income of each farm if distributed equally over
the 48,000 farms of the State.. This reduction in values,
according to Mr. Oldenburg, applies only to the leading
agricultural crops and does not take into consideration
reductions which have taken place in the values of live
stock and livestock products.
"It is interesting to note," says Mr. Oldenburg, "that,
according to the census figures, Maryland farmers spent
for labor, fertilizer and feed in 1919 $32,000,000, which
is about two-thirds of the 1921 value of the leading
crops."
Corn and wheat continue to hold their places as the
most important agricultural crops of the State, according
to Mr. Oldenburg's figures, both in value and in acreage.
Com in 1921 was planted on 645,000 acres, produced a
yield of 25,155,000 bushels and had a farm value of $12,-
326,000, or less than one-third of its 1919 value. Wheat
in 1921 was sown on 568,000 acres, produced 7,952,000
bushels and had a farm value of $8,191,000, or slightly
more than half of its 1919 value. Hay, which in the
aggregate is the State's third most valuable crop, was
grown on 394,000 acres, produced 531,000 tons and had a
total farm value of $7,995,000, or about two-thirds of its
value in 1919.
OF Labor and Statistics 321
The importance of the white potato crop in the State
is shown by the fact that 49,000 acres were devoted to it
in 1921, producing 3,165,000 bushels valued at $3,504,000.
Mr. Oldenburg also shows that while an acre of com in
1921 was worth only $19.11 and an acre of wheat $14.42,
an acre of potatoes had a value of $71.50. An acre of
sweet potatoes was worth still more, being valued at $140.
Sweet potatoes furnished a notable exception to the gen-
eral run of agricultural crops, it is shown, with a farm
price on December 1, 1921, of $1.40 per bushel, which was
7 cents in excess of the 1919 price.
EXTENSION SERVICE
COUNTY HOME DEMONSTRATION AGENTS
County. Name. Headquarters.
Allegany R. F. McHenry, B. S _ Cumberland.
Anne Arundel _..G. W. Norris, B. S Annapolis.
Baltimore ...E. E. McLean, B. S _ Towson.
Calvert ...._ J. H. Drury Chaney.
Caroline ...W. C. Thomas, B. S _. Denton.
Carroll F. W. Fuller, B. S Westminster.
Cecil _..... A, D. Radebaugh .....Elkton.
Charles _.... J. P. Burdette, A. B La Plata.
Dorchester P. W. Moore, B. S _ Cambridge.
Frederick ...P. A. Hauver, B. S _ Frederick.
Garrett J. A. Towler, B. S. Oakland.
Harford B. B. Derrick, B. S Belair.
Kent R. L. Post, B. S., M. S Ellicott City.
Howard ...H. B. Derrick, B. S. _..Chestertown.
Montgomery W. C. Snarr, B. S _ Rockville.
Prince George's W. B. Posey, B. S „ Upper Marlboro.
Queen Anne's _ O. C. Jones, B. S „ Centi'eville.
St. Mary's „ G. F. Wathen _ Loveville.
Somerset .._ C. Z. Keller, B. S Princess Anne.
Talbot _..E. P. Walls, B. S., M. S....... Easton.
Wicomico ...G. R. Cobb, B. S Salisbury.
Washington .._ _ S .E. Day, B. S Hagerstown.
Worcester .- E. L Oswald, B. S ...„ Snow Hill.
LOCAL AGENTS
Southern Maryland. J. F. Armstrong (col.) Seat Pleasant.
Eastern Shore L. H. Martin (col.) Princess Anne.
Allegany _M. Rhea Morgan _ Cumberland.
Anne Arundel G. Linthicum (Mrs.) _ Annapolis.
Baltimore
Calvert
Caroline *E. G. Norman (Mrs.)
B. S. S Denton.
Carroll Rachel Everett Westminster.
Cecil Elizabeth V. Hodgson Elkton.
322 Report of Maryland State Board
Charles _ .....E. S. Bohannan (Mrs.) La Plata.
Dorchester Celeste C. Moore (Mrs.) Cambridge.
Frederick Frances E. Gerber, B. S Frederick.
Garrett *Laura I. Henshaw _ Oakland.
Harford Blanche Gittinger, B. S.._ Belair.
Howard Ellicott City.
Kent Susan V. Hill Chestertown.
Montgomery _.„ ^Catherine Cowsill _ Rockville.
Prince George's Ellen L. Davis _ _ Hyattsville.
Queen Anne's *Mary L. Byrn Centreville.
Somerset M. Louise Mills Princess Anne.
St. Mary's Ethel Joy Leonardtown.
Talbot Olive K. Walls (Mrs.) Easton.
Washington S. S. Garberson - Hagerstown.
Wicomico Clara Mullen Salisbury.
Worcester Lucy J. Walter Stiow Hill.
COUNTY AGENTS
LOCAL AGENT
Charles and St. Mary's.Xeah D. Woodson (col.) La Plata.
GARDEN SPECIALIST
Mrs. Adelaide Derringer Madison and Lafayette Ave., Adnimistration
Building, Baltimore.
* Resigned.
MARYLAND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY
COUNCIL FOR 1921.
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
President D. G. Harry Pylesville, Md.
Vice-President „....J. E. Patten East New Market, Md.
Secretary -Treasurer .T. B. Symons College Park, Md.
MARYLAND STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
President C. E. Bryaa Havre de Grace, Md.
Vice-President .J. A. Cohill Hancock, Md.
Secretary-Treasurer S. B. Shaw College Park, Md.
Member-at-large _George Morrison "Uplands, Carroll
P. 0.,Balto.,Md.
A. P. Snader New Windsor, Md.
MARYLAND CROP IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION
President .1 A.. G. Ensor Forest Hill, Md.
Vice-President C. L. Balderson Colora, Md.
Secretary-Treasurer J. E. Metzger College Park, Md.
MARYLAND STATE DAIRYMEN'S ASSOCIATION
President _D. G. Harry Pylesville, Md.
Vice-President R. S. Snader. New Windsor, Md.
Secretary -Treasurer I. W.- Heaps Pylesville, Md.
MARYLAND STATE BEEKEEPER'S ASSOCIATION
President Charles S. Baile Sykesville, Md.
Secretary-Treasurer _..-E. N. Cory College Park, Md.
Dr. J. R. Abercrombie 1316 N. Charles St.,
Baltimore, Md.
OF Labor and Statistics 323
MARYLAND STATE VEGETABLE GROWERS' ASSOCIATION
President _ JE. E. Nock Stockton, Md.
Vice-President Grant Sexton Salisbury, Md.
Secretary-Treasurer Dr. lt\. E. Jones College Park, Md.
E. C. Auchter College Park, Md.
MARYLAND STATE SHEEP GROWERS' ASSOCIATION
President W. B. S. Chapman Spring Hill, Md.
Vice-President Dr. S. A. Nichols Dayton, Md.
Secretary-Treasurer B. F. Bomberger. College Park, Md.
MARYLAND STATE TOBACCO GROWERS' ASSOCIATION
President Thomas Parran Prince Frederick, Md.
Vice-President Aquilla Robinson Brandywine, Md.
Secretary F. Brooke Matthews La Plata, Md.
Treasurer George T. Duvall Croom, Md.
Manager _..._George I. Gardiner. State Tobacco Ware-
house, Balto., Md.
CROPS— ACREAGES, YIELDS, VALUE
1910 1919 1920
Value of all crops $43,920,149 $114,852,000 $107,847,000
Acreage of all crops 1,931.972 2,131,000 2,024,000
Corn— Acreage 647,012 .693,000 670,000
Bushels 17,911,436 23,413,000 25,795,000
Value $13,795,000 $ 39,778,000 $ 20,894,000
Average yield per acre
(10 years) 34.9 bushels
Wheat— Acreage 589,893 790,000 670,000
Bu.shels 9,463.457 10,665,000 11,390,000
Value $12,711,000 $ 22,995,000 $ 18,794,000
Average yield per acre
(10 vears) 16.8 bushels
Oats— Acreage 49,120 65.000 65,000
Bushels 1.160,663 1.829,000 2,112,000
Value $ 373,000 $ 1,537,000 $ 1,478,000
Average vield per acre
(10 vears) 28.4 bushels
Rye_Acreage 28,093 30.000 30,000
Bushels 357,562 420,000 462,000
Value $ 254 000 $ 685,000 $ 721,000
Buckwheat— Acreage 10,388 10,500 15,000
Bushels 152,216 241,000 300,000
Value $ 114,000 $ 355,000 $ 399,000
Irish Potatoes— Acreage 39,000 55,000 60,000
Bushels 3.444,311 5,170,000 6.120,000
Value $ 1,782.954 $ 8,345,000 $ 5,814,000
Sweet Potatoes— Acreage 7.000 12.000 11,000
Bushels 1,065,956 1.680,000 1,386,000
Value $ 483,751 $ 2,234,000 $ 1,584,000
Barley— Acreage 4,400 6,000 6,000
' Bushels 135,454 190,000 165,000
Value $ 79 231 $ 218,000 $ 182,000
324
Report of Maryland State Board
Hay— Acreage 398,842 450,000 472,000
Tons 477,564 638,000 732,000
Value $ 6,011,749 $ 15,750,000 $ 18,300,000
Tobacco— Acreage 26,000 29,000 35,000
Pounds 17,845,69a 19,575,000 30,625,000
Value $ 1,457,112 $ 5,872,000 $ 8,881,000
1921..
1920
1919..
1918..
Tomatoes —
Maryland ]
New Jersey
and
Delaware J
Sweet Corn — Acreage
Tons
Value $..
Peas — Acreage
Tons
Value $..
All other crops^— Acreage..-
Value $..
Total Yield
134,837
Acres
28,091
75,683
92,317
127,013
32,515
75,494
1,636,000
4,946
2,968
214,000
87,000
6,960,000
Yield
Per Acre
4.8 Tens
ORCHARD FRUITS
Apples— Bushels 1,822,824
Value $ 902,077
Peaches— Bushels 324,609
Value $
Other fruits— Bushels 62,500
Value $ 85,000
Berries— Quarts 26,000,000
Acreage
Value $ 1,200,000
Grapes— Pounds 2,152,382
2,122,000
$ 2,759,000
737,000
$ 1,390,000
(Pears)
432,000
$ 432,000
(Strawberries)
14,000
$ 2,400,000
3,330,000
2,597,000
897,000
2,377,000
616,000
396,000
Value $
53,498
$-.
LIVE STOCK
No. in
1910
Farms reporting
domestic ani-
mals 46,672
Dairy Cows 166,859
Other Cattle 120,692
Horses 155,438
Mules 22,667
Swine 301,583
Sheep -... 237,137
Poultry 2,908,958
Bees— Colonies 23,156
No. in
1919
180,000
138,000
168,000
25,000
461,000
250,000
Value
1910
5,580,210
2.289,316
16,787,467
3,043,581
1,765,857
1,142,965
1,858,570
Value
1919
$16,000,000
6,955,000
17,136,000
3,350,000
8,759,000
2,725,000
Value
1920
$16,020,000
6,854,000
16,830,000
3,350,000
8,550,000
2,670,000
61,603
10,000,000( inc.Poultry
Products)
OF Labor and Statistics 325
Milk produced 41,094,421 gals. (1910) 97,000,000 gals. (1919)
Butter produced 8,739,620 lbs. (1910) 8,915,000 lbs. (1919)
Dairy products —
Value $5,480,900 (1910) $26,039,000 (1919)
Poultry products —
Value 5,831,611 (1910)
1921 OYSTER YIELD
The Maryland oyster crop for 1921 was larger by sev-
eral hundred thousand bushels than the preceding season,
and was one of the largest in the history of the Con-
servation Commission.
According to the commission's figures, 5,081,117
bushels of oysters were sold in Maryland markets, in
comparison with 4,743,901 last season. The taxes amount-
ed to $50,811.17.
CANNING INDUSTRY
The Manufactures Division of the Census Bureau has
supplied through the National Canners' Association fig-
ures showing the total pack of canned food commodities
for 1919. These statistics give the value and total pack
of the various canned food commodities produced in each
State. This information covers a wide range of products
on which there have been no statistics collected by the
National Canners' Association and the following are ab-
stracts taken from the figures furnished.
The total value of baked beans canned in the United
States during the year 1919 was $28,551,342, of this
amount Indiana canned $6,720,466, or nearly one-fouii;h
of the entire pack; Michigan, $1,041,692; California,
$929,742, and Maryland was fourth with $729,346 to its
credit. The total value of string beans canned for the
same year was $6,607,080, of which New York's pack
was valued at $2,600,177 and Maryland was next with
$929,602. The total value of the lima bean pack was
$1,457,719, of which New Jersey was credited with the
largest amount, being $623,312, and Maryland was next,
with a pack value at $206,394.
The total value of all other beans packed was $1,362,782
of which Indiana was credited with the greatest amount
$357,534, Michigan was second with $100,171, and Maiy-
land third with $84,382.
326 Rei'Okt op Maryland State Board
The total value of canned beets was $1,951,344 and the
amount credited to the following States was: Wisconsin,
$619,868 ; New York, $472,103 ; California, $344,352 ; New
Jersey, $189,035; Ohio, $67,916, and Maryland, $40,635.
The total value of, the corn pack was $35,532,007, and the
four States canning the greatest amount was Illinois,
$5,843,733; Iowa, $5,763,458; Maryland, $5,448,073, and
Maine, $4,723,397. In other words, of the eighteen States
quoted, the value of the pack for the above four States
was about 61 1-3 per cent.
The total value of the pea pack was $25,073,220, of
which $12,132,849 is credited to Wisconsin, $3,440,696 to
New York and $1,718,500 to Maryland, which was third
out of the fifteen States quoted. The total value of the
sweet potato pack was $2,477,719, Mississippi being cred-
ited with $544,606, Maryland $544,394, Virginia $453,979,
Delaware $258,790 and California $249,180.
In the canning of spinach California was first with a
credit of $1,308,724 and Maryland second with $834,032,
in other words, these two States canned nearly the entire
pack. - The total value of the tomato pack was $3§,067,-
999, of which California was first with $10,452,851, and
Maryland a close second with $10,295,386. Out of the
25 States canning tomatoes, these two States canned
about 55 per cent. Under the heading of "All Other Vege-
tables," which is valued at $1,672,518, California was first
with $770,060 and Maryland second with $247,172.
From the above figures it will be seen that Maryland
for its size ranked first in the canning of vegetables. In
addition to the value of the vegetable pack, Maryland
canned fruits in value as follows : Apples, $358,620 ; black-
berries, $250,017; cheries, $51,389; gooseberries, $36,402;
peaches, $1,425,079. The value of peaches canned in
Cahfornia was $42,347,718 out of a total valuation of
$46,516,225. The value of pears canned in Maryland was
$915,547; pineapples, $1,347,972; raspberries, $218,602,
and strawberries, $760,936, the latter being greater than
any of the nine States mentioned.
In the canning of oysters Maryland was first with a
valuation of $1,854,880, or more than half of the entire
pack. The value of roe canned in Maryland was $15,166,.
Virginia $73,519, and all other States $85,583. The total
value of salmon canned for the same year was $62,378,-
353, of which Alaska was credited with $43,265,349,
OF Labor and Statistics 327
Washington $13,506,149, Oregon $5,447,491, and all other
States $159,564. The total value of condensed and evap-
orated milk credited to eighteen States was $293,177,134,
of which amount New York was first with $77,094,614,
Wisconsin second with $65,587,293, Illinois third with
$27,667,488, Pennsylvania fourth with $25,171,430 and
Michigan fifth with $24,422,946. The total value of
canned and potted meats for all States was $130,779,000
and sausage $27,985,000. The following is a recapitula-
tion of the entire pack of vegetables, fruits, fish and oys-
ters, milk, meats, etc., for the year 1919 in the United
States :
RECAPITULATION
vegetables
Total No. of
Cases Value
Asparagus 1,006,604 $ 6,571,629
Beans, baked _ 11,142,331 28,551,342
Beans, string 2,199,825 6,607,080
Beans, kidney 429.104 1,429,680
Beans, lima 468,569 1,457,719
Beans, other 584,40.3 1,362,782
Beets 584,309 1,951,344
Corn 14,402,725 35,532,007
Hominy 587,298 1,346,044
Kraut 1,202,125 2,845,340
Peas 9,325,727 25,073,220
Pumpkin ' 383,211 861,436
Sweet potatoes 841,813 2,477,719
Spinach 676,388 2,338,497
Squash 60.499 165,217
Succotash _. 373.977 1,142,236
Tomatoes 11,885,520 38,067,999
Tomato paste 217,729 1,300,680
Tomato pulp 739,055 3,819,101
All other vegetables 634,220 1,672,518
Total .....:..- 57,745,432 $164,573,590
FKUITS
Apples 2,447,927 $ 9,081.598
Apricots 3,939,768 25,167,772
Blackberries 910,657 5,080,397
Blueberries 150,350 913,821
Chen-ies 1,362,832 8.451,029
Gooseberries 87,926 343,504
Grapes 87,644 514,219
Loganberries 273,664 2,138,817
Peaches :. 7,706,855 46,516,225
Pears 1,951,374. 14,202,963
•
328 EEroRT of Maryland State Board
Total No. of
Cases Value
*PineappIe 5,228,731 20,363,459
Plums 571,521 2,228,183
Prunes 273,710 1,271,410
Raspberries 551,419 4,278,939
Strawberries 374,097 3,693,648
Other canned fruits 516,558 2,701,348
Total 26,434,133 $146,947,332
* Including Hawaiian pack.
FISH and oysters
Clams - 157,843 $ 772,870
Oysters _ 707,636 3,510,119
Roe - - 26,768 174,268
Salmon 6,769,692 62,378,553
Sardines 5,777,959 20,258,565
Shad 11,877 • 68,428
Shrimp 322,076 1,864,793
Tuna _ 874,380 5,710,188
All other canned fish 272,378 1,744,192
Total , 14,920,609 $ 96,481,976
Milk 43,617,633 $293,177,134
*Meat 11,831,222 96,904,000
fSausage 6,192,384 27,985,000
Soups 5,844,821 11,857,717
Total cases 166,086,234
Total value $837,926,749
* Except potted and canned meats and other miscellaneous meat
products. The Census classification on this covered only the value
and did not include number of pounds or cases.
t The Census report on sausage was expressed in pounds. In
the above figures, 26 pounds represents one case.
The following tables, also furnished by the National
Canners' Association, show the last five annual statistical
reports of the canning of tomatoes, com and peas by
States. As will be seen from these tables, the year 1921
was an off year for the canners, as the entire year's pack
was only about half of that for 1920. Maryland was first
in the canning of tomatoes with a credit of 1,656,000 cases
out of a total of 4,017,000, or over 41 per cent of the en-
tire pack. In the canning of com Illinois was first with
1,711,000 cases, Iowa second with 1,190,000 and Maryland
OF Labor and Statistics 329
third with 1,130,000 cases. The total number of cases
being- 8,843,000. In the canning of peas Wisconsin was
first with 4,063,000 cases. New York second with 1,382,-
000 and Maryland third with 533,000. The total pack
bemg 8,207,000 cases.
TABLE NO 1— TOMATOES
1917 1918 1919 1920 1921
Maryland 5,933,739 6,649,475 2,578,927 3,347,000 1,656,000
Delaware _ 1,380,805 879,070 188,920 553,000 176,000
New Jersey 380,116 667,036 59,678 517,000 116,000
Indiana 398,327 968,219 875,598 778,000 530,000
Ohio _ 107,491 357,283 172,367 142,000 71,000
New York 552,830 395,904 436,599 515,000 214,000
Missouri....... 704,347 352,821 438,720 715,000 136,000
Vir^m'".'.^..II I 1,170,504 1,547,291 952,991 1,162,000 217,000
a)toradf °"...'Z"" 1 213,070 306,229 289,775 218,000 62,000
California 2,603,019 1,789,904 3,051,688 1,778,000 339,000
Utah 512,546 953,539 594,066 444.000 132,000
Iowa
Michigan
Illinois
Minnesota
Pennsylvania ....
Tennesse
Kentucky
All other States.:.. 307,042 293,730 566,679 274,000 59,000
324,612 281,412 269,636 250,000 123,000
488,126 441,431 384,016 680,000 186,000
Totals 15,076,074 15,882,372 10,809,660 11,368,000 4,017,000
TABLE No. 2— CORN
1917 1918 1919 1920 1921
Iowa 2,280.366 2,300,241 2,496,000 3,246,000 1,190,000
Illinois - 2,421,953 2,199,344 2,225,000 2,271,000 1,711,000
Maine 566,498 1,112,912 1,652,000 1,588,000 911,000
Ohio - - 1,200,131 1,584,064 1,360,000 1,544,000 850,000
Maryland 2,001,544 2,032,944 2,081,000 2,217,000 1,130,000
New York. 257,296 488,912 1,014,000 829,000 564,000
Wisconsin 165,492 372,924 635,000 590.000 576,000
Indiana 742,491 512,699 586,000 861,000 709,000
Minnesota ....^... 201,969 309,136 456,000 643,000 573,000
Missouri
Michigan —
Delaware
Vermont —
Pennsylvania ....
All other States.. 306,188 419,400 268,000 487,000 189,000
659,087 389,295 777,000 764,000 444,000
Total -._ 10,802,952 11,721,860 13,550,000 15,040,000 8,843,000
330 Report of Maryland State Board
TABLE No. 3— PEAS
1917 1918 1919 1920 1921
Wisconsin 3,569,185 4,519,934 4,317,000 5,804,000 4,063,000
New York 1,394,171 2,000,104 1,040,000 2,381,000 1,382,000
Michigan 522,532 476,659 425,000 549,000 317,000
Indiana 604,470 454,229 381,000 271,000 182,000
Maryland 721,160 683,007 509,000 696,000 533,000
Ohio 321,624 441,842 306,000 282,000 241,000
Delaware J 754,673 331,869 248,000 549,000 345,000
New Jersey ) ' '
Utah 421,213 526,954 395,000 595,000 376,000
California 349,910 252,836 205,000 328,000 84,000
Illinois 576,432 978,434 433,000 460,000 331,000
All other States... 593,683 397,288 426,000 402,000 353,000
Total 9,829,053 11,063,156 8,685,000 12,317,000 8,207,000
INCOMES AND COST OF LIVING
During that year higher wages were paid ; more profits
were made, and heavier taxes were collected.
From the preliminary report upon incomes made public
by the Commission of Internal Revenue, for the year
1919, returns were made on more than $19,000,000,000.
The figures show that 65 had incomes of $1,000,000.
While 1918 was the war year, 1919 was the year of
greatest prosperity, of the largest individual incomes and
of the handsomest profits of any in the history of the
nation.
How business for 1920 will compare with that of 1919
remains to be seen, as the Treasury Department has not
been able to make a detailed analysis up to this time, but
the increase in all directions over the returns for 1917 and
1918 are enormous, as will be seen from the following
figures :
In the first place, a total of 5,832,760 income tax re-
turns were made in 1919, as against $4,425,114 in 1918;
3,472,890 in 1917 and 437,036 in 1916. This shows an
increase in 1919 of 907,646 over 1918, of 952,224 over
1917 and of 3,036,854 over 1916.
In the next places taxes in 1919 were paid upon an ag-
gregate income of $19,859,491,448. In 1918 the aggre-
gate taxable income was $15,924,639,355; in 1917, $13,-
652,383,207 and in 1916 (under the old tax law, $6,289,-
577,620.
In the third place, the individual incomes yielded in
taxes in 1919 a total of $1,269,630,104; in 1918, $1,127,-
OF Labor and Statistics 331
721,835; in 1917, $691,492,954, and in 1916 only $173,-
386,694.
It also is shown by the report that only 65 persons in
America had net incomes of $1,000,000 or more in 1919.
BIG GROUP MILLIONAIRES
One hundred and eighty-nine persons had incomes of
from $50,000 to $1,000,000; 425 from $309,000 to $500,-
000; 1,864 from $150,000 to $300,000; 2,983 from $100,-
000 to $150,000, and 13,320 incomes from $50,000 to
$100,000. This group of taxpayers, 18,866 in all, may be
regarded as millionaires or potential millionaires.
A total of 37,477 persons paid taxes on incomes from
$25,000 to $50,000, 162,485 from $10,000 to S25.000, 438,-
851 from $5,000 to $10,000, 1.180,488 from $3,000 to
$5,000, 1,569,741 from $2,000 to $3,000 and 1,924,872
from $1,000 to $2,000.
New York filed the greatest number of returns, 683,-
085, or 12.81 per cent of the total. The amount of net
income reported by New York was $3,436,343,179, or
17.31 per cent of the total and the tax paid by that State
was $399,792,351, or 31.49 per cent of the total. Penn-
sylvania was the second State, with 539,172 returns :
$1,838,002,395 of taxable income and $128,195,161 taxes',
or 10.10 per cent of the total. These two States paid
nearly half the total income tax of the country.
A total of 1116,373 returns were made by Marylanders
upon an aggregate taxable income of $389,672,772, the
tax upon which amounted to $22,630,984. The percentage
of Marylanders making returns was 8.03, the average
net income per return was $3,425.82 and the per capita
tax paid by the State was $15.61. The average amount
of tax paid on each return was $194.47.
There was an increase in the number of returns filed
by Marylanders in 1919 over 1918 of from 87,085 to 116,-
373. In 1917 the returns numbered 60,954 and in 1916
the number was 9,674. The aggregate taxable income of
Marvlanders jumped from $303,421,092 in 1918 to $398,-
672,772 in 1919. The taxable income of the State in 1917
was $253,443,289 and in 1916 it was $121,009,054.
Virginians filed 75,966 income tax returns in 1919 upon
an aggregate taxable income of $247,658,373 and paid
$9,020,237 in taxes.
332 Report of Maryland State Board
RISE AND FALL OF THE DOLLAR'S WORTH AND
WAGES
An analysis of the American dollar, its purchasing
power and relation to production and taxes, is afforded
in the findings of the National Bureau of Economic Re-
search, made public in advance of the formal publication
of the results of a year's study of "Income in the United
States."
After announcing that the total national income of the
United States in 1918 was $61,000,000,000, as compared
with $34,400,000,000 in 1913, the study shows how in-
come is distributed, the shares received by capital and
labor, including the farmer ; income tax discrepancies, the
contribution of housewives, and offers a comparison of
income in the United States with the national and per
capita incomes in the United Kingdom, Germany and
Australia.
Although 1918 showed a great increase in dollars it
did not represent a like increase in production, most of it
being due to the rise in prices, for the dollar of 1918 and
1919, according to the report, was a much less efficient
dollar than that of 1918. The actual total of commodities
produced increased, therefore, very little, if at all, and a
large part was war materials and not a kind really bene-
fiting consumers.
Individual incomes, estimated on a per capita basis; rose
from $340 in 1910 and $354 in 1913, to $586 in 1918 ; but,
the report says, $586 in 1918 was equal to only $372 in
terms of the purchasing power of five years before.
The study, said to be the most exhaustive ever made
of the income question in the United States, was con-
ducted by Wesley Clair Mitchell, Willford I. King, Fred-
erick R. Macauly and Oswald W. Knauth, under the aus-
pices of a board of 19 directors, including men prominent
in business, education, labor, agriculture, economics, prac-
tical statistics and representing divergent points of view.
The main findings, including the equivalent value of per
capita income in terms of the 1913 purchasing power, are
exhibited in this table:
OF Labor and Statistics
333
m
1 >-^
a m
Per Capita
Income in
1913 Dollar
Year
Total
Nationa!
Income-
(Billions
Per Capit
Income
In Dollar
1909
$28.8
$319
$333
1910
31.4
340
349
1911
31.2
333
338
1912
33.0
346
348
1913
34.4
354
354
1914 -..
33.2
335
333
1915 -
36.0
358
350
1916 -
45.4
446
400
1917 -
53.9
523
396
1918
61.0
586
372
One per cent of income receivers in the United States
had 14 per cent of the national income, or $8,540,000,000
in 1918, according to the report. That is to say, that 1
out of 100 had incomes of $8,000 or more. Five per
cent, representing incomes above $3,200, had 26 per cent
of the total. Ten per cent, including incomes above
$2,300, had nearly 35 per cent of the total. Those hav-
ing incomes above $1,750 had 47 per cent of the total.
Eighty per cent of those receiving incomes below $1,750
had about 53 per cent of the total income.
The report further shows that in most of the years
since 1913 in the principal organized industries wages
and salaries were about 70 per cent of the total income;
while capital (including management) received about 30
per cent, out of which were paid rent, interest and profits ;
but these proportions varied materially with relative pros-
perity and depression.
The share of capital in 1916, for example, increased to
about 35 per cent, with 65 per cent to labor, while in 1919
capital's share fell to about 22 per cont, while labor re-
ceived about 78. Of the total paymf?nts to employees in
the hig.'^iy organized industries, the report shows, about
92 per cent goes to the manual workers and clerical stafls,
while 8 per cent goes to officials.
Light is shed on the increased income of farmers in the
period from 1910 to 1919. Agriculturists, who during the
334 Eei'ort of Maryland State Board
past decade have made up aloout 16 per cent of the total
of the gainfully employed, according to the study, received
from 12 to 13 per cent of national income in the years
between 1910 and 1916, inclusive. Since 1917 farmers
have been receiving 16 to 17 per cent, or a somewhat
higher proportion, as the following figures from the re-
port show:
1910 12.9 per cent 1915 13.1 per cent
1911 11.9 per cent 1916 12.8 per cent
1912 12.3 per cent 1917 16.3 per cent
1913 12.6 per cent 1918 .17.0 per cent
1914 12.9 per cent 1919 16.0 per cent
Sources of production and national income, the bureau
states, taking a general average since 1910, show that
agriculture contributes about 17 per cent of the total,
manufacturing about 30 per cent, transportation about 9
per cent. Government about 5 per cent, mining a little
more than 8 per cent, and banking a little more than 1
per cent. The many miscellaneous employments, profes-
sional men, retailers, jobbers, merchants, domestics, etc.,
too numerous to list specifically, contribute 33 per cent.
In other words, the report says, highly organized Amer-
ican industries, even if we include all manufacturing,
mining, transportation, banking and Government activi-
ties, such as education and road building, produce only
about one-half of the national income. The rest is due
to the efforts of small independent workers.
Income tax discrepancies are also shown in the report,
which estimates that the number of persons in 1918 hav-
ing incomes over $2,000 was 5,300,000 and that their
total income was more than $23,000,000,000. Income tax
returns, however, showed only 2,908,000 persons having
over $2,000 and their total reported income was less than
$14,000,000,000.
This discrepancy is attributed in part to technical eva-
sions and straight illegal withholdings, but also in part to
the existence of tax-exempt income, which the bureau
estimates at $1,250,000,000. What this means in terms
of the income tax is that the Government received in 1918
about $500,000,000 less than it would have if all persons
receiving over $2,000 had paid their full amount.
America's 20,000,000 housewives and their contribution
to the country's wealth are not included by the bureau in
the national income because they are not paid in money.
OF Labor and Statistics 335
It is estimated, however, that if they were paid at the
lowest possible figure (the average recompense of per-
sonal and domestic sei'vice) their addition to the total
national income would be about one-third or $18,000,-
000,000. On that basis, the bureau gives the following
conjectural figure as to the fluctuation of the housewife's
contribution to the national income since 1909:
c^
c
c _
c
-•2 £
o m ^^
Individual
Contributio
(in Dollars
Individuj
Contribu
(in Dolla
Total
Contribu
(in Billio
of Dollar
Total
Contribu
(in Billio
of Dollar
1909
$500
$8.85
1915
$550
$10.84
1910
500
9.00
1916
600
11.94
1911
500
9.20
1917
650
14.30
1912
525
9.82
1918
750
15.30
1913
525
9.98
1919
900
18.45
1914
525
10.19
No other country, the report shows, has so large a total
national income and per capita income as the United
States. An estimate of the relative standing of the four
countries named at the outbreak of the war shows the
following :
Nat. In. Income
(Billions per Capita
1914 ofDol.) (inDol.)
United States $33.5 $338
United Kingdom 10.9 243
Germany „ _ 10.5 146
Australia 1.3 • 263
The National Bureau of Economic Research was organ-
ized after the war by a group of persons who had come
to realize the need for accurate and scientific collation of
statistical information as a basis for intelligent solution
of national problems.
RAIL WORKERS' AVERAGE DAILY PAY
Statistics compiled by the United States Railroad Labor
Board in its consideration of wages of railroad employes
show that the average daily rate of pay for all grades of
63.4
8.01
$5.34
64.6
4.18
2.54
55.7
3.35
2.15
54.0
5.47
3.55
82.8
4.84
2.65
59.9
5.81
3.83
64.5
5.35
3.32
92.3
4.19
2.18
66.6
5.50
3.30
33.3
6.69
5.02
336 Report of Maryland State Board
work during the month of October, 1921, was $4.54, as
compared with an average rate of $2.87 in 1917.
The present rate includes the wage cut authorized July
1 by the Board. This cut averaged about 12 V2 per cent.
The following table is taken from Labor Board figures,
column one showing the percentage of cut in the July
wage decision, column two the percentage still remaining
over December, 1917, wages, column three the average
rate of pay per day now, and column four the average
rate of pay per day in 1917:
Supervisory forces 6.3
Clerical and station 12.2
Maintenance of why and unskilled 17.4
Shop employees 10.5
Telegraphers, etc. 8.9
Engine service employees 9.4
Train service 10.7
Stationary engineers and firemen 12^.7
Signal department 10.0
Marine department 9.8
During the month of October, because of a threatened
strike of the railroad unions. The Evening Sun made an
investigation to learn what the men were receiving in
wages, and submitted the following:
PENNSYLVANIA SCALE
Average earnings per month of train and engine crews
on Congressional Limited:
Engineman $274.68 Conductor , $278.76
Fireman _ 211.30 Brakeman 191.28
«
Average earnings per month of train and engine crews
of Federal Express:
Engineman $274.68 Conductor $278.76
Fireman -.. 211.30 Brakeman 191.28
Average earnings per month of train and engine crews
on Broadway Limited:
Engineman $250.00 Conductor $225.00
Fireman 195.00 Brakeman 157.50
OP L.VBOR AND Statistics 337
Average earnings per month of train and engine crews
in local freight sei'vice:
Engineman $310.00 Conductcr _ $275.00
Fireman "225.00 Brakeman 205.00
Average earnings per month of train and engine crews
in through freight senace:
Engineman $240.00 Conductor $175.00
Fireman 195.00 Brakeman _ 140.00
Average earnings per month of levermen, $147.60.
Average earnings per month of telegraph operators,
$155.
Machinists, 78 to 90 cents an hour.
Machinists' helpers, 52 to 56 cents an hour.
Car inspectors, 68 cents an hour.
Track laborers, 40 cents an hour.
BALTIMORE AND OHIO SCALE
Washington to New York through passenger service
and through passenger sei*\ice generally:
Engineman $245.00 Brakeman $162.00
Fireman 188.00 Baggageman 156.00
Conductor 227.00
Local passenger service :
Engineman $241.00 Brakeman $132.00
Fireman 180.00 Baggageman 137.00
Conductor 192.00
Through freight Class 1 :
Engineman $338.00
Fireman 251.00
Conductor
Brakeman _..;...
... $272.00
... 210.00
Through freight. Class 2 :
Engineman $310.00
Fireman 224.00
Conductor
Brakeman
.. $245.00
... 185.00
Local passenger:
Engineman $241.00
Fireman 180.00
Brakeman
Baggageman
... $132.00
... 137.00
Conductor _ 192.00
338 Report of Maryland State Board
Local freight:
Engineman $265.00 Brakeman $175.00
Fireman 216.00 Towermaa $165.00 to 180.00
Conductor 226.00
Although the general impression is to the contrary, the
New York Evening Post informs us that "wages started
to advance sooner and increased faster during the war
than the cost of living" and that the cost of living
"reached its peak earlier and since then has fallen off more
shaii)ly than is the case regarding earnings. At the
maximum reached last summer, the cost of living for an
average workingman's family was, according to the index
computed by the National Industrial Conference Board,
105 per cent higher than in October, 1915. Earnings of
New York factory workers, on the other hand, averaged
118 per cent higher at their peak reached last fall, while
late in the year the wage index of the United States
Bureau of Labor Statistics reached a point 127 per cent
above the 1915 level.
The fall in the Bureau of Labor's wages index has been
sharper than in the case of the New York State index for
the reason that a large part of the data used in the former
pertains to steel workers. Even so, the average earnings
of this group on February 15th were still 89 per cent
greater than in 1915, while the New York State workers
earned 100 per cent more than at the earlier date. The
cost of living meanwhile was only 76 per cent greater on
February 1st and 67 per cent greater on March 1st.
Changes in wages over a longer period of time are
shown in tabulations prepared by the United States Bu-
reau of Labor which appear in the current Export Amer-
ican Industries. The material for this survey was neces-
sarily incomplete and disconnected, but an index number
was prepared for all accessible sources, and the wage
level of 1913 was taken as a basis. These are the figures
showing how wages have increased since 1840, an in-
crease which, of course, has been accompanied by a great
rise in prices:
OF Labor and Statistics
339
Index
Year Number
1840 33
1 84 1 _ 34
1842 33
1843 - - _ 33
1844 32
1845 : - 33
1846 34
1847 ....._ - 34
1848 35
1849 : 36
1850 V 35
1851 34
1852..: - 35
1853 35
1854 37
1855 - - 38
1856 39
1857 - 40
1858 39
l§p9 - 39
1860 , 39
1861 - 40
1862 41
1863 44
1864 - 50
1865 58
1866 - 61
1867 - 63
1868 - 65
1869 - 66
1870 - - 67
1871 68
1872 - - 69
1873 69
1874 67
1875... 67
1876 -.. 64
1877 - 61
1878 60
1 879 - 59
1880 -....: 60
Index
Year Number
1881 62
1882 63
1883 64
1884 .64
1885 „ 64
1886 64 •
1887 - 67
1888 67
1889 68
1890 69
1891 69
1892 69
1893 69
1894 67
1895 68
1896 69
1897 69
1898 69
1899 70
1900 73
1901 74
1902 _ 77
1903 80
1904 80
1905 82
1906 85
1907 89
1908 - 89
1909 90
1910 93
1911 - 95
1912 97
1913 100
1914 - 102
1915 _ 103
1916 Ill
1917..... 128
1918 - 162
1919 - 184
1920 234
HIGH RETAIL PRICES HOLDING BACK PROSPERITY
Many authorities agree that until retail prices learn
to keep closer to the heels of wholesale prices on the steep
downward trail, from the peak they achieved in 1920, the
promised land of normalcy will not be reached.
"Deflation has been in progress, but has failed to reach
the mark where it can be proclaimed to the great mass
340 Reiort of Maryland State Board
of consumers," said President Harding in his message to
Congress ; and he added, as specified instances of the fail-
ure of the cost of living to keep in touch with the "re-
duced cost of basic production" : The price of grains and
livestock have been deflated, but the cost of bread and
meats is not adequately reflected therein." The cost of
living of the ultimate consumer is not reduced with the
same speed as wholesale commodities, particularly raw
materials, are reduced, thus, while wholesale prices, as
reflected in Bradstreet's index, had declined more than 39
per cent from the peak to January 1st, the cost of living
in the large cities of America decreased less than 10 per
cent on an average from the peak." "With a decline of
45 per cent in many wholesale prices, retail prices have
correspondingly fallen about 15 per cent, and are still
excessively high." With the reduction of retail prices in
proportion to wholesale prices, wages will follow and be
better satisfied with its lot, and if the necessary price and
wage reductions were effected promptly, business would
recuperate with astonishing alacrity and vigor. The New
York Globe states "the prices of raw materials have fallen
further than the prices of manufactured goods, and the
prices of goods at wholesale have fallen further than re-
tail prices. At the same time the public's purchasing
power has been diminished by unemployment, by de-
creased wages, and by the outrageous amount demanded
for such necessities as housing and fuel, yet the general
price level has been held far above the actual cost of pro-
duction." On the other hand, the retailers emphatically
deny that they have refused to take their share of losses
in the general process of deflation.
COST OF RETAILING MEAT
The cost of selling meat through retail stores averaged
5.86 cents a pound in 1921, compared with 3.19 cents in
1913, wages and other overhead expenses having in-
creased or remained virtually stationary, while wholesale
prices" were declining in the last few years, according to
a survey by the Department of Agriculture covering more
than 400 stores. Salaries and wages were shown to be
the chief item in the cost of retailing.
Complete accounts of 214 individual retail meat mar-
kets and 216 branch stores in 17 chain systems, the for-
mer having total sales of $24,646,587 and the latter $18,-
OF Labor and Statistics 341
425,346 in 1919, were analyzed for the year 1919-20 and
supplementary studies were made for 1921 by Herbert C.
Marshall of the Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates.
The investigation covered 30 cities, including Balti-
more, New York, Chicago, Memphis, New Orleans, San
Francisco, Hartford, Pittsburgh, Des Moines, Raleigh,
Birmingham and Los Angeles.
The survey revealed that of each dollar spent by the
consumer for meat in 1919 in all types of stores 81.14
cents represented the wholesale cost, 10.25 cents salaries
and wages, 1.33 cents rent, 0.77 cent ice and refrigeration,
0.76 cent wrappings, 0.21 cent heat, light and power, 0.51
cent interest, 2.74 cents miscellaneous expense and 2.29
retailers' net profit.
The expense of delivering goods for all delivery stores
was found to average 2.62 cents of each dollar of sales.
It was pointed out that delivery service resulted in a
slight saving in some other expenses.
The average margin on meat sales of the 17 chain store
systems was 18.86 per cent of sales, the same as for the
individual meat markets. The chain store systems had
lower operating costs, particularly in the item of wages,
their net profits averaging more than 1 per cent higher
than the individual meat markets.
Operating expenses and the gross margin were found
to be appreciably larger in the Southeast and Pacific
Coast sections. In the Southeast this was explained as
being due in part to the great predominance of delivery
service. In both sections, it was added, wages appeared
to play a large part in bringing about higher operating
expenses and net profits also were high.
With a view of meeting the diminished demand from
customers, and with the belief that people are willing to
buy when they are convinced that retail prices really are
descending to reasonable levels, many concerns furnished
price lists and made window displays to prove the point.
To bring home forcefully what happened to food prices
between May, 1920, and May, 1921, the following adver-
tisement was used by a grocer in Oakland, California:
WHAT YOU COULD BUY MAY 21, 1920, FOR $40.50
100 lbs. Sugar $24.25
100 lbs. Potatoes 7.25
50 lbs. Head Rice 9,00
Total - - - $40.50
342 Kei'ort of Maryland State Board
WHAT YOU CAN BUY MAY 21 OF THIS YEAR FOR $40.50
100 lbs. Sugar „ $ 7.35
100 lbs. Burbar.k Potatoes 2.50
50 lbs. Blue Rose Rice 3.00
12 cans Alpine Milk, large 1.38
3 1-lb. tins Hills Brcs. Coffee, Red 1,23
12 cans Van Camp's Beans, small _ 1.20
60 lbs. Navy Beans 2.35
1 C-1 Broom 75
3 1-lb. Ghirardelli's Chocolate 1.09
12 cans Campbell's Sovip 1.20
12 cans New Idea Corn 1.75
4 pkgs. Quaker Oats, small 60
50 lbs. A-1 Flour 2.50
3 bottles Acme Beverage 25
1 10-lb. can Karo Syrup (Blue) 75
1 6-lb. can Crisco 1.10
12 pkgs. Golden Age Macaroni 95
6 12-oz. Swift's Corned Beef : 1.00
6 bot. 22 oz. Ragged Robin Salad Oil 1.45
12 cans Cal-Grc. Peaches, 2^/2S 2.10
12 cans Cal-Gro. Apricots, 2y2S __ 1.70
12 pkgs. Post Toasties „ 1.40
12 pkgs. Kellogg's Corn Flakes 1.40
6 cans Del Monte Pineapple, SI , 1.50
Total $40.50
As the editor of Forbes comments: This same idea of
presenting prices as they were and as they are now can be
utihzed by many besides grocers. Clothing-houses, shoe
stores, druggists, haberdashers, etc., can utilize it.
The purchasing value of the dollar based on cost of liv-
ing is further illustrated by a chart of the National Inr
dustrial Conference Board of New York City, which gives
the value in July, 1914, as one hundred cents ; July, 1915,
99.5; July, 1916, .92; July, 1917, .76.2; July, 1918, .65.7;
July, 1919, .58.1; July, 1920, .48.9; January, 1921, .55.2;
March, 1921, .59.3; May, 1921, .60.4; July, 1921, .613;
August, 1921, 60.8; September, 1921, .60.7; October, 1921,
.61.1, and November, 1921, .61.1.
THE FUTURE OF PRICES AND WAGES
Extracts taken from a study by Mr. Leonard P. Ayres,
Vice-President of the Cleveland Trust Company, on "Price
Changes and Business Prospects" shows that the recent
rise in prices is the third, of substantially the same
amount, that the country has experienced during a period
of 110 years. All three have come in times of great wars.
OF Labor and Statistics 343
The first took place during the war of 1812, the second
came during the Civil War and this most recent one dur-
ing the World War. The most significant fact revealed,
however, is that each of the two previous great price in-
creases has been followed by a 30-year period of irregular
falling prices, and a 20-year period of general rising
prices. History and experience indicate that a period of
declining prices is to be looked for. One reason why we
may expect this lies in the very fact that prices are and
have been high.
Another is to be found in the world's decreasing pro-
ductions of gold. A third lies in the enormous losses of
lives and property in the past few years, with the accom-
panying disorganization of the world's industrial produc-
ing power. A fourth is in the depreciated currencies of
the world which the stronger nations will endeavor by
every means in their power to stabilize and make more
valuable.
As these countries regain their industrial productivity,
it is stated, they will, one by one, attempt to establish an
adequate gold basis for their paper currencies. It is
highly probable that several of them will find it impos-
sible to re-establish their money at its old value, as com-
pared with our dollar, but even if they adopt some new
ratio of worth they must somewhere obtain more gold
as a basis for doing it. There is only one place from which
they can get that gold and that is from this country, for
we now possess a large part of the world's currency gold.
They will try to secure it by sending to this country their
commodities and selling them here, and each time that
this happens on any large scale our own prices will tend
to fall. For all these reasons, it is stated, it seems prob-
able that we are entering on a long period of falling prices,
and it is well for us to consider what that means to us.
Other statistics taken from the pamphlet are that "during
the Civil War wages of skilled labor advanced from $10 a
week to $15 a week, or 50 per cent. After peace was de-
clared wages continued to advance, and in 1869- reached
$17 a week.
From this point wages declined for about ten years to
$15 a week and then remained stationary for twenty
years. The article further states that one hundred years
ago, in 1820, the average weekly wage of the artisans
was about $7. This rose steadily during the next 40
years until it was about $10 a week in 1860, just before
344 KBroRT of IMaryland State Board
the outbreak of the Civil War. During the course of that
struggle these wages rose from the $10 level to $15 and
then kept on rising until 1869, or four years after the
close of the war, when they passed $17. Then came ten
years' decline, until 1879, when they were $14.74. A
slight recovery lifted them just above $15, where they
stayed for 20 years, or until 1900.
Then they rose for 15 years, or until 19'15, when they
amounted to $21.38 and shot up for five years during the
World War, and for two years after it closed, to an aver-
age of $42 in 1920.
The article calls attention to the fact that during this
entire period of 100 years the course of wages of common
labor ran along nearly parallel to that of the artisans and
throughout the century their relationship to each other
IS such that the artisan wage is almost always about 180
per cent of the common labor wage. The question as to
whether or not we are to see wages shrink far less than
prices in the next few years is largely a question of what
happens to the efficiency and productivity of industry. If
improvements in processes and in management can large-
ly increase the output per worker per day, their wages
will not have to decline so far as prices. If, on the other
hand, the output does not come up, then wages cannot
permanently retain the gains they have made.
COST OF LIVING
The cost of living is just as difficult a problem to solve
today as it has been in the past, not only because of the
fluctuation of prices in the articles that go to make up the
family budget, but also because wage-earners have adopt-
ed a higher standard.
The National Industrial Conference Board has been
carrying on an inquiry which is impressive. The Board
concludes that there has been a decided improvement in
the American worker's standard of living since 1901. That
is, in 19-18 the wage-earners of the United States were
spending a larger proportion of their income for clothing
and sundries and a smaller proportion for food and shelter
thpn was the case in 1910. These facts are regarded as
very strong evidence of the advance of the standard of
living, and further presumes that families deliberately
chose to be less well fed and less well housed in 1918 than
in 1901, or deliberately chose to spend more for sundries
OF Labor and Statistics 345
which inckide all kinds of luxuries, at the same time go-
ing hungry and poorly housed. The presumption on the
other hand is very strong that if they spent relatively
more on clothing and on sundries, in 1918 than in 1901, it
was because they had more money left over to spend for
such things after satisfying their needs for food and
shelter. Allowance has to be made for the advance in the
cost of living, but where the increased expenditure for sep-
arate items more than keeps pace with their increases in
cost and at the same time a larger proportion is expended
on less necessary items, a higher standard is indicated.
It is further shown that the increase of expenditures for
living in 1918 was greater than the increase made neces-
sary by the higher cost of living, that is to say, wage-
earners spent more, not merely because they were forced
to by the higher cost of living, but because they hade
more to spend and were living better in 1918 than they
were in 1901.
The New York Bureau of Municipal Research recently
made an investigation with regard to the amount on
which office workers cannot merely sustain existence but
keep up what is called "the American standard" of health
and decency. A married man with three children, the
Bureau reports, must spend a minimum of $2,263.55 per
annum. The unmarried woman office worker cannot get
along, even with the greatest forethought and the most
careful saving, on less than $1,118.08 a year, while a
single man needs at least $1,093.68.
While these figures are interesting and may have been
accurate enough at the time they were made, but because
of the fluctuation in living costs, they may have become
out of date by the time they were printed. Nevertheless,
they are of great value, if they can show to those more
fortunately placed that there are large numbers of fellow-
citizens who, even assuming that their earnings are spent
to the greatest advantage, can only just manage to scrape
along.
Twenty-two hundred and sixty-three dollars per annum
may be the minimum of subsistance fixed by a group of
trained and presumably impartial investigators for a
family of five, and yet there must be many families of
more than five which have to try to subsist on less than
that amount.
The United States Department of Labor and Statistics
gives the following divisions of the family budget : Food
346 Kbi'ORT of Maryland State Board
38.2 per cent, clothing 16.6 per cent, housing 13.5 per
cent, fuel and light 53. per cent, furniture and furnishings
5.1 per cent, miscellaneous 21.3 per cent.
The eleven cities reported by the United States De-
partment- of Labor, Bureau of Statistics, giving the in-
crease in the cost of living from December, 1914, to De-
cember, 1921, are: Boston, Mass., 70 per cent; Buffalo, N.
Y., 76.8 per cent; Cleveland, Ohio, 76.4 per cent; Houston,
Texas, 73.6 per cent; Jacksonville, Fla., 75.1 per cent;
Los Angeles, Cal., 76.4 per cent; Norfolk, Va., 79.2 per
cent ; Portland, Maine, 69.2 per cent ; Portland, Ore., 58.3
per cent ; San Francisco and Oakland, California, 63.6 per
cent; Seattle, Wash., 71.5 per cent.
RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD IN THE UNITED STaTES
The following table is based on figures which have been
received by ttie United States Bureau of Labor Statistics
from retail dealers through monthly reports of actual
selling prices of specified food articles on December 15,
1913 and 1914, and on December 15 of each year from
1917 to 1921, together with the percentage changes in
December of each of these specified years compared with
December, 1913.
Report op Maryland State Board
347
: Q
> <
a
C/2
c
3
O
c
>
'u
pa
a
o
a
Q
72
a
u a
a
Pi
a
a
>
72
a
a
Q
+t2
C5
I *-
«« £
S u 1*
" ?; o
Su S S
o
C5
C5
00
tH
1-1
■r-itCTrc5eoOL.-5Xi.oc^
++++++++++
ilO
; 1-1
: t- -H ■.
lln
iCO 1
: ■*
\ +
!+ i
\++ I
CO o CO (N
Tf Tt o to
++++
oocx^^coco^3ococ■Oco
LOLraL-iTfeooc-ocoCi
+ + + + + + -
^Ci(MOO0CX0C(M00
LQ Lo ic L.-:! ■<* 00 00 X oc 00
■ + +
•^Ciocjoooai'-iccm
+ + + + + ■
t^eoxeoi-ic-eo-^eoco
(MCOCOCOCOtOOO'O^O'"*
0)
a
^- ^ +J
c3
u
Oh
lO
c
u
Q
a;
;-<
>
<
o
05
C5
Ci
X
- + + + + I + + +
X
+
X
+
CO
+
+
OS
+
CO
00
+
tr-
ee
+
ec<N
+ +
<N 1-1
O «5
OS iH
1-1
+ +
CO T-l
iO I-*
eg CO
+
■^ ^ CO o
OS O 05 o
O 00 lO 00
CO o «o ^
eoco «D o
++++
4- i + +
coxc-coX'^c~':fcooqLqi-Ht>i-(oqi-ooos!i;ire eo t-h o
iSL0 5i5 05C^oo6'^c<JL.'joJT3;c<Jc<5c:o6coLc^ox'oiio
UC*3eOC<I'^^eOCO-<*COCOeOT^'-<iO(N(NCO'-i<MC-rf
.t-C-^C<Ii-0 0'^C5C<JOa-^XX©u^C-;0?CLf3Tj>'rJ<OOCD
^csLooeo«ceot>csLOOpc^-^c4c5'*csiooi(>joio«o
UWcocoM'-ioo'3''^eo'*coT-i»Hixieoeoeocgc<iostDi-i
~ .•^c;cococO'-icoo5 0-H-^t-;Oso-^_oc co os t-; r-j lo oj t>
ijciLfjo^c-^x'ooscocs^co^oooeoLCco-^c-^ocooc-^
UfOcosoc^i'-ieoi-OTrcococoi-i'-ic-'^co-^cocoos^Ci-i
.Tl'(MCiCO-^COlOCOTi;r]i'*C-;
i5 o x' -H t> -^ I-' 00 CO "* x' 1-5 lo
^rfCOCOC^C^J-^LOLOCOCOCOrH
t> (M
1* 00
iH 1-; 00 C-;
^ 00 OS 515
X IC
iH
OS
. O O ->* lO <M C; X -^ !M_ '^ O -^
i5 (N O L--. -H O CO OC CO o" O OS CO
r5cOCO<MC^i-IOO'^-^COCOC<IiH
OS
CO
fl
p
. w O ^H O Lt! L.1 X X O OS
iSocoococ^cst^iECsos
?3cqC<lC<llHTH-r-((MOai-l'H
.-Hi^osc^J-^coc^L-Ouooq
i5 Lo •^j OS ^ <N o" «i «:J X o
^C^IMi-i^i-'IMIMIMi-IlM
c
o
OS
OS
eo
in
eo
OS
eo
OS
eo
t; o
•^eo
coeo
eo lo
(M rH
LO 00
(N iH
Lo o CO 00
eo lo OS «o
X l> LO t-;
C-^ 1-j to CO
■^.eo
o m ?D CO
c-^-<s<ineo
Tfeo
20000000000c3o5°0°^^N^3^
S'^'S-3-C'Cw'Cy'C-S 3iH o -< "O. '^'y'^ O -, o '^■
o
-1^
a:
c —
tfl
73
a) o
;i3 o
348
OF Labor and Statistics
o
M
<
«
o
52;
o
O
P
W
<
PL,
o
H-1
p-i
Q
o
o
c
>
•p-H
be
FOOD
CERT
Q ^
fc ^
o
Pl,
o
o
Q
H
O
>
W
P^
o
Q
1-1 t^
2 *^
'-' c
- OJ
pq ^
w 5
Q ^
H ^
o
CO
U)
u
O)
5C
03
-u
C
0)
S
Pk
+
o) a;
o
^^ cc
a*
m O
ft
c
OS
^ s
lO
c
u
Q
0)
Ph
03
-t->
be
03
>
«5
o
OS
00
r-(
OS
1-1
05
tH
C5
o
(M
05
00
OS
1-i
OS
1—1
05
1—1
0)
<
CO
+
; ; : ; t>
i<N I ; 1 1 1 ■
; t~ : ; : ; 1 :
M i 1 +
1+ ! i i M !
N eg (M
+ + +
00
+
o
1—1
+
Oi
r-(
+
eg
+
CO
o
+
o
+
CO
eo
+ \ +
00
+
Oi
CO
1-(
+
00
+
CO
CO
+
+
-^ oa Tf
ci eo CO
+ + +
Oi t- UO
O (M CO
1— t
+ + +
O C<1
+ + +
CO ^ (N
t> r-l
+ + +
CO o o
1—1
++
i-(COCiCO<NCOC<)i— lOi-i00O00Ou0L^C0C-;i^00e0
^-•^oi^'aiociodcoooLocococ-^cocot-^i-oodLot-^o'
Q i-i(MOj tHthiHi-i cocOi-iOjeOLO
. lOi OS
,H <M_ CO 0<J -^, <M rt -^^ CO 00 C-; O LO ^ t~; CO -^ 00 O
iioOTfOi-Hc6oseo'-^cocoi>o6eooc<ic5LO<>i'-''ci
) ,HT-tCOCg,H tH iH rH 1-1 1-1 t- CO IM eo -^ -^
. CO c<i th CO 00 c- (M CO 1-1 1-j o OS c<j th L.O CO Ci CO Oi ■^ o
i2co05-rf'C--05tr-^oi'<*o6co*t-o6oJcoTf050Goicoocg'
^ i-l(Mi-l^i-l iHi-*i-li-li-IC0-Tj<(M<M-*O
u
CO
CO 00 o o
1-1 GO co' irf
00
oo'
00
■>*
00
o o
bo
bc^
p< '-'
. N ^ O O O O O
YoocL,
00 eg"
M
c3
1^,
c-S C rt 2
S'^ r< tu Ja o
>
C CO
o3
s
Q T3 "w 'O
Lo ^ 00 -^ o
oi (m' o CO id
CO 00 1-1 1-H
1-1 c~ CO
CO 'd' Os"
lO C^]
■<* U5 t-;
id •«# OS
1-0<N
g "P T3 -p -^ -
C ■'-^
- . C °3
O) Oi ^ o e
. rt C 5 tT 2
. ^^ 2 § § bJ)
e 0! cfi „ ^t: sh
O-^ C C K c =S -e^
2^(Sf-io3C5xoc3?t;
03 O) O CD O -i (U
o
Q
, CO
CO CO
c3 a;
C be
S 03
+
+
OS
00
+
OS
+
+
+
^co i
O i
i OS -^c^os
i i CO id eo' CO i
: i th 1-1 1 ;
: 00 -^ ■^ oj 1-;
: o t> oi o> CO
i 1-1 CO CO 1-1 tH •
'3
3
o
o
CO
0)
03
M ^"^ ^H ix/ /rt C_) ^^ ■+*^ ^ '■^ •* "^ *^ "^ vUJ *^ ^^^ ^ _J ^-^ *^ '■™*
oOojHi2-ria)c>Co3a)oa)0-3aio^^c3S-i --i
OF Labor and Statistics 349
CHANGES IN COST OF LIVING IN THE UNITED S-TATES
The Bureau of Labor Statistics has secured data on cost
of living for December, 1921, the results of which are
shown in the following tables. The information is based
on actual prices secured from merchants and dealers for
each of the periods named. The prices of food and fuel
and light in each city are furnished the Bureau of Labor
Statistics in accordance with arrangements made with
establishments through personal visits of the bureau's
agents. In each city food prices are secured from 15 to
25 merchants and dealers, and fuel and light prices from
10 to 15 firms, including public utilities. All other data
are secured by special agents, of the bureau who visit the
various merchants, dealers and agents, and secure the
figures directly from their records. Four quotations are
secured in each city (except in Greater New York, where
five are obtained), on each of a large number of articles
of clothing, furniture, and miscellaneous items. Rental
figures are secured for from 250 to 975 houses and apart-
ments in each city, according to its population.
The following table shows the decreases in the total
cost of living from June, 1920, and September, 1921, re-
spectively, to December, 1921, in 32 cities and in the
United States, as determined by a consolidation of the
figures of the 32 cities :
350
Report of Maryland State Board
DECREASE IN TOTAL COST OF LIVING FROM JUNE, 1920,
AND SEPTEMBER, 1920, TO DECEMBER, 1921.
City.
Per Cent of Decrease
From —
June,
1920, to
December,
1921.
September,
1921, to
December,
1921.
Atlanta, Ga..
Baltimore, Md. _..
Birmingham, Ala.
Boston, Mass
Buffalo, N. Y
Chicago, 111
Cincinnati, Ohio
Cleveland, Ohio
Denver, Colo
Detroit, Mich
Houston, Tex.
Indianapolis, Ind
Jacksonville, Fla
Kansas City, Mo
Los Angeles, Calif
Memphis, Tenn
Minneapolis, Minn •>.
Mobile, Ala
New Orleans, La
New York, N. Y
Norfolk, Va
Philadelphia, Pa
Pittsburgh. Pa.
^Portland, Me
'Portland, Oreg.
Richmond, Va
St. Louis, Mo
San Francisco and Oakland, Calif.
Savannah , Ga.
Scranton, Pa
Seattle, Wash
Washington, D. C.
United States..
19.1
19.2
18.1
19.2
20.2
19.7
21.6
18.6
17.2
22.7
18.2
20.6
19.1
18.9
12.5
15.8
15.8
21J)
13.5
18.7
19.4
18.4
17.6
18.5
21.0
17.7
20.4
16.5
20.6
16.6
18.5
19.0
(*)
1.7
1.9
2.8
1.5
.9
1.7
2.5
1.9
1.3
3.0
.8
2.7
2.0
1.1
.2
1.5
.7
2.2
0.9
.9
2.6
1.0
1.3
1.6
1.4
1.0
2.9
.6
3.0
>
2.3
1.9
No change.
OF Labor and Statistics
351
fT'-'
Oi O t- ITS t> o
(N
SSJ
^O 00 T)< LO to 00
CO
Q^
rj<00 lis 00 (N O
t-
rH ^
^S T^
to in o OS C-; eg
m
1
a.c<i
00 1-1 -^ -^ CO c^
o
1—1
0) C5
Tf O O 00 <M ^
t-
GO '^
i-H T-( 1-1
>— 1
-
p^
>I^
rf (M O O UO CO
^
"5SJ
oi CO CO o t^ ^
c-^
ss
•^ <M O t~ -^ 1-1
t-
-S
i-( iH tH
00
J'o
?o m Lfi o o^ Oi
Q
^"^
m(N
li^ OS OJ oi i-H <N
to
1— (
Q2
c- in -^ c- 00 1-1
OS
o
Oi
1-1 tH i-(
H
tH
ss
C5 CO "-^ O 00 rf
O 1-5 th tr- 1-3 1-1
CO
•
v
3 cTi
r^ <yi -rf in Oi 1-t
iH
Pi
pa Q
Q
H^ tH
1-1 i-( rH t-l
^
'
£
lO Tl< 00 tH O "*
"*.
o
c4 t- in 00 t- OS
00
<t-i
D-^
OS t> iM -^ ^ OS
OS
W p:?
Q O
o) O^
iH OS 00 1-; "=^00
o
<v
Sz:;
1-5 00 ^ t- -^ <M
^
!h
505
Os<M 1-1 CO eooo
00
O E^
C
»^-^
1-1 iH
« J
fe <;
O P5
O
.Too
rf C-- 00 O CO tr^
t>
>
-u
i:£> c-^ CO o 00 oo'
-^
q2
OS O 1-1 "=t w c-
tH tH
00
h]
O
0)
■^ 1-1 O LO 00 ^
Tf c4 CO in o rH
00
rH
H
o in (N om
in
o
o
.To
OSO OS 1-1 "^l^
in
^2;
q2
o ^ ■ OJ «o 00
00
t— 1
(N eg (M 1-t
1— (
tfj
^
-Tio
rH t^- Dl un «0 ■^.
■<#
<
q2
■^ eg ' * in rH
* » *
rH
o
: : 4J> en
<u
• j2oa u)2
i 6c ^ C .-^
60 !sc~" i-S :3
73
S^
-4^
o
<u <u
-3-5 "i— c £: u
H
ii p.
O -t^ S <U IM 3 M
•-^ X
c-ii o 3 3««::^
W
fc
OKfofx, g
352 . Report of Maryland State Boa^
FAMILY BUDGETS
The two questions which are being widely discussed
are how much does it cost to live in this country at the
present time and how much more does it cost to live now
than it did before the war.
The National Industrial Conference Board estimates
that between July, 1914, and July, 1921, the cost of living
in the United States increased 63.1 per cent.
The Massachusetts Commission on the necessaries of
life places the increase within this period at 57.5 per cent
m that State. Figures of the United States Bureau of
Labor Statistics run considerably higher for the country
as a whole and for separate localities and show an in-
crease to May, 1921, for the entire United States of 78.6
per cent.
The average cost of living among white families con-
sisting of man, wife and three children in 92 separate lo-
calities in the United States in 1918-1919 was compiled
by the National Industrial Conference Board from figures
furnished by the United States Bureau of Labor Statis-
tics, and are given for the following cities, viz: Cincin-
nati, 0., $1,168.82; Baltimore, Md., $1,260.86; St. Louis,
Mo., $1,348.48; Richmond, Va., $1,357.38; Atlanta, Ga.,
$1,367.09; Portland, Me., $1,412.84; Pittsburgh, Pa.,
$1,417.10; Boston, Mass., $1,438.13; Newark, N. J., $1,-
445.41; Buffalo, N. Y., $1,460.00; Chicago, 111., $1,461.42;
Philadelphia, Pa., $1,469.40; Detroit, Mich, $1,520.74;
New York, N. Y., $1,525.66; Cleveland, 0., $1,532.82;
Jacksonville, Fla., $1,555.56; Norfolk, Va., $1,684.92, and
Bisbee, Ariz., $1,919.40.
OF Labor and Statis^tics 353
STATISTICS
LOSSES BY FIRE
During the five years 1916 to 1920 we have been burn-
ing up property at the rate of $334,544,535 a year, so the
National Board of Fire Underwriters informs us after a
study based upon more than three million reports of fires.
The total loss for the first year period, $1,672,722,677,
would, according to the insurance authorities, be suffi-
cient to build 334,000 dwellings at $5,000 each, or enough
to house 1,700,000 persons; in other words, the entire
population of three States, Nevada, Wyoming and Con-
necticut. Further facts in the report are thus summar-
ized in a brief article on the editorial page of Bradstreets:
Classifying the fires according to causes, the actuarial
bureau's report shows that matches and smoking hazards
were considered responsible for $90,000,000 of that loss;
electricity caused fire damage placed at $86,000,000;
stoves, furnaces, boilers and pipes were responsible for a
loss of $63,000,000, and defective chimneys and flues for
one of $61,000,000, while exposure, that is, communicated
fire, destroyed property valued at $223,000,000. It is par-
ticularly interesting to note that, in the board's opinion,
no less than 67 per cent, or $856,000,000, of the aggregate
loss was strictly or partly preventable. A comparison of
the figures by States indicates that New York suffered
the heaviest loss, namely, $164,000,000, in that period;
Pennsylvania was second with $97,000,000; and Illinois
third with $88,000,000. Other States reporting excep-
tionally large totals were New Jersey with $70,000,000;
Ohio, 363,000,000; Texas, $59,000,000; Massachusetts,
$58,000,000; and California, $54,000,000.
The National Board of Underwriters also reports that
in the two years, 1919 and 1920, the burning of churches,
which includes chapels, amounted to $6,183,338. The re-
port states that there were 3,500 fires involved, which
indicates that on the average there were approximately
five church fires a day throughout the entire time. There
were 122 more in 1920 than in 1919. Against these
losses was insurance of $3,847,491, or 62 per cent of the
whole, which means insufficient protection, with a big
deficit to be made up. The causes are given as follows:
354 Rei'ort gp Maryland State Board
The chief fire hazard of churches lies in the heating
plant, since the largest damage, $948,590, was due to
stoves, furnaces, boilers and their pipes. Lightning came
second with $609,639 for the two years, and electricity-
third, with $463,317. The fo.urth largest amount, $303,-
443, was listed under defective chimneys and flues.
Losses from exposure, which means those from com-
municated fires, aggregated $342,564, but this is an effect
and not a cause of fire. That the exposure total was not
heavier was doubtless due, in a large part, to the fact
that most churches have more or less spacious grounds
about them or are situated on corner plots so that they
are protected to an extent from ignition by adjoining
fires.
Spat-ks on roofs caused losses amounting to $227,247,
the fifth heavies on the list, indicating the prevalence of
wooden-shingle roofs on church property.
The matches-smoking hazard was responsible for the
sixth largest total during the two years, or $174,032, and
open lights stood seventh on the list with $135,786. Doubt-
less ftiost of the open lights were candles used for re-
ligious purposes; they frequently cause fires. Recently,
however, a Philadelphia church was damaged to the ex-
tent of $75,000 by a fire believed to have been due to
a candle used for illumination while the organ was being
repaired. This property, of which only the walls remain
standing, was insured for but $22,000,
In the incendiarism column the tabulation shows losses
amounting to $64,732. It is well known among insurance
men that factional quarrels in churches have often led
to the use of the torch by the disgruntled members of the
congregation. Not long ago a colored church in the South
was burned because certain black sheep in the flock did
not approve of the new pastor, and last year a $50,000
loss occurred in a fire involving a Croatian church near
Pittsburgh, the congregation of which had been torn by
a factional fiied. At various times during its career it
had been deemed necessary to place a guard in the
church to protect it against just such a fate as eventually
befell it. In a case at Cumberland, Md., a new church,
that had drawn its members from the congregations of
the older places of worship, was mysteriously set on fire.
The smallest loss amounted to $1,912 and was that at-
tributed to ignition af hot grease, oil, tar, wax, asphalt.
OF Labor and Statistics 355
THIS GENERATION HAS PAID SHARE FOR
WORLD WAR
By RALPH F. COUCH.
The great war, which cost the United States approxi-
mately $33,000,000,000, according to the official estimates
of the Treasury Department, now is practically complete-
ly paid for as far as the present generation is concerned
under the plans of the administration.
Only $33 in taxes will be collected by the Federal Gov-
ernment under the new revenue law for each resident
of the United States.
For the war period tax collections soared to $62 per"
capita.
The present generation, under the plans of President
Harding and Secretary of the Treasury Mellon, from now
on will be able to enjoy a continually decreasing demand
for taxes as a result of the war financing program, which
is unique in that no other world power has come out of
the World War with costs so nearly paid.'
MEANS DECLINE IN PRICES.
Decreasing Government expenditures mean falling
prices for clothing, shelter, food r>n6 other necessitie-a and
an increment in the value of Liberty Bonds, Victory notes
and other war issues of the Government. These develop-
ments in the nation's economic life, now well under way,
are expected to result in the long-awaited business revival
and generally improved economic conditions. This is the
outlook for 1922 as officials of the Treasury Department
see it.
Prices of necessities throughout the United States now
are 50 per cent above the pre-war levels.. The levels of
prices of necessities are well above 100 per cent in com-
parison with 1913 in England, France and most European
countries, according to official reports to the Federal Re-
serve Board. In Italy the price level is nearly 200 per
cent above 1913. In practically all European countries
taxes are increasing instead of decreasing as in the United
States, war bonds are declining in value and business still
fails to show many traces of economic revival. Through-
out Europe the war debt totals are on the increase.
356 RfjF'ORT OF Maryland State Board
WAR COST U. S. $22,000,000,000.
Although the total disbursements of the Goverament
for war purposes during the time that the United States
was officially in the conflict amounted to $33,000,000,000,
the actual cost to this country was one-third less than
that amount. The war really cost the United States
about $22,000,000,000. The remaining $11,000,000,00«
was loaned to the Governments associated with this coun-
try in the war. Their debt to the United States Govern-
ment, including deferred interest payments, now totals in
excess of $11,000,000,000. That this will be repaid in full
is the belief and determination of the Harding Adminis-
tration.
Refunding operations to be undertaken by the Admin-
istration when authority is granted by Congress will wipe
this part of the war debt from the debit side of the United
States Government's ledger.
That leaves $22,000,000,000 of war cost to be accounted
for. About one-half of this amount was met in full from
current tax collections during the war. The total of war
bonds of this Government now outstanding is less than
$20,000,000,000, of which half will be wiped off by the
refunding of the foreign loans.
Between $10,000,000,000 and $11,000,000,000 worth of
Liberty bonds and Victory notes that will be outstanding
after the foreign funding operations will be met by the
next generation, as the Government now plans it.
Nearly $7,000,000,000 worth of Victory notes and War
Savings securities will mature next year. These will be
promptly refunded by the Treasury under Secretary Mel-
Ion's present plans.
PRESENT GENERATION HAS PAID.
The present generation, il is made clear, has paid in
full for its share of the war. It is ready to wipe the slate
clean and proceed to pare down Government expenditures
to the bone to enjoy the fruits of its economy during the
war. Historians, Government financial officials say, will
be obliged, in studying the war financing to regard the
present achievement as a "pay-as-you-go" war.
The cost of the Revolutionary War, the Civil War and
the Mexican wars dragged through several generations of
American taxpayers. The Civil War still is being paid
OF Labor and Statistics 357
for. Approximately $2 will be spent this year for every
resident of the United States in pensions, mainly to the
veterans of the Civil War and their dependents.
In the United States Court of Claims are many cases
arising out of the Civil War to be adjudicated, indicating
additional costs to the present generation from that con-
flict.
On almost every page of the Government's budget esti-
mates now before Congress can be found expenditures
that must be met as a result of wars in which the United
States engaged in other periods. In passing along to the
next generation about one-half of the cost of the Great
War, this generation is merely following the precedents
of its fathers. The coming generation, however, is re-
ceiving benefits not accorded to this generation.
COMPARISON WITH CIVIL WAR.
The generation of Government financiers who handled
the cost of the Civil War passed along to future genera-
tions nearly four-fifths of the cost of that conflict. They
paid at the time but about 20 per cent of the cost of the
war. This generation, however, within the actual period
of hostilities paid out of current tax collections approxi-
mately $11,000,000, or 50 per cent of the war cost.
As a result, the Government now in reducing tax collec-
tions has accomplished what amounts to making a gift
of more than $30 a year to each resident of the United
States. What this means to business men and to the na-
tion's mills, mines and industry generally may be im-
agined. It sells increased purchasing power totaling bil-
lions of dollars for next year and for the year following.
Increased buying means the operation of mills and fac-
tories at full instead of part time. That will bring a ter-
mination of widespread unemployment. A tendency in
this direction already is being experienced by the nation,
the Government reports show.
Unemployment now is estimated to involve not more
than 2,500,000 persons. At the beginning of 1921 more
than 5,000,000 were out of work, according to the calcu-
lations of Secretary of Labor Davis. In the interval un-
employment has been reduced 50 per cent, it is indicated.
358 Rei'ort of Maryland State Board
FIGURES ON COST OF WAR ARE IMPRESSIVE
The World Peace Foundation gives out the following-
figures, compiled from reports of the Secretary of the
Treasury, December, 1921. In the 131 years of this na-
tion's life, from 1789 to 1920, 78.5 of the country's total
ordinary disbursements have been on war account. The
total disbursements were $66,728,209,409; the war ex-
penses, $52,607,489,927. The cost of the Civil War, in-
cluding pensions to the end of the fiscal year 1920, was
$12,322,186,601 more than the Government had spent for
everything in all its previous existence. The cost to the
United States of the World War thus far has exceeded
$33,000,000,000, with heavy bond interest to pay for
many years to come and the virtual certainty that some
time Congress will grant a generous bonus to every for-
mer soldier.
44,000 ARE DROPPED FROM U. S. PAYROLL
A reduction of 44,000 persons has been made in the per-
sonnel of Government employes since March 1 as a result
of the campaign for efficiency and economy in Govern-
ment expenditures.
Ten thousand clerks and employes for whom no regular
work could be found were dropped in Washington" offices
between March 1 and November 30 last, it was shown in
official reports of the Civil Service Commission.
In Government circles outside of Washington a reduc-
tion of 35,000 has been effected.
Nearly 600,000 men and women are on the payrolls of
the Government throughout the country. During the
war the number of employes was nearly 1,000,000. Re-
duction began soon after the armistice, with a Govern-
ment payroll of more than 639,000 men and women.
Slightly more than 75,000 men and women are now in
the employ of the Government in Washington. Probably
half are women. Civil Service officials say. Although no
exact count has been made. When President Harding
took office the Washington employees numbered in excess
of 85,000.
OF Labor and Statistics 359
STAR FOR EACH FIGHTER IN NEW VICTORY HALL
More than five million stars — to be exact, 5,016,832 —
of which 129,979 will be of gold and the others blue, will
stud the dome of the gigantic assembly hall in the Na-
tional Victory Memorial Building, in process of erection
in Washington and which is expected to be completed in
time for the inaugural ceremonies in 1925.
This dome will really be an American service flag, be-
spangled with stars in geographical groups — a gold star
for everyone who died in the country's service during the
recent war and a blue one for each other member of the
army, navy and Marine Corps who served.
That each star may be identified by initials or a name
in full, and, guided by a grouping diagram, future visi-
tors will be able, with the aid of a telescope on the floor
below, to locate a particular star, are details of the plans
of Mrs. Henry F. Dimock, president of the George Wash-
ington Memorial Association, and the guiding spirit whose
indefatigable efforts have consummated this gigantic un-
dertaking.
The following lists, compiled from the latest official
records of the army, navy and Marine Corps, show the
following totals not before reached in estimated statis-
tical compilations of the World War:
Those who died :
360
Eei'ORt of Maryland State Board
State.
Army.
I Marine |
Navy. I Corps. | Total.
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia _...
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana „
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts _
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska ....*.
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey -
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio -
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Ehode Island
South Carolina n..
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
"West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyom.ing
Miscellaneous
Totals..
2,327
288
1,680
2,964
989
1,804
160
408
1.140
2,855
619
6,518
2,601
3,311
2,257
2,415
2,174
863
1,536
4,133
4,063
3,281
1,613
4,002
1,413
1.512
162
558
3,389
400
12,214
2,503
1,200
6,173
2,500
. 850
10,324
499
2,029
1,044
2,747
4,739
504
497
2,462
1,366
1,697
3,697
405
376
119,333
93
18
68
324
60
140
19
93
83
86
17
470
193
158
137
150
109
90
134
519
243
141
96
273
25
84
5
41
256
7
904
107
33
230
81
70
409
97
86
26
112
259
30
29
214
108
43
. 178
13
127
7,387
26
6
16
116
47
15
4
26
6
68
25
320
60
41
51
70
43
3
51
130
180
132
26
160
26
32
3
10
96
3
346
33
19
284
19
48
231
5
10
13
73
121
41
1
47
82
34
68
4
2,446
312
1,764
3,404
1,096
1,959
183
2,446
1,229
3,009
661
7,308
2,863
3,510
2,445
2,635
2,326
956
1,721
4,782
4,486
3,554
1,735
4,435
1,464
1,628
170
609
3,721
410
13,494
2,645
1,252
6,687
2,640
968
11,054
601
2,125
1,083
2,932
5,119
575
527
2,723
1,556
1,774
3,943
422
503
3,279| 129,979
OF Labor and Statistics
361
All who sei-ved in World War :
State.
Marine i
Corps. I
Total.
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia..
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts ...
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebra-ska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina...
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina ...
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah -
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
86,493i
12,1451
70,6911
130,329!
39.829!
57,9841
8,662|
18,4561
386101
99,029!
22,0261
290,8631
123.4501
114,437
73 478
86,928
76,438
28,076
54.499
153,615
156,965!
114,830
62,859
148,914
42,050
55.369
5,920
16,629
121,881
14,409
426,153
84,577
29,905
232,011
92,8481
34,867
345,101
19,544
61,9431
34,388
87,842
186.567
20,110
10.838
84.621
52,322
4,956
1,593
4.7481
27,2481
5,242|
12,104!
1,092|
5,859!
5.442!
8,2661
2.143!
39,049!
12,576
10,796
8230
8,607
7,253
5,407
9,109!
45.339
16,790!
11,052!
4,8981
18,1041
2.699'
6,2741
288
2,623
24,360
1,534
77,534
7,312
1,729
17,401
7,032
6,685
38,784
7,554
5.297
2,024
6,363
18,5201
1,994
-1,6681
12.3.53
12,092!
502
283
452
3,969
1,441
479i
1241
1,0021
2411
1,172!
8531
6,963
1,789
1,0581
1,219!
1,164
986
116
1,268
2,794
3.108
2,855
558
3,867l
1,3901
601
1221
1721
2,263i
621
8.790!
621!
353!
6,3911
6351
1,480!
6,366!
1581
2761
2691
1,6251
3,196!
885
73
1.0391
2,489i
92,041
14,021
75.391
161,546
46,512
70,567
9,878
25,317
44,293
108,467
25,022
336,875
137.815
126,291
82,927
96,699
84,677
33,599
64,876
201,748
176,863
128,737
68,315
170,975
. 46,139
62,244
6,330
19,424
148,504
16,005
512,477
92,510
31.987
255,803
100.515
43,032
390.251
27,256
67,516
36,681
95,830
208,283
22 989
12,579
98 103
66.903
362
REroRT OK Maryland State Board
State.
Total.
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Alaska
Guam
Hawaii
Porto Rico
Philippines
Samoa
Etc
Total
65,598
3,298
830
113,794
13,691
1,411
13,190
697
213
2,437
100
248
6,529
395
19,153
423
265
4,785
90
2,477
4,350,467
564,317
80,063
69,726
128,896
14,100
2,537
248
6,924
19,576
5,050
90
2,477
4,994,847
(*) Not including Naval Reserve officers, who are not classified by States.
The total Naval Reserve officers who served is 21,985, which brings the total
served to 5,016,832.
46 GERMANS KILLED EACH HOUR OF WAR
Forty-six men were killed and 109 wounded on the Ger-
man side during every hour the World War was raging,
according to an estimate arrived at by General von Al-
trock, a statistician. This estimate was made from a
study of official records.
Germany's losses totaled in dead 1,808,545 and in
wounded 4,246,779. Men to the number of 13,000,000
were under arms during the course of the war, of whom
about one in seven was killed in battle.
The officers' corps lost 53,000 men killed and 96,000
wounded. German soldier and civilian losses through
death, caused directly or indirectly by the war, are esti-
mated by General von Altrock at 12,000,000.
The losses in the navy, which are included in the casual-
ties given above, were 34,256 men killed and 31.085
wounded.
OF Labor and Statistics 363
«
PROPORTION OF EX-SOLDIERS OF GERMAN WAR
DRAWING COMPENSATION IS MUCH GREATER
THAN THAT OF THE WOUNDED SURVIV
ORS OF CIVIL WAR
By GERTRUDE LEIMBACH.
Three years after the close of the Civil War approxi-
mately 26 per cent of the 649,568 men killed and wounded
were receiving pensions or "compensation," averaging
about $136.23 per annum, from the United States Gov-
ernment.
Three years after the close of the World War, 376,014
claims for compensation had been allowed, representing
100 per cent of the men reported killed and wounded, and
59,068 additional. Compensation ranges from $80 to $170
per month, and averages about $363.60 per annum, or
167 per cent more than the pension paid to veterans of
the Civil War averaged at the three-year period.
Every man who was unquestionably entitled to com-
pensation, according to statements of officials in the Vet-
erans' Bureaus is getting compensation, although in 1868,
three years after the close of the Civil War, only 26 per
cent of the men killed and wounded, or their families, had
secured their pensions.
These figures indicate that veterans of the World War
have been cared for more promptly and more liberally
than veterans of the Civil War.
Government officials claim that the World War veteran
is given the benefit of the doubt and that from 50 to 60
percent of those already drawing compensation would not
be drawing it had they not been given the benefit of the
doubt and had the law providing for compensation been
literally, instead of liberally, interpreted.
OUTSTANDING ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE
ARMAMENT CONFERENCE
By LOUIS SEIBOLD.
Here are the outstanding accomplishments of the Inter-
national Armament Conference during the last month and
a half, as revealed at the plenary session today.
The completion of a treaty between the United States,
Great Britain, Japan, France and Italy limiting the size
of their navies.
364 Eeport of Maryland State Board
The completion of a treaty forbidding the use of poison
gas in warfare and making it illegal for a submarine to
sink a merchant ship.
A tri-pai-ty agreement between the United States,
Great Britain and Japan providing for the maintenance
of status quo in Pacific fortifications.
Announcement of a complete settlement of the long-
standing controversy between China and Japan over
Kaious-Chou in the Province of Shantung.
Announcement by Great Britain that she would return
the port of Wei hai Wei to China.
An agreement to adhere to the time-honored "open-
door" policy in China.
The adoption of a four-Power pact in terms pledging
the Powers to respect each other's territory in the Pacific
and calling for a conference of nations when the peace of
the Pacific region is threatened.
A settlement of the dispute between Japan and the
United States over the Island of Yap.
A formal pledge from Japan to withdraw from Siberia
and from the northern portion of the Island of Sakhalin.
Practical abrogation of the "Twenty-one Demands"
through adoption of the "open-door" pledge relative to
China and the settlement of the Shantung question.
COST OF MOVIES
The American people spend from $750,000,000 to $1,-
000,000,000 a year to see motion picture shows, the Sen-
ate Finance Committee was told in the course of argu-
ments for and against a high tariff on foreign-made films.
The investment in the industry totals about $250,000,00
and employment is given to about 250,000 persons.
Paul M. Turner of New York, speaking for the Actors'
Equity Association, testified that the prevailing suppo-
sition that everybody connected with the industry made
"big money," was erroneous, and that 96 per cent of those
engaged in making films received only "a living wage."
OUTSTANDING FEATURES OF THE YEAR IN SPORT
IN 1921
JERSEY CITY — Jack Dempsey knocked out Georges
Cai-pentier in the fourth round.
LONDON — America's polo team defeated the British
for the International Polo Cup.
OF Labor and Statistics 365
NEW YORK— Babe Ruth established a new record of
59 home runs.
CHICAGO— Jake Schaefer, Jr., won the world's 18.2
balkhne billiard title from Willie Hoppe.
ST. ANDREWS, SCOTLAND— Jack Hutchison won
the British open golf championship.
BALTIMORE — Morvich, champion two-year-old colt,
won his eleventh straight race for a total winning of the
season of $115,234.
FOREST HILLS, L. I.— America's Davis Cup team suc-
cessfully defended famous tennis trophy against Japan.
PASADENA — California University won the intercol-
legiate track and field championship.
CHICAGO — Illinois University won the National Col-
lege Athletic Association championship on track and field.
INDIANAPOLIS— Tom Mlton won the annual 500-
mile automobile sweepstakes.
NEW YORK— The Giants and Yankees, winners of the
major league pennants, played a record-breaking world's
series, which the Giants won, five games to three.
CAMBRIDGE — Yale-Harvard athletes defeated Ox-
ford-Cambridge team in international track and field
games.
TRAVERS ISLAND— Oxford-Cambridge athletes tied
Cornell-Princton athletic team in track and field games.
POUGHKEEPSIE — Navy's champion rowing crew won
annual intercollegiate rowing regatta.
NEW YORK— Johnny Buff won ^the world's bantam-
weight championship from Pete Herman.
WIMBLEDON— William T. Tilden 2d successfully de-
fended the international lawn tennis singles champion-
ship.
PHILADELPHIA— William T. Tilden 2d successfully
defended the national lawn tennis singles championship.
FOREST HILLS, L. I.— Mrs. Franklin I. Mallory de-
feated Mile. Susanne Lenglen of France and successfully
defended the national womens' lawn tennis singles cham-
pionship.
366 Keport of Maryland State Board
NEW YORK— Stanislaus Zbyszko of Poland won the
world catch-as-catch-can wrestling championship by de-
feating Strangler Lewis.
DEAL, N. J. — Miss Marion Hollins won the women's
national golf championship from a field including Miss
Alexa Stirling and Miss Cecil Leitch.
ST. LOUIS — Jesse Guilford won the national- amateur
golf championship.
WASHINGTON— Jim Barnes captured the national
open golf championship from the classiest field of profes-
sionals ever gotten together in this country.
ADVANCE IN AVIATION
Man's first feeble flutter in his conquest of the air lifted
him aloft for the fleeting period of 59 seconds. Eighteen
years later he soared eagle-like through space for 26 1-3
hours.
When Wilbur Wright, in a heavier-than-air machine,
flew 852 feet at Kitty Hawk on December 17, 1903, the
feat was pronounced one of the marvels of the century
and the whole world rang with the accomplishment. On
December 30th a monoplane, piloted by Edward Stinson,
accompanied by Lloyd Bartaud, a mechanic, finished a
continuous flight of 26 hours 19 minutes 35 seconds. In
18 years a span of less than a minute had been stretched
to more than a day and a night. Yet the marvelous per-
formance at Mineola is heralded as simply the breaking
of a world's endurance flight in aviation.
USEFULNESS OF THE PANAMA CANAL
The completion of the Panama Canal was celebrated as
the opening of a new era in world trade. Since it has
been built, however, the Canal has been taken for grant-
ed, we read in a current issue of Commerce Reports, now
issued weekly by the Department of Commerce: ''The war
and its aftermath have crowded the Canal off the pages
of American papers and from the minds of their readers."
But, observes this government publication, "the Panama
Canal has been flourishing,, nevertheless ; and its increas-
mg service to foreign trade is indicated by the volume of
cargo passing through since the date of opening, as shown
by the following figures" :
OF Labor and Statistics 367
«
Long Tons.
1914 (last 41/2 months) 1,745,334
1915 4,894,134
1916 4,838,496
1917 7,427,680
1918 7,294,502
1919 7,468,167
1920 11 ,236,119
1921 (first 9 months) 7,912,737
Of course, we read, the expansion of Canal traffic would
probably have been much more rapid if it had not been
for the war.
The source and destination of cargoes passing through
the Canal last year indicate that the trade region to which
the Canal is of greatest service is the east coast of the
United States; the west coast of South America comes
second, and then, in the following order: Europe, the
west coast of the United States, the Far East, Austral-
asia and Mexico. The bulk of the trade between the west
coast of South America and the eastern coast of the
United States consists of nitrates moving north and coal
moving south. It is interesting to note that Canal-bound
traffic from the United States to Australasia and the Far
East is practically three times as great as that coming
in the opposite direction. Our Pacific coast ships a slight-
ly larger amount of Freight to Europe than it does to
American Atlantic ports. As far as the United States
inter-costal traffic is concerned the eastbound cargoes in
1920 were 55 per cent greater than the westbound; it is
evident that the Pacific coast is taking advantage of the
cheap transportation which the Canal affords for bulky
commodities to Eastern United States and Europe. The
point is made that:
Steamers in the intercostal trade are endeavoring to
equal the time made by the transcontinental railroads.
Oranges and lemons have been shipped from California
to New York by water in nineteen days. While the rail-
roads occasionally move fruit across the continent in two
weeks, the average time is probably not under twenty
days. A saving of about 25 per cent in rates is effected
by the all-water route. It is claimed that the percentage
of decay in fruit reaching Atlantic ports by water is less
than when shipped by rail.
During the first eight months of 1921 5,927 tons of
fresh fruit were shipped through the Canal, all but 149
tons going to United States Atlantic and Gulf ports.
368 KEroRT of Maryland State Board
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BELL SYSTEM
At the end of 1921 there were 13,380,000 telephones in
residences and places of business with which your tele-
phone can be connected. This is an increase of 778,284
during the year.
The United States, with only one-sixteenth of the popu-
lation of the world, has two-thirds of the world's tele-
phones.
The average daily exchange and toll connections
amounted to over 35,000,00 or a total of twelve billion
calls for the year.
The total wire mileage for the Bell Companies at the
end of 1921 was 27,819,821 miles.
More than $180,000,000 worth of plant was added to
the system.
The number of stockholders at the end of the year was
186,342. More than half of these stockholders were
women and 25,700, were employes of the Bell System.
ELECTRIC RAILWAYS
The electric railway industry in the United States is
one of vital importance to a larger number of people than
possibly any other single industry in the whole country.
When we consider the fact that more than $6,000,000,000
is invested in this industry, that 12,000,000,000 pas-
sengers annually pay fares totaling over $1,000,000,000,
and that approximately $200,000,000 a year has been re-
quired in recent years for additions and extensions to ex-
isting systems, the vital relationship of the electric rail-
ways to the future of our country as a whole is at once
apparent.
NEGRO MIGRATION
The total number of negroes reported as born in South-
ern States and living in the North and West had increased
from 440,534 in 1910 to 780,794 in 1920.
Of the 10,381,309 negroes enumerated in the last cen-
sus there were 38,575 for whom no State of birth was
reported. The 780,794 Southern-born negroes shown to
have migrated to the North and West constituted 8.1 per
cent of the total of 9,006,943 negroes bom in the South-
em section. The proportion of Southern-born negroes
OF Labor and Statistics 369
who migrated to the North and West, according to the
report, was only about one-fourth larger than the pro-
• portion of those bom in the latter region who migrated
to the South.
OUR HUGE GOLD SUPPLY
Gold bullion held in the United States is valued at about
$3,500,000,000. This is from 35 to 40 per cent of the gold
now above ground. A country with about one-seven-
teenth the population of the earth holds more than one-
third of the most precious metal. The annual income of
the people of the nation, according to the National Bureau
of Economic Research, amounted to some $61,000,000,000
in 1918. It must have fallen since then to the neighbor-
hood of forty billions. The gold supply in the country
equals, perhaps, 8 per cent of it. Ours is pre-eminently
the creditor nation of the world.
A remarkable position for a nation, yet one that is not
altogether an advantage. When the gold of Europe
poured into this country in 1914 one of the results was a
steady depreciation of the dollar ; or, to put the same idea
otherwise, the steady rise in prices. A huge supply of
gold means, generally, an inflated currency. An inflated
currency is a cheaper currency — it buys less in commod-
ities.
Moreover, when we sell to Europe we must take in ex-
change chiefly other goods, for they are the only currency
in which our foreign customers can buy on any consid-
erable scale. When we buy from Europe, if we should
pay mainly in gold, our industries producing manufac-
tured goods for sale abroad would be deprived of their
trade.
To have a comer on gold is clearly not an unmixed
blessing.
105,710,620 LIVE IN U. S.
Final statistics placing the total population of conti-
nental United States as 105,710,620. or 27,512 more than
announced last October, when preliminary figures were
given out, were submitted to Speaker Gillett, of the House
of Representatives, for apportionment purposes by Di-
rector William M. Steuart, of the Bureau of the Census.
370 Rbi'ort of Maryland State Board
Final figures place the total population of the outlying
possessions of the United States at 12,148,738, which
brings the population for the entire country and its pos-
sessions to 117,859,358.
AMERICAN HOME OWNERS
Preliminary census returns dealing with the homes of
American people show that more than 6,000,000 Ameri-
cans own homes. America has more home owners than
any other country. Not only that, but Americans own
more homes and better homes than the people of any na-
tion in the whole history of the world. These owned
homes of the United States represent an aggregate in-
vestment of approximately $30,000,000. Allowing five
persons to a home, the owned homes of the country shel-
ter 30,000,000 persons, or almost a third of the population.
The comfort of the census figures is that while 15,000,-
OOOfamilies live in rented homes the number is decreas-
ing continually. The renter is seeking to become an own-
er. Thus the whole tendency is admirable. The renter
may be just as fine a patriot and just as useful a citizen
as the owner, but there is something about an owned
home that fixes and stabilizes a human being and helps
Kim to. grow into his full value. For the nation at large
every owned home is a stake driven deep into the soil
which holds the big tent firm against wind and storm.
We like to think of Baltimore as having more owned
homes in proportion to population than any other city.
We run across the statement constantly in our local lit-
erature, but we also find that several other cities, Phila-
delphia particularly, make the same claim. The new cen-
sus figures when fully compiled ought to settle this point.
In the meanwhile we may all rejoice in the 6,000,000
owned homes and in the fact that owned homes in Amer-
ica are on the increase.
MORE THAN HALF HOMES ARE RENTED
Census Bureau enumerators have found that 54.4 per
cent of the homes occupied in the United States are
rented.
Only 28.2 per cent of the occupants own their homes
with the property free from encumbrance.
Seventeen and five-tenths per cent of homes are owned
by occupants but are under mortgages.
OF Labor and Statistics 371
The Bureau listed 24,351,676 homes in the country.
The term "home," the Bureau said, signified the abiding
place of a family and did not necessarily denote an entire
dwelling.
BUSINESS DONE BY DEPARTMENT STORES
Within the last fifty years the great department stores
of New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, London and Paris
have come into existence and have built up businesses
comparing favorably with those done by important man-
ufacturing and transpoitation companies. The largest
retail store in the world is that of Marshall Field of Chi-
cago, which does a business of from $65,000,000 to $73,-
000,000 annually in normal times. Other equally famous
department stores do a business only slightly less.
The Wall Street Journal, which has been collecting
these figures, notes that there are aggregations of stores
or chain stores under a single management that do a
bigger business than the department stores, "notably
Woolworth with 1,111 stores and $140,000,000 of gross
business; the United Cigars, 1,400 stores, with aggregate
business of $75,000,000, and Kresge with 194 stores and
a gross business of betv/een $50,000,000 and $60,000,000"
Probably the biggest retail business in dollars and cents
that has even been done, we are told, is "that of the mail
order house of Sears Roebuck & Co., which for the first
three months of 1920 did a business of $90,000,000 gross
or over $1,000,000 a day."
The astonishing thing about the department store busi-
ness is said to be not size but the large expense in service :
Formerly department stores did business with expense
of 10 per cent and 12 per cent for rent, salaries, delivery,
management and all overhead. Today the public is served
by the big department stores at an expense exceeding 30
per cent of the gross sales.
The 1920 figures for the business done by the depart-
ment stores of the world do not set a record, being esti-
mated as a wnole at something like 5 per cent below the
normal pre-war or 1913 basis. The Wall Street Journal
goes on to present the 1920 figures for business done
by the leading establishments, as gathered from reliable
trade sources :
372 Report op Maryland State Board
Selfridge & Co., London $30,000,000
Bon Marche, Paris 40,000,000
Marshall Field, Chicago 65,000,000
Carson, Pirie & Scott, Chicago 50,000,000
R. H. Macy & Co., New York 25,000,000
Franklin Simon Co., New York 21,000,000
Lord & Taylor, New York 20,000,000
Gimbel Bros., New York 20,000,000
Altman & Co., New York 18,000,000
John Wanamaker, New York 28,000,000
John Wanamaker, Philadelphia 27,000,000
N. Snellenburg &Co., Philadelphia 40,000,000
Lit Bros., Philadelphia 33,000,000
5,587 LIVES LOST ON ROADS IN YEAR
American railroad operation last year resulted in the
accidental death of 5,587 persons and the injury, more or
less seriously, of 43,324, according to compilations by the
Interstate Commerce Commission. This was, however, a
decrease under the totals reported for 1920, when 6,495
persons were accidentally killed and 63,786 injured.
The commission estimated that the decrease in number
of persons killed was 14 per cent and 32 per cent in the
number injured, and expressed the belief that the report
chiefly reflected the falling off in "traffic" which occurred
during 1921.
As in former years, a large proportion of the victims
were trespassers on railroad property, 2,432 of the dead
and 2,930 of the injured being so classified. In addition
to the total casualties given, all of which resulted from
actual operation of railroad trains, 409 persons working
in railroad shops, offices or other departments, waiting
m railroad stations or otherwise associated with non-op-
eration activities were accidentally killed in 1921 and 77,-
361 injured.
107 TOURISTS KILLED LAST YEAR IN ALPS
During 1921 tourists and climbers to the number of 107
were killed in the Central and Eastern Alps, mostly from
falls. Eight persons have been killed by avalanches. Five
of them, wood-cutters, were overwhelmed and buried by
a huge avalanche on the Tyrolean frontier.
OF Labor and Statistics 373
DEATHS FROM ALCOHOLISM
Death rates from alcoholism for last year and the pre-
ceding ones are figures in which many Americans are in-
terested; and it is not surprising that much publicity
was given to the recent statement of the Metropolitan
Insurance Company that the rate for 1921 among its in-
dustrial policyholders was higher than in 1920 — the 1920
rate being 0.6 and the 1921 rate being 0.9 per 100.000.
These figures are dependable, and the increase of 1921
over 1920 amounts to 50 per cent. But it is proper to
point out that each of these rates is far less than those
which obtained in the early years of the last decade and
that the death rate from alcoholism among the policy-
holders was 4.9 per 100,000 as late as 1917. Nothing is to
be gained by overlooking this important fact. On the other
hand, it must be noted that in the same group of Amer-
ican citizens there were 162 deaths from wood alcohol in
1920 and 72 in 1921, and that these deaths were not in-
cluded in the total due to alcoholism. The company re-
marks that prior to 1920 it was a comparatively rare oc-
currence to have a death reported as due to wood alcohol.
CANCER'S GROWTH
The death rate from cancer increased in 1920 over the
year 1919 from 80.5 to 83.4 per 100.000 of "population.
This is not a very notable jump. Somehow or other we
find it difficult to accept the alarmist reports of the spread
of the disease. It is not contagious, it is not inheritable,
and it is not due to germs. One can hardly see why mod-
ern habits of life should lead to greater tendency of in-
jured cells, to perverted growth, than was once the case.
Two things, however, materially influence the relative
frequency of cancer. It is a disease that develops most
freely in late middle and old age ; the advance of medicine
has brought about a considerably increased expectancy of
life, which means, in other words, that every year there
are or ought to be more people of the age in which cancer
is apt to apDear. The other factor affects only the relia-
bility of statistics. It is not at all improbable that with
the intensive educational campaign that has been con-
ducted against cancer, ability to recognize the disease has
spread verv considerably among even the poorer physi-
cians. Time was when the best had trouble with the diag-
nosis. Now almost every doctor is on the lookout.
374 liEroRT OF Maryland State Board
But the fact will not down that whether or not cancer
be a disease of old age and more of us grow old than
formerly, and whether or not deaths from it do not now
go unnoted, there ought not to be an increase. Equally
important with the fact that it is more easily detected is
the fact that, if taken in lime, it can be cured. The gain
of three deaths pere 100,000 people becomes a fairly large
gain when you eliminate from the 100,000 the children
and youths and young men and women. And it is a gain
in the death rate of a frightful disease among those in
whom we would most of all like to see only the gradual
and painless decline with the years.
The gain is despite greater medical knowledge. It
shows how many go to their physicians too late to be
benefited by skill, soon enough only to get the poor profit
that comes from being told the nature of your fatal
trouble. Exactly the same skill that causes the reported
death rate from cancer to increase would lower that death
rate if people would only take the warning that has been
spread broadcast and get to their physicians at the first
suspicious signs of a lump or recalcitrant wound.
AMERICAN BIRTH RATE
The American birth rate advanced 1.4 per cent in 1920,
as compared with 1919, the Census Bureau announced
December 12th, 1921.
The birth rate was 23.7 per 1,000 population last year,
as compared with 22.3 in 1919, according to the bureau's
figures. The rate last year, however, was 1.3 per cent
below the rate of 1916, which the bureau declared may
be looked upon as a more normal year, as it preceded the
influenza epidemic and the entrance of the United States
into the war.
The highest birth rate for the white population last
year was reported for North Carolina, with 31.7, and the
lowest for California, with 18.3. The highest rates for
the "colored" population, which in the bureau's classifi-
cation includes negroes, Indians, Chinese and Japanese,
were 39.5 and 39.3 for Washington and California, re-
spectively.
The figures in all cases were based on the reports from
the birth registration area, which includes 23 States and
the District of Columbia.
OF Labor and Statistics 375
DEATHS FROM AUTOS
Deaths from motor accidents on the streets of Balti-
more this year exceed deaths from the same cause last
year in spite of no-accident propaganda through civic
organizations and otherwise and sharp penalties inflicted
upon persons caught driving recklessly or while intoxi-
cated.
Eighty-three persons, all old, had suffered fatal injury
up to and including December 27, with four days to go.
Last year's total was 79. Collisions were responsible for
12 deaths each year and fall from car and one death each
year. The other victims were pedestrians struck by cars
— 65 last year, 70 this year so far.
The cause of the increased fatalities is attributed to
the increased number of automobiles, there being 14,000
more automobiles on the streets this year than last.
MOTOR ACCIDENT DEATHS IN THE UNITED
STATES
Deaths from accidents caused by automobiles and other
motor vehicles, excluding motorcycles, increased decided-
ly in 1920, as compared with 1919, the Census Bureau an-
nounced today.
The deaths due to motor vehicles last year averaged
with the death registration area of the United States 10.4
per 100,000 population, as compared with 9.4 in 1919.
Approximately nine thousand persons were killed last
year by motor vehicles in the death registration area,
which comprises 82 per cent of the population of the
United States.
Deaths in Maryland in 1920 were 142, or 9.7 per 100,000
population, as against 153, or 10.6 in 1919, and 161, or
11.3, in 1918.
In Baltimore the count in 1920 was 97 deaths, or 13.1
per 100,000 of population, as compared with 106, or 14.6
in 1919, and 102, or 15.6 in 1918.
Accidents in 1920 in mines, quarries and metallurgical
plants, exclusive of blast furnaces of the United States,
caused the death of 2,973 employes and the injury of
206,000, according to a report issued by the Bureau of
Mines. Based on a standard of 300 working days per
man, the statement said, "for every thousand employes
3.19 were killed and 221.33 were injured."
376 Report of Maryland State Board
ESTIMATED WORLD POPULATION AND ITS DIS-
TRIBUTION
(From the London Observer.)
The estimated population of the world in 1921 was 1,-
777,000,000. Thus :
Euroge 500,000,000
Asia 900,000,000
Africa 150,000,000
America 220,000,000
Australia, etc. 7,000,000
Total 1,777,000,000
The Asiatic and African figures are conjectural, but the
smaller estimates have been taken e. g., 350 millions in
China instead of 400 millions. Japan is taken at seventy
millions.
The British Empire is about 450,000,000, made up as
follows :
United Kingdom 47,000,000
Self-Governing Dominions : 22,000,000
The rest (chiefly India, 319 millions) 378,000,000
Total 447,000,000
The white nations are:
Russia fin Europe and Asia) 130,000,000
United States 10r3,000,000
Germany : 60,000,000
United Kingdom 47,000,000
Italy 40,000,000
Ukraine _ - 40,000,000
France : 39,000,000
Poland 27,000,000
. Spain 23,000.000
Roumania 15,000,000
Jugo-Slavia r. 14,000,000
Czecho-Slovakia 14,000,000
555,000,000
In all a little less than one-third of the world's popu-
lation.
The old Russian Empire would have contained about
200,000,000 of which 70,000,000 have been lost in the
estimate above to the new States, Ukraine, Poland, Jugo-
slavia, Szecho-Slovakia, etc. Austria has shrunk to 6,-
OF Labor and Statistics 377
000,000, Hungary to 8,000,000 and Turkey-in-Europe to
2,000,000.
It is very remarkable but at the census of 1911 France,
without Alsace-Lorraine, numbered 39,600,000. Thus the
gain of Alsace-Lorraine leaves France a smaller . nation
than it was ten years ago. It is a misfortune for France,
and not less for mankind as a whole, that so gifted a
people should thus form a continuously dwindling propor-
tion of the world's people.
America as a whole continues to grow rapidly, and the
United States bids fair to beat Russia in point of popu-
lation within twenty-five years, for she grows not only
by natural increase, but by immigration. Uncle Sam now
rules 21,000,000 families, with an average income by far
the grea^test in the world, the United States can boast of
being the nearest thing to a wealthy nation which the
world has yet seen.
CHANGES IN FEDERAL TAXES
Changes in Federal taxes voted by Congress last De-
cember will come into full force January, 1922. Here's
how they will affect you:
When you ride on a railroad train or an inland or coast-
wise steamer you no longer will have to pay the Govern-
ment 8 per cent of the amount of your seat, berth or
stateroom.
When you ship freight you will not be assessed an extra
3 per cent of the cost. Likewise you can send packages
by express or parcels post without having to give up a
"war tax." , ^
When you visit the corner drug store for a bottle of
proprietary medicine, a tube of tooth paste, a toilet prep-
aration or the like you will escape the vexatious stamp
When you go to a soda fountain you no longer will find
Uncle Sam holding out his hand for a penny on each 10
cents or fraction that you pay the clerk for a drmk, or a
plate of ice cream.
If you want to snort a pair of shoes costmg more than
$10 or a shirt costmg more than $3 you will not have to
lay out a tax. These and all of the other so-called luxury
taxes on clothing, as well as those on umbrellas, parasols,
sun shades, picture frames, trunks, valises, pocketbooks,
etc., go into the discard.
378 Report of Maryland State Board
If you live in a place that still can boast of a 10-cent
movie show or other place of amusement you will not be
assessed a penny tax. If the charge exceeds 10 cents,
however, you will continue to pay a war levy at the pres-
ent rates of a cent for each 10 cents or fraction.
. All heads of families with dependents will get a slight
reduction in their income tax during the new year, the
extent being $8 for each dependent as a result of the in-
crease from $200 to $400 in the exemption on account of
dependents.
INCOME TAX REDUCED.
If you are married and your net income in 1921 was
$5,000 or less, however, you will get a still further reduc-
tion in taxes, as the normal exemption for maihied men
in this class has been increased from $2,000 to $2,500.
Single men are given no additional exemption and can
deduct only $1,000 from their net income.
Whether you are single or married, if you made a gain
from the sale of capital assets, such as a building or
stocks or bonds, you can pay the tax on this gain at the
corporation income rate of 21/2 per cent, instead of at the
surtax rate if you so elect.
If your income is such as to put you in the surtax paying
class you will pay in 1922 at the old war rates, but in 1923
you will pay at the new rates, which become effective
January 29, 1922, and which provide for some reduction
all along the line, with the maximum at 50 per cent on
$200,000 instead of 65 per cent on $1,000,000 or more.
Some classes of business, big and little, get some relief
under the new tax bill, but other classes will have their
taxes increased. Corporations which did not fall within
the excess profit-making class during the war will have
their taxes advanced through the increase of 21/2 per cent
in the corporation income tax. Corporations falling with-
in this class include the railroads and public utilities, the
income of which are regulated by Federal or State com-
missions through the control over rates.
The excess-profits tax is repealed, but the result will
not be reflected in Federal revenues until the calendar
year 1923, as next year this tax will be paid on the basis
of the profits made in 1921. Likewise corporations will
not begin paying at the increased normal income tax rate
until 1923.
OF Labor and Statistics 379
Many of the special excise taxes imposed upon manu-
facturers in many lines of business also go by the board.
The framers of the new tax law believe this will lighten
the burden of the public generally, as they hold that these
taxes, with but few exceptions, have been passed on.
Manufacturers who have their taxes repealed are those
turning out chewing gum, articles made of fur, musical
instruments, sporting goods, including billiard and pool
tables and balls, pleasure boats and canoes costing less
than $10 each; electric fans and thermos bottles and jugs.
INSURANCE TAXES OFF.
Other taxes which come off include those on insurance
premiums and on bonds of indemnity and surety, while
sharp reductions are made in the taxes on cereal and car-
bonated beverages sold in closed containers; on candy
and on works of art.
Some new taxes are put on manufacturers, the rate
being 5 per cent of the amount by which the sale price
exceeds given sums in the cases of carpets and rugs,
trunks, valises, fitted toilet cases, pocketbooks, portable
lamps and fans. Other new taxes are imposed on manu-
facturers of finished fountain syrups and carbonated gas.
Taxes imposed under existing law which will be re-
tained are those on telegraph, telephone, cable and radio
messages, tobacco, cigars, cigarettes and snuff, admis-
sions and dues, estates, automobile truck and wagons,
other automobiles and motorcycles and parts and acces-
sories therefor, cameras, photographic films and plates
(other than moving-picture films), firearms, shells and
cartridges, hunting and bowie knives, dirk knives and
daggers, sword canes, stilettoes and brass and metallic
knuckles, smoking articles and automatic slot-device
vending machines and weighing machines, jewelry and
articles made of precious metals, except eyeglasses and
spectacles.
SPECIAL TAXES RETAINED.
Special taxes retained are those on brokers, pawnbrok-
ers, shipbrokers, custom house brokers, proprietors of
theatres, museums, concert halls, circuses, bowling alleys
and billiard rooms, shooting galleries, riding academies,
manufacturers of tobacco, cigars and cigarettes, persons
renting automobiles for hire, on the use of boats and on
the employment of child labor.
380 Rei'ort of Maryland State Board
Stamp taxes retained are those imposed upon bonds of
indebtedness, capital stock issues, capital stock, sales or
transfers; produce, sales of or exchanges, drafts or
checks (payable otherwise than on sight or demand) ;
promissory notes, conveyances, entry of goods at the cus-
tom-house, entry for withdrawal of goods from the cus-
tom house, passage tickets, powers of attorney, playing
cards and foreign insurance policies.
528 BANKS CLOSED DURING YEAR 1921
During the calendar year 1921 a total of 528 State and
private banks in the country were closed, according to a
statement issued by Comptroller of the Currency Cris-
singer, summarizing bank failures for the year. How-
ever, he added, 63 of these banks were able to re-open or
otherwise liquidate their liabilities.
The liabilities of the 365 other banks, he reported, ag-
gregated approximately $96,000,000, making the average
per bank about $263,000.
The Southern geographical division, Mr. Crissinger de-
clared, was the most seriously affected in respect to the
number of bank failures and the volume of liabilities,
there being 131 failures with liabilities totaling $27,000,-
000 in that section.
In the Middle States the number of failures was 60 and
the reported liabilities $9,825,000. There were only five
bank failures in the Eastern States, with liabilities of $3,-
600.000.
The calendar year 1921, Mr. Crissinger said, was the
third most disastrous year with respect to the number of
failures of national banks in the history of the national
banking system, there being 37 national bank failures,
with liabilities of $23,677,367. The most disastrous year
in this respect was 1893, when 65 failures occurred and
the next was 1897, when there were 38 failures.
There were, he explained, 40 receiverships in 1921, but
in three cases the banks were restored to solvency and
authorized to resume business.
THE HEALTHIEST YEAR
According to the records of thirty-seven leading Amer-
ican insurance companies, comprising figures for 27,000,-
000 lives, the present year is the healthiest one in the his-
' OF Labor and Statistics 381
tory of Canada and the United States. An analysis of
these records for the first ten months of the year was
presented by Robeit L. Cox, vice-president of the Metro-
politan Life Insurance Company, at the recent conven-
tion in New York of the Association of Life Insurance
Presidents. These companies, which transact about 80
per cent of the Hfe insurance business of the country,
had 184,860 deaths during those ten months as contrasted
with 205,941 deaths during the same period in 1920. In-
fluenza and pneumonia account almost entirely for the
favorable showing. The fonner has been almost totally
eliminated. As might have been predicted, deaths from
pneumonia showed a sympathetic decline with influenza,
causing only about half as many deaths this year as last.
Although tuberculosis was responsible for one in every
nine of the deaths experienced among the policyholders
of the companies in 1921, this fact should be contrasted
with the situation ten years ago, when the ratio was one
m four. Antituberculosis societies, prohibition and pros-
perity, all claim the major share in this reduction; but it
is quite impossible, of course, to assess their relative
share.
The number of suicides and homicides has gone up.
This increase was about four times as great as had been
expected. Mr. Cox believes that this is largely a result
of the reactions of the war, business depression, unem-
ployment and other phases of the economic disturbance,
and that the number will fall again as conditions improve.
The number of deaths from automobile accidents reported
by these companies was 15 per cent higher than in 1920.
''We talk learnedly of bacteria and bacilli, but overlook
the bacillus automobilus," said Mr. Cox, "whose presence
behind the wheel of his juggernaut can be discovered
without aid from the microscope and whose homicides
might be largely prevented by more effective policing of
our congested highways."
Speaking of cerebral hemorrhage, organic diseases of
the heart and Bright's disease, ailments, in the main, of
advanced life, Mr. Cox pointed out that about 28 per cent
of the deaths are caused by them. So long as the pres-
sure and tension of present-day life last this percentage
will continue. For some time, therefore, a further de-
crease in the mortality rate largely rests in attacks di-
rected at other causes of death.
382
Report op Maryland State Board
A LONGER LIFE
Statistics show that the average American hved eleven
years longer in 1910 than in 1855, or an average increase
of one year in every five, or of 2.4 months each year. To
the advancement made in the medical profession is as-
signed the credit of this wonderful result, but more in-
telligent living may be given credit for a portion of it.
FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF STATE BOARD OF LA-
BOR AND STATISTICS FOR FISCAL YEAR
ENDING SEPTEMBER 30, 1921
Salaries.
Chap. 406, Acts 1916.
Appro-
priation.
Ex-
pended.
Unex-
pended
Balance.
and
Chairman _
Advisory Member
Advisory Member
Medical Examiner
Medical Examiner
Psychiatrist
Nurse and Stenographer
Assistant Officer
Filing Clerk
Permit Officer
Inspector, Street Traders
Newsboys
Factory Inspector
Factory Inspector
Child Labor Inspector
Child Labor Inspector
Child Labor Inspector
Inspector
Inspector ."
Assistant
Ten Hour Law Clerk
Stenographer
Stenographer
Stenographer
Boiler Inspector, Chap. 584, 1906
Boiler Inspector, Chap. 584, 1906
Mine Inspector, Chap. 406, 1916
Stenographer
Totals..
$3,000.00
500.00
500.00
1,750.00
1,750.00
1,750.00
1.500.00
1,800.00
1,000.00
1,200.00
1,500.00
1,500.00
1,500.00
1,500.00
1.500.00
1,500.00
1,500.00
1,500.00
720.00
1.000.00
1,000.00
900.00
720.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
1,500.00
1,000.00
$37,590.00
$3,000.00
500.00
500.00
1,750.00
1,750.00
1,750.00
1,500.00
1,800.00
1,000.00
1,200.00
1,500.00
1,500.00
1,500.00
1,500.00
1,500.00
1,500.00
1,500.00
1,500.00
720.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
900.00
553.30
2,000.00
2,000.00
1,500.00
$36,423.30
166.70
1,000.00
$1,166.70
OF Labor and Statistics
383
FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF STATE BOARD OF LABOR AND
STATISTICS FOR FISCAL ^TEAR ENDING SEPTEM-
BER 30, 1921— (Continued).
Expenses.
Appro-
priation.
Rent ;. _._
Postage _
Office Supplies _
Printing
Newsboys' Badges
Doctors for permits _
Furniture _..
Telegraph and Telephone
Towels, Ice and Drinking Water
Traveling Expenses
State Boiler Inspectors' Expenses
State Mine Inspector's Expenses-
Books and periodicals _
$3,000.00'
380.00;
350.001
4,000.00!
385.00!
1,495.00[
200.001
360.00i
150.00'
2,605.001
oOO.OO!
700.00
75.00
$3 000.00
376.33
308.50
3,691.24
331.85
694.50
158.50
340.29
140.15
,599.45
499.98
696.65
60.21
2,51
Unex-
pended
Balance.
3.67
41.50
308.76
53.15
800.50
41.50
19.71
9.85
5.55
.02
3.35
14.79
$14,200,001 $12,897.65! $1,302.35
SUMMARY.
Total appropriation for salaries and expenses! $51,790.00
Total amount expenses for salaries and ex
penses
Amount reverted to State
COLLECTIONS.
Boiler Inspection Law '
A. S. M. E. Code
Minors to appear in theati-ical performances.
Interest on deposits _
Receipts from Newsboys' Badges
Sale of old paper.
Total amount collected by Bureau and
paid Comptroller
Total amount to be deducted from apprc^
priation
Net expenses of the State Board
of Labor and Statistics _..
49,320.95
$1,762.25
1,157.75
390.00
91.78
76.10
8.58
$2,469.05
$3,486.46
$5,955.51
$45,834.49
3 m30 oa^oobas e
I
a3 1 ^300290063526
"♦"V. or MO. coiLEoe park
lb NOT ClRCllLr'JE
TVNews
OpenLibrary